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Grete Gansauer
BZ 572
November 29, 2012
Trees in Phytoremediation
Outline
Why trees make good phytoremediators
Species currently used in phytoremediation
Pollutant clean up and methods
Organic Remediation
Inorganic Remediation
Some Case Studies
Capturing Economic Value from projects
Why trees are awesome
They *can* grow fast
And use a lot of water (high transpiration
rates)
They are large
Their root systems are also large and deep
Large, microbially diverse rhizosphere
Potential for ecological restoration
They are woody
They grow in bad places
They are perennials
Their products have economic value
Tree species used for remediation
Poplar
Willow
Genipa americana
Mulberry
Legumes
Eucalyptus
Evergreens?
Riparian tree species are
common
High transpiration and
water uptake rates
Fastest growers
Clean up pollution in water
Not used for merchantable
timber
Species of Acacia accumulate Cadmium
Ornamental Mulberry
Methods of Tree-remediation
Stabilization
Rhizofiltration*
Riparian Buffer Strips
Extraction*
Volatilization*
Stimulation
Degradation
Detoxification
Riparian Buffer Strip in Wisconsin
Historical and Current Uses of Trees in
Phytoremdiation
Use of trees in Phytoremediation since the early 1990’s
Organic pollutant clean up:
TCE, TNT, PAH, MTBE
Inorganic pollutant clean up:
Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn
Phytoremediation in conjunction
with Biomass Fuels production
Willow being grown on contaminated
land for biomass production
Trees and Organic Remediation
TCE
Poplar volatilization, stabilization, stimulation
Naphthalene
Eucalyptus rhizodegradation
MTBE
Poplar hybrids
Pines
PAH
Mulberry
Using Eucalyptus to remediate Naphthalene
Trees and Metal Remediation
Potential for accumulation & phytoextraction
Cadmium
Willow
Legumes (Acacia, Mimosa, Anadenantera)
Genipa americana
Lead
Eucalyptus
Legumes
Mangrove
Chromium
Genipa americana
Genipa americana and Cr
South American Rainforest Species
Phytostabilization and Rhizofiltration of two
harmful Cr ions
Rhizofiltration of Cr3+ on roots
Phytostabilization of Cr6+
Cr6+ converted to Cr3+ in plant
Adsorbed Cr on roots, but did
not translocate Cr to the shoot
Cr lowered PS rate
Lower K concentration in leaves w/ Cr
Riparian Buffer potential?
Rhizofiltration of Zn and Cd as well
Genipa americana
Chromium in action
Meanwhile, in Europe… Phytoextraction and Biomass Fuels
Production
Short-Rotation Coppice Willow plantations
Biomass plantations on former agricultural
land (contaminated?)
Irrigated with waste water
Willow coppice regeneration.
Trees are harvested every 3-5 years
Willows being irrigated with industrial wastewater
Phytoextraction with Salix viminalis Concentration of Cd in willow-planted
soil was 12% lower than control soil (field study)
Willow-planted soils had “significantly higher Carbon”
Microbial stimulation potential?
Negligible difference in soil pH
Willows in alkaline soils accumulated the most Cd
High irrigation rates…even with waste water!
High accumulation of Zn and Cd in willow leaves
Removed 5% Zn and 20% Cd from the soil (greenhouse study)
Willows planted on former
agricultural land near a
wastewater treatment plant.
Biomass Biproducts
Metals accumulated in
shoot, shoot harvested
for fuel
Burned in a Fluidized
Bed Reactor
Metals not combusted,
still found in ash
Don’t re-scatter
contaminated ashes on-
site for fertilizer!
Questions!
What are two reasons that trees good candidates for
phytoremediation?
Name one Tree species I mentioned and how it can be used
for phytoremediation.
References 1. Arnold, C.W. 2007. Phytovolatilization of oxygenatied compounds from gasoline-impacted groundwater at an underground storage tank site via conifers.
International Journal of Phytoremediation. Vol. 9, iss. 1. pp. 53-69.
2. Aronsson, P. & Perttu, K. 2001. Willow vegetation filters for wastewater treatment and soil remediation combined with biomass production. Forestry Chronicle,
Vol. 77 iss. 2. pp 293–299
3. Barbosa, Rena Mirian T. et al. 2007. A physiological analysis of Genipa americana: a potenital phytoremediator tree for chromium-polluted watersheds.
Environmental and Experimental Botany. Vol. 61, iss. 3. pp. 264-271.
4. Burken, J.G. 1996. Hybrid poplar tree phytoremediation of volatile organic compounds. Americal Chemical Society. Vol. 212. pp. 106-110.
5. Dimitriou and Ioannis et al. 2012. Changes in organic carbon and trace elements in the soil of willow short-rotation coppice plantations. Bioenergy Res. Vol. 5.
pp 563-572.
6. Hong, M.S. 2001. Phytoremediation of MTBE from a groundwater plume. Environmental Science. Vol. 35 iss. 6. pp. 1231-1239.
7. Klang-Westin, E. & Eriksson, J. 2003. Potential of Salix as phytoextractor for Cd on moderately contaminated soils. Plant and Soil, Vol. 249, iss. 1. pp 127–
137.
8. Ma, X.X. 2004. Phytoremediation of MTBE with hybrid poplar trees. International Journal of Phytoremediation Vol 6., iss. 2. pp 157-167.
9. Peng, X.C. 2012. Lead tolerance and accumulation in three cultivars of Eucalyptus urophyllaXEgrandis: implication for phytoremediation” Environmental Earth
Studies. Vol. 67, iss. 5. pp. 1515-1520.
10. Pereira, A.C.C. 2012. Heavy metals concentration in tree species used for revegetation of contaminated area”. Revista Ciencia Agronomica. Vol.
43, iss. 4. pp. 641-647.
11. Santana, Kaline B. et al. 2012. Physiological analyses of Genipa americana reveals a tree with ability as phytostabilizer and rhizofilter of chromium ions for
phytoremediation of polluted watersheds. Environmental and Experimental Botany. Vol. 80. pp 35-42.
12. Souza, V.L. et. al. 2010. Morphophysiological responses and programmed cell death induced by cadmium in Genipa americana (Rubiaceae). Biometals. Vol. 24. pp:
59-71
13. Stomp, A.M. et al. 1993. Genetic improvement of tree species for remediation of hazardous wastes. Tissue Culture Association, In Vitro Cell Division of
Biology. Vol. 29. pp 227-232.
14. Syc, Michael et al. 2012. Willow trees from heavy metals phytoextraction as energy crops. Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic Journal of Biomass and
Bioenergy. Vol. 37. pp 106-113.
15. Xingmao, M. et al. 2004. Phytoremediation of MTBE with hybrid poplar trees. International Journal of Phytoremediation. Vol. 6, iss. 2. pp 157-167
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