View
262
Download
7
Category
Tags:
Preview:
Citation preview
PHONETICSAn Introduction to Linguistics
•How to ‘write down’ sounds
A transcription system should be consistent and unambiguous.
•Is English a good transcription system?
•What do we use to transcribe the sounds?
• IPA• International Phonetic Alphabet
•An anatomy of articulation
•CONSONANTS
•How to describe consonants
•PLACE OF ARTICULATION
•labials/bilabials
•dentals/interdentals
•labiodentals
•alveolars
•palatals
•velars
•glottals
•Summary: place of articulation
category places examples
bilabials Two lips [b], [p], [m]
Labio-dentals
Lip & teeth [f], [v],
Inter-dentals
Between teeth [θ], [ð]
alveolars Alveolar ridge [t], [d], [n], [l] [s], [z]
palatals palate [ž]/[ʒ], [š]/[ʃ], [ʤ], [ʧ]/[č]
velars Velum [k]. [g], [ŋ]
glottals glottis [h]
•MANNER OF ARTICULATION
•Manner of articulation 1
•Manner of articulation 2
•Manner of articulation (1)
category distinction example
Voiced vs. voiceless
Vibration of vocal cord
[p] vs. [b]
Aspirated vs. unaspirated
The ‘timing’ of vocal cord closure
Top vs. stop
Nasal vs. oral Air thru nose [m], [n], [ŋ]
• Phonetic flash • http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/ho
me/johnm/flash/flashin.htm
•Web Resources
•How to describe a sound
• [p]=voiceless bilabial stop• [v]=• [g]=• [z]=• [ʤ]= • [ŋ]=
•Exercise 1
•Exercise 2• Voiceless interdental fricative= [ ]• Voiced palatal affricate= [ ]• Voiceless alveolar stop= [ ]• Voiceless labiodental fricative = [ ]• Bilabial nasal=[ ]• Voiceless palatal fricative= [ ]• Voiced velar stop= [ ]
•VOWELS
•How to describe vowels: criteria•Height of tongue
• High, mid, low• The part of the tongue is involved
• Front, central, back• Position of lips
• Rounded, non-rounded• Tense vs. lax
•Vowel Chart
FRONT BACKROUND
HIGH [i] (T)[I]
[u] (T)[U]
MID [e] (T)[ɛ]
[o] (T)[ɔ]
LOW [æ] [a]
•How to describe a vowel
• [vowel]=• Tense/lax + (Rounded) + High/mid/low +
front/back • [æ]= low front vowel• [o]= tense rounded mid back vowel
•SUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES
•Length • The contrast of meaning due to length difference• Inherent differences
• High vowels are shorter than low vowels• [i] < [æ]
• Influenced by the sounds around. • Bead > beat
•Tone • The pitch variation that causes the contrast of meaning.• Level tones
• A relatively fixed tone• Contour tones
• A single syllable produced with tones that glide from one level to another.
•Mandarin Chinese: a tone language
segments Tone pattern Tone type[ma] High level Level [ma] High rising Contour [ma] Low falling rising Contour [ma] High falling Contour
• Online Intonation • http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/ho
me/johnm/oi/oiin.htm
• Pitch • http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/cgi
-bin/wtutor?tutorial=pitch
•Web Resources
•SOUNDS IN INTERACTION
•Phonetics vs. phonology
•Example • Phonetics
• [s] is a voiceless alveolar fricative.• [z] is a voiced alveolar fricative.
• Phonology• Cats, dogs • /s/ is pronounced as [s] before a voiceless sound.• /s/ is pronounced as [z] before a voiced sound.
•Sounds that contrast• Example
• fine/dine; like/bike• Contrast between sounds/segments
• [f] and [d] are contrastive sounds
•Minimal pairs• Example
• beat [bit]/boat [bot]/bat [baet]• lobe [lob]/load [lod]
• A pair of words whose contrast lies in only one sound. • The one-sound contrast also causes difference in meaning.
•There is a minimal pair. What are the two words?What are the two contrastive sounds? Describe the sounds.
•Phonological rules
S j huang
•Assimilation
• A sound becomes more like a neighboring sound due to certain phonetic property.
•dissimilation
• A sound becomes less like a neighboring sound due to certain phonetic property.
•Insertion
• A phonemic segment is added to the phonetic form of a word.
•deletion
• A phonemic segment is deleted at the phonetic level
•metathesis
• The order of the sounds is changed.
Questions?
Recommended