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8/2/2019 Plankton Reasearch
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Variability in the abundance of plankton diversity at Upstream, Midstream
and Downstream.
Armin kalalang, Patrick Diy, Kyle Causing, Kristian Reyes, and John Arroyo.
BSbio2A in completion of research work in Marine Biology and Ecology
Submitted to: Mr. Mark de la Paz and Mrs. Jessica Pacalioga
Abstract
The objective of this work is to analyze the Variability on plankton diversity in each transect
stream at Bayanihan II River. Results show that there is high variability on the downstream
location having a standard deviation of 2.67 and lowest variability on the upstream having a
standard deviation of 1.20. This tells us that there is a High variability in the downstream
location when it comes to planktonic species and their abundance and as a result the biodiversity
of that area is more complementary in niche and intraspecific competition compared to the other
transect streams (Campbell & Reece 2009)
Introduction
The estuaries are filled with marine life, and each living organisms that dwell in a community
with a large diversity of life are important wether how small this organisms might be and one of
this small but equally important organisms are called plankton. The word plankton is derived
from Greek for “Drifters” it refers to all the plants and animals that drift with the ocean currents
as inhabitants of the open waters of the sea. This paper aims to determine if there is a significant
variability in the abundace of plankton at each transect stream by using sample standard
deviation.
Methods:
Study area
This study was carried out in April 17, 2012, at Bayanihan II River, Punta-taytay. Collection
areas were taken from the midpoint of the estuary to both directions 15 m away and toward the
sea. Samples were collected only during the day between 9 am to 12 nn. The estuaries are used
for passage of commercial water from the city across the underlying houses and barangay’s. The
area is surrounded by riparian vegetation (e.g. shrubs, mangroves) and are home to manyorganism (e.g. filefishes)
Collection of Samples
Water samples were collected at a depth of 1.0 m at three designated stations, each sample has a
volume of 5 liters, having collected three replicates at each locations. Water samples were
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collected by using a typical plastic bucket and was force submerged; the water salinity by then
was measured to be 1.025 parts per thousand (ppt).
Plankton samples were collected by pouring the water sample into a 62-µm plankton net, the
plankton sample where then poured into a plastic bottle for later processing. The plankton sample
were preserved in 2 ml of 5% formalin and was left aside for 24 hours. Decantation of thesample was followed next and the addition of a distilled water creating an aliquot of 100 ml. The
samples were later analyzed under an inverted microscope and the species using the provided
reference by Robert P. Higgins and Hjalman Thiel (1988) “Introduction to the study of
Meiofauna”
Results
The table below shows the list of plankton found at each transect stream at April 17, 2010, at
Bayanihan II River, Punta-taytay.
PlanktonUpstream
No. of Individuals
Cumacea: Gynodiastylidae 1
Caldocera: Leydigia 1
Gastroticha: Megadosys 3
Ostracoda: Diastrope schmitti 1
Bacillariophyceae: Naviculla 2
Fragilariophyceae: Syedra 5
Bacillariophyceae: Bacillaria 2
Bacillariophyceae: Pleurosigma 2
Planula of obelia 2
Round worm 3
Ostracoda: cyprodopsis newtoni 3
Coscinodiscophycae: Coscinodiscus granii 1
Coscinodiscophycae: Streptotheca 1
Cnidaria: Anthomedusae 3
Sarcomastigophora: Elphidium selseyensis 5
Microstoma 1
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PlanktonUpstream
No. of Individuals
Polyclad Flatworm 1
Acoel flatworm 1
synedra 2
Leptocylindricus 1
Coscinodiscus 4
Grammatophora 2
Ophiodromus Metatrocophore 1
Barnacle Cypris 1
Unidentified foraminiferan 1
Unidentified radiolarian test 4
Coscinodiscophyceae - planktoniella 2
Fragilariophyceae - thalassionema 3
Fragilariophyceae - Synedra 3
Fragilariophyceae - Fragilaria 2
Total 64
PlanktonMidstream
No. of Individuals
Thalassiosira Pseudonana 3
Navicula 6
Coscinodiscus 5
Hyalodiscus 2
Nemertina 7
Copepoda 4
Cyclopoda 4
Snail eggs 3
Planktoniella 2
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PlanktonMidstream
No. of Individuals
Globiregina bulloides 1
Leptocylindricus 2
Nematoda 4
Ephyra of aurelia 2
Cylindrotheca 2
Nonionidae 1
Thalassionema 2
Juvenile from pilidium 1
Halitholus 1
pentacula 2
pilidium larva 2
Grammatophora 1
Triceratium 1
Halalaimus 2
Exogone (Syllidae) 1
Leptohalaisis 2
Ciratulid larva 1
Siphonophores 1
Phlyctenophora aff. Zealandica 1
copepoda-diarthrodes major(thalestridae) 1
Coscinodiscophyceae - Coscinodiscus 1
Total 68
PlanktonDownstream
No of individuals
Bract (Order Siphonophora) 14
Conscinodiscus 2
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PlanktonDownstream
No of individuals
Chaetopterus larva 1
Panielopolina orghidani 1
Exogone 1
Cilliated spheres 2
Planktoniella 3
Cypridopsis newtoni 1
Perissocypheridea meyerabichi 3
Patagonacythere tricostata 1
Paleonemertina 1
Striatella 3
Diphyes (Siphonophora) 2
Psammonobiotus commnis Golemansky 1
Pilidium Larva 1
Asteropteron skogsbergi 1
Rhabdonema 2
Pontohedyle verrucosa 1
Legumino cyphereis oertlii 1
Polychaete Trocophore 1
Bacillaria 1
Synedra 4
Quinquiloculona seminulum 1
Grammatophora 9
Leptohatysis sp. 1
Navicula 2
Halalaimus 2
Trochopores 3
Unidentified Nemertea 1
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PlanktonDownstream
No of individuals
Unindetified 3
Total 70
The graph below shows the plankton that were identified at each transect stream. According to
the graph there were 64 plankton found at the upstream, 68 plankton found at the midstream and
a total of 70 plankton found at the downstream (the samples were taken from 100 ml at each
streams). There is no doubt that the downstream has the highest variability in the distribution of
plankton among the transect stream.
Fig. Show Abundance at each transect streams
Conclusion: There is a significant variability in the abundance of plankton diversity among the
three locations namely: Upstream, Midstream, and Downstream.
Upstream
Midtream
Downstream
63 64.75 66.5 68.25 70
Varying abundance in planktonic Diversity
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Discussion
The downstream having the highest variability in the abundance of plankton diversity shows that
the area exhibit more in niche compared with the other transect streams. However this alone is
not reliable for the reason that the data was gathered at a single day and only in the morning.
Recommendation
Should there be another research with the same agenda at hand, it is recommended that the
researchers should gather data with a large range of time availability for this reason, results that
were concluded in a wider scope (e.g. seasons, Day and Night) can be compared and conclusions
can be made convincingly.
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Appendix:
H₀: There is no significant variability in the abundance of plankton diversity at Upstream,
Midstream, and Downstream.
H₁: There is at least one significant variability in the abundance of plankton diversity at
Upstream, Midstream, and Downstream.
Type of statistical test to be used: population Standard deviation
Solutions:
Upstream
Calculate the mean of the sample ( ).
1 + 1 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 5 + 2 +
2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 1 + 1 + 3 +
5 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 4 +
2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 4 + 2 + 3 +
3 + 2
= 2.13
30
Data ( ) Mean ( ) - ( - )2
1 2.13 -1.13 1.28
1 2.13 -1.13 1.28
3 2.13 0.87 0.75
1 2.13 -1.13 1.28
2 2.13 -0.13 0.025 2.13 2.87 8.22
2 2.13 -0.13 0.02
2 2.13 -0.13 0.02
2 2.13 -0.13 0.02
3 2.13 0.87 0.75
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3 2.13 0.87 0.75
1 2.13 -1.13 1.28
1 2.13 -1.13 1.28
3 2.13 0.87 0.75
5 2.13 2.87 8.22
1 2.13 -1.13 1.28
1 2.13 -1.13 1.28
1 2.13 -1.13 1.28
2 2.13 -0.13 0.02
1 2.13 -1.13 1.28
4 2.13 1.87 3.48
2 2.13 -0.13 0.021 2.13 -1.13 1.28
1 2.13 -1.13 1.28
1 2.13 -1.13 1.28
4 2.13 1.87 3.48
2 2.13 -0.13 0.02
3 2.13 0.87 0.75
3 2.13 0.87 0.75
2 2.13 -0.13 0.02
Calculate the sum of ( - )2:
1.28 + 1.28 + 0.75 + 1.28 + 0.02 + 8.22 + 0.02 + 0.02 + 0.02 + 0.75 + 0.75 + 1.28
+ 1.28 + 0.75 + 8.22 + 1.28 + 1.28 + 1.28 + 0.02 + 1.28 + 3.48 + 0.02 + 1.28 +
1.28 + 1.28 + 3.48 + 0.02 + 0.75 + 0.75 + 0.02 = 43.47
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Substitute ( - )2 and into the sample standard deviation formula below:
43.47
30
1.45
1.2
Therefore, the sample standard deviation, s, is 1.20.
Midstream
Calculate the mean of the sample ( ).
3 + 6 + 5 + 2 + 7 + 4 + 4 +
3 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 4 + 2 + 2 +
1 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 1 +
1 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 +
2 + 2
= 2.33
30
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Data ( ) Mean ( ) - ( - )2
3 2.33 0.67 0.44
6 2.33 3.67 13.44
5 2.33 2.67 7.112 2.33 -0.33 0.11
7 2.33 4.67 21.78
4 2.33 1.67 2.78
4 2.33 1.67 2.78
3 2.33 0.67 0.44
2 2.33 -0.33 0.11
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
2 2.33 -0.33 0.11
4 2.33 1.67 2.78
2 2.33 -0.33 0.11
2 2.33 -0.33 0.11
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
2 2.33 -0.33 0.11
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
2 2.33 -0.33 0.11
2 2.33 -0.33 0.11
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
2 2.33 -0.33 0.11
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
2 2.33 -0.33 0.11
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
2 2.33 -0.33 0.11
2 2.33 -0.33 0.11
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Calculate the sum of ( - )2:
0.44 + 13.44 + 7.11 + 0.11 + 21.78 + 2.78 + 2.78 + 0.44 + 0.11 + 1.78 + 0.11 +
2.78 + 0.11 + 0.11 + 1.78 + 0.11 + 1.78 + 1.78 + 0.11 + 0.11 + 1.78 + 1.78 + 0.11+ 1.78 + 0.11 + 1.78 + 1.78 + 1.78 + 0.11 + 0.11 = 70.67
Substitute ( - )2 and into the sample standard deviation formula below:
70.67
30
2.36
1.5
Therefore, the sample standard deviation, s, is 1.53.
Downstream
Calculate the mean of the sample ( ).
14 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 3
+ 1 + 3 + 1 + 1 + 3 + 2 + 1
+ 1 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
+ 4 + 1 + 9 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 1
+ 3 + 1
= 2.33
30
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Data ( ) Mean ( ) - ( - )2
14 2.33 11.67 136.112 2.33 -0.33 0.11
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
2 2.33 -0.33 0.11
3 2.33 0.67 0.44
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
3 2.33 0.67 0.44
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
3 2.33 0.67 0.44
2 2.33 -0.33 0.11
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
2 2.33 -0.33 0.11
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
4 2.33 1.67 2.78
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
9 2.33 6.67 44.442 2.33 -0.33 0.11
2 2.33 -0.33 0.11
3 2.33 0.67 0.44
1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
3 2.33 0.67 0.44
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1 2.33 -1.33 1.78
Calculate the sum of ( - )2
:
136.11 + 0.11 + 1.78 + 1.78 + 1.78 + 0.11 + 0.44 + 1.78 + 0.44 + 1.78 + 1.78 +
0.44 + 0.11 + 1.78 + 1.78 + 1.78 + 0.11 + 1.78 + 1.78 + 1.78 + 1.78 + 2.78 + 1.78
+ 44.44 + 0.11 + 0.11 + 0.44 + 1.78 + 0.44 + 1.78 = 214.67
Substitute ( - )2 and into the sample standard deviation formula below:
214.67
30
7.16
2.7
Therefore, the sample standard deviation, s, is 2.67.
Decision: Reject null hypothesis; There is at least one significant variability in the distribution of
plankton at Upstream, Midstream, and Downstream.
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