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Volume 17(2), 353- 358, 2013 JOURNAL of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology
www.journal-hfb.usab-tm.ro
353
Phenotypic diversity evaluation of bean traits, belonging to some common bean landraces from Caras-Severin Şimonea Luciana, Şumălan R. Banat s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine from Timişoara -Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agricole şi Medicină Veterinară a Banatului Timişoara *Corresponding author. Email: simonea_luciana@yahoo.com
Abstract Landraces are still cultivated in regions of crop domestication and diversity. Understanding the diversity of common bean landraces will facilitate their use in genetic improvement. Ex situ conservation of genetic resources has contributed to the improvement of several food crops through utilization of preserved germoplasm. Traits such as seed colour, shape, size and seeds weigth, are important for breeding programs and for the consumers of common bean seeds. Bean seed weight and shape are important traits of different market ban classes. In the work reported here, thirthy common bean landraces were collected in August 2009 from four vilages of Caraş-Severin county. The seed traits analyzed were the 100-seed weight, seed shape, diameter, length, width,and the seeds colour.
Key words common bean, diversity, landraces, evaluation
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.; 2n =
2x = 22) are New World crop with worldwide
significance for human nutrition. Bean is a traditional
grain legume cultivated and bred in Romania. The crop
is consumed principally for its dry (mature) beans,
shell beans (seeds at physiological maturity), and green
pods. When consumed as seed, beans constitute an
important source of dietary protein (22% of seed
weight) that complements cereals.(Szilagy Lizica*,
Semun T., Ciuca M., 2011).
Seed quality is defined as a standard of
excellence in certain characters or attributes that will
determine the performance of the seed when sown or
stored.(Adebisi, Moruf Ayodele, 2010).
Common bean seeds are unique foods because
contain complex carbohydrates, vegetable protein,
dietary fibre, oligosaccharides and minerals. (Szilagy
Lizica*, Semun T., Ciuca M., 2011).
The genetic diversity of landraces is thought
to be the economic valuable part of global biodiversity
and is considered of paramount importance for future
world production. Common bean landraces usually
have local names. They have particular properties(early
or late maturing), reputation for adaptation to local
climatic conditions and cultural practices, and
resistance or tolerance to diseases and pests. As a result
of that landraces are thought to show high yield
stability and intermediate yield level under a low input
agricultural system. In order to increase the genetic
diversity available to breeding programmes many
authors started to study landraces.(Stoilova Tsvetelina,
Pereira G., Sousa T., Carnide V., 2005).
Common bean cultivars are products from
multiple domestications in the American Continent.
The primary center of the Central American type is
characterized by cultivars with predominantly the "S"
phaseolin type and smaller seeds (< 25 g/100 seeds).
The other primary center, the Andean, is characterized
by cultivars with the "T" phaseolin type and larger
seeds (> 40 g/100 seeds) (SINGH et al. 1991),(Pereira
T., Coelho C. M.M.1*, Bogo A.1, Guidolin A.,
Miquelluti D.J. 2009).
Materials and Methods
Thirthy common bean landraces were collected in
August 2009 from four vilages of Caraş-Severin
county. The vilages from which colletions were made
are: Goruia, Brebu, Soceni and Cornuţel-Banat. Seed
samples weighing between 250-300g were collected
from individual households in villages. The samples
were put in separate paper bags. Each bag was
provided with a label indicated the source, location,
date, name and number the villages from which they
were collected. For example, all genotyps collected of
house donors, pictures and notes were made about the
treatments aplicated by the villagers if it was the case.
The samples were then brought to the Department of
Plant Physiology from Banat Univercity of
Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Timisoara. Here the samples were analized by
visualization establishing the shape and colour, were
made measurmentsns by calliper for lengt, width,
diameter of seeds, and also was established the
weight/100seeds.
354
Results and Discussions Table 1
Caracteristic of landraces from Soceni
Name S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10
Co
lor
Wh
ite
mo
ttle
d b
lack
wh
ite
bro
wn
crea
m
wh
ite
wh
ite
Wh
ite
bla
ck
hil
um
wh
ite
bei
je g
ray
stri
pes
Bei
je g
ray
stri
pes
Sh
ape
ren
ifo
rm
ov
al
ov
al
ov
al
ov
al
ov
al
ov
al
ov
al
ov
al
ren
ifo
rm
Weight
/100
seeds
45,62 27,78 47,86 35,32 33,28 26,58 48,36 38,32 34,48 39,42
Table 2
Caracteristics of landraces from Goruia
Table3
Caracteristics of landraces from Brebu
Name B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
Co
lor
Wh
ite
mo
ttle
d b
lack
wh
ite
wh
ite
wh
ite
Dar
k b
lue
Bei
je
spec
kle
d
bro
wn
bro
wn
Shape oval reniform oval oval oval cylindrical oval
Weight/
100seeds 38,57 38,87 33,53 24,81 40,17 32,85 41,19
Table 4
Caracteristics of landraces from Cornuţel-Banat
Name CB1 CB2 CB3 CB4 CB5 CB6 CB7
Co
lor
Wh
ite
mo
ttle
d b
lack
bla
ck
wh
ite
wh
ite
bla
ck
bro
wn
bla
ck
Shape oval oval oval oval oval oval oval
Weight/100seeds 44,28 44,98 25,16 18,23 26,36 45,78 48,85
The first observation, was made about the seed color, a
wide range of coat color from white to dark blue, in
addition some of bicolored, spotted and striped types
using a visual inspection.White coat seed populations
are present in all four villages, predominant in Soceni
village, indicating the proeminent role played by
aesthetical preferences of local farmers in the choice of
the own set of local populations. Black, dark blue and
brown coat types, are preferred by local farmers from
Cornuţel Banat..The second description was made
about the shape of the seeds. The population was
grouped into four classes: reniform, cylindrical, oval
Name G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6
Co
lor
Wh
ite
bla
ck
wh
ite
wh
ite
wh
ite
bro
wn
Shape round round round oval oval oval
Weight/100seeds 25,09 36,14 14,66 27,6 32,32 38,67
355
and round. Regarding to the seed weight among the 30
landraces, there were semnificant variations. CB7 had
(48,85g) the highest 100 seed weight, it was closely
followed by S7(48,36g), S3(47,62g), CB6(45,78g),
CB2(44,98g), CB1(44,28g), while entry G3(14,66g)
had the lowest weight, closely followed by
CB4(18,23g). The remaining genotyps weighed betwen
24,81 and 41,19 grams in 100 seed weight. (Tables
1,2,3,4).
Table 5
Large seeds are associated with Andean gene pool whereas small seeds
are associated with Mesoamerican gene pool.
Mesoamerican Center
smaller seeds
(< 25 g/100 seeds)
S2, S4,S5,S6,S8,S9,G1,G3,G4,G5,B3,B4,B6,CB3,CB4,CB5
Andean Center
larger seeds
(> 40 g/100 seeds)
S1,S3,S7,S10,G2,G6,B1,B2,B5,B7,CB1,CB2,CB6,CB7.
The results of measurements on length, width and seeds diameter were statistically analized using F Test.
Table 6
Variance analysis for seed length in in bean landraces studied
Sourse of variation SP GL S2 F Test
Total 1192,46 309
Repetitions 9,85 9 1,09 F = 0,71
Variety 767,45 30 25,58 F = 16,64**
Error 415,16 270 1,54
Table 7
The significance of differences between studied bean landraces concerning seed length
Nr. Landraces
Lenght seed (mm)
Relative
value Distinction
crt.
xsx
%s (%) Semnificaţion
0 1 2 3 4 5
1 Media
exp. 12,75+0,06 1,47 100,00 Control
2 G1 10,10+0,15 4,67 79,24 -2,65000
3 G2 11,40+0,30 8,34 89,44 -1,350
4 G3 7,85+0,13 5,21 61,59 -4,90000
5 G4 11,35+0,83 23,08 89,05 -1,400
6 G5 11,89+0,40 10,72 93,29 -0,86
7 G6 15,07+0,28 5,78 118,24 2,32***
8 S1 14,49+0,23 5,12 113,69 1,74**
9 S2 10,35+0,21 6,56 81,21 -2,40000
10 S3 12,59+0,30 7,49 98,78 -0,16
11 S4 14,17+0,22 4,87 111,18 1,42*
12 S5 13,02+0,35 8,61 102,16 0,27
13 S6 12,27+0,32 8,19 96,27 -0,48
14 S7 13,37+0,53 12,59 104,90 0,62
15 S8 12,39+0,31 7,86 97,21 -0,36
16 S9 12,51+0,95 24,04 98,15 -0,24
17 S10 14,30+0,21 4,67 112,20 1,55**
18 B1 12,69+0,22 5,41 99,57 -0,06
19 B2 13,62+0,43 9,93 106,86 0,87
20 B3 13,54+0,50 11,66 106,23 0,79
21 B4 13,67+0,56 12,93 107,25 0,92
22 B5 13,97+0,24 6,45 109,61 1,22*
23 B6 12,76+0,25 6,28 100,12 0,01
356
0 1 2 3 4 5
24 B7 12,42+0,35 10,38 97,45 -0,33
25 CB1 13,16+0,20 5,30 103,25 0,41
26 CB2 14,22+0,18 4,27 111,57 1,47**
27 CB3 10,55+0,20 7,19 82,78 -2,20000
28 CB4 11,40+0,12 3,99 89,44 -1,350
29 CB5 15,01+0,37 7,75 117,77 2,26***
30 CB6 13,96+0,20 4,46 109,53 1,21*
31 CB7 14,27+0,66 14,58 111,96 1,52**
DL5% = 1,09 mm DL1% = 1,44 mm DL0,1% = 1,84
Considering the results presented in Table 7, it can be
concluded that populations G6 and CB5, present very
significant positive differences compared with the
average. In the other hand, G3, G1, S2, present very
significant differences, according to the control.
Table 8
Variance analysis for seed width in in bean landraces studied
Sourse of
variation
SP GL S2 F Test
Total 250,64 309
Repetitions 2,76 9 0,31 F = 0,64
Variety 117,70 30 3,92 F = 8,14**
Error 130,18 270 0,48
Table 9
The significance of differences between studied bean landraces concerning seed width
Nr.
Landraces
Seed width (mm)
Relative
value Distinction
crt. x
sx %s (%) Semnification
0 1 2 3 4 5
1 Exp.average 5,47+0,03 1,82 100,00 Control
2 G1 5,43+0,15 8,81 99,27 -0,04
3 G2 7,24+0,86 37,53 132,37 1,77***
4 G3 4,64+0,13 8,57 84,83 -0,8300
5 G4 4,91+0,18 11,74 89,77 -0,56
6 G5 5,23+0,35 21,12 95,62 -0,24
7 G6 5,43+0,14 8,01 99,27 -0,04
8 S1 5,08+0,10 6,48 92,88 -0,39
9 S2 4,72+0,12 7,85 86,29 -0,750
10 S3 5,65+0,13 7,29 103,30 0,18
11 S4 5,48+0,14 8,20 100,19 0,01
12 S5 4,75+0,14 9,27 86,84 -0,720
13 S6 5,23+0,12 7,49 95,62 -0,24
14 S7 6,53+0,17 8,42 119,39 1,06***
15 S8 4,62+0,09 6,44 84,47 -0,8500
16 S9 5,15+0,10 6,16 94,16 -0,32
17 S10 5,11+0,08 4,65 93,42 -0,36
18 B1 5,74+0,15 8,01 104,94 0,27
19 B2 5,18+0,12 7,21 94,70 -0,29
20 B3 5,16+0,23 13,92 94,34 -0,31
21 B4 6,67+0,14 6,59 121,95 1,20***
22 B5 5,58+0,38 16,83 102,02 0,11
23 B6 5,57+0,21 11,73 101,83 0,10
357
0 1 2 3 4 5
24 B7 6,22+0,13 5,07 113,72 0,75*
25 CB1 6,19+0,20 7,63 113,17 0,72*
26 CB2 5,90+0,08 3,39 107,87 0,43
27 CB3 5,19+0,22 10,45 94,89 -0,28
28 CB4 4,75+0,16 8,32 86,84 -0,720
29 CB5 5,09+0,12 7,26 93,06 -0,38
30 CB6 5,51+0,16 9,27 100,74 0,04
31 CB7 6,14+0,12 6,43 112,26 0,67*
DL5% = 0,61 mm DL1% = 0,80 mm DL0,1% = 1,03 mm
Regarding to the width of seeds, populations G2,S7
and B4, present the highest values in comparation with
the control. The lowest values were presented in G3,
G4,S2,S8 and CB4 landraces.
Table 10
Variance analysis for seed diameter in in bean landraces studied
Sourse of
variation
SP GL S2 F Test
Total 437,61 309
Repetitions 4,52 9 0,50 F = 0,69
Variety 235,52 30 7,85 F = 10,73**
Error 197,58 270 0,73
Table11
The significance of differences between studied bean landraces concerning seed diameter
Nr.
Landraces
Seed diameter (mm)
Relativ
value Distinction
crt.
xsx
%s (%) Semnificaţions
0 1 2 3 4 5
1 Exp.
average 7,06+0,04 1,80 100,00 Control
2 G1 6,42+0,07 3,66 90,91 -0,64
3 G2 8,40+0,55 20,86 118,95 1,34***
4 G3 5,76+0,18 9,72 81,56 -1,30000
5 G4 5,59+0,14 8,11 79,16 -1,47000
6 G5 7,14+0,31 13,92 101,10 0,08
7 G6 6,90+0,22 10,11 97,71 -0,16
8 S1 7,71+0,15 6,00 109,18 0,65
9 S2 6,26+0,13 6,66 88,64 -0,800
10 S3 7,10+0,23 10,24 100,54 0,04
11 S4 7,19+0,22 9,65 101,81 0,13
12 S5 7,31+0,15 6,53 103,51 0,25
13 S6 5,72+0,09 5,13 81,00 -1,34000
14 S7 9,22+0,81 27,87 130,56 2,16***
15 S8 7,29+0,63 27,48 103,23 0,23
16 S9 6,98+0,10 4,57 98,84 -0,08
17 S10 7,37+0,12 5,32 104,36 0,31
18 B1 7,42+0,13 5,46 105,07 0,36
19 B2 7,30+0,12 5,17 103,37 0,24
20 B3 7,45+0,19 8,21 105,49 0,39
21 B4 7,68+0,41 16,95 108,75 0,62
22 B5 7,10+0,11 4,55 100,54 0,04
23 B6 6,66+0,18 8,73 94,31 -0,40
24 B7 7,00+0,14 5,17 99,12 -0,06
25 CB1 7,80+0,13 4,40 110,45 0,74
26 CB2 8,02+0,27 8,97 113,57 0,96
358
0 1 2 3 4 5
27 CB3 5,84+0,15 7,71 82,70 -1,2200
28 CB4 5,36+0,13 6,82 75,90 -1,70000
29 CB5 6,10+0,15 7,73 86,38 -0,960
30 CB6 7,30+0,11 4,66 103,37 0,24
31 CB7 8,47+0,22 8,14 119,94 1,41***
DL5% = 0,75 mm DL1% = 0,99 mm DL0,1% = 1,27 m
Considering the results presented in Table 9, it can be
concluded that populations G2 and S7, especially CB7
present very significant positive differences compared
with the average. The smallest values were observed in
CB4, CB3, S6, G4 and G3 landraces. S2 and CB5
presents negative significant differences beside the
control.
Conclusions
These results revealed large enough variability
forces that generate variability such as out crossing,
human and environmental selection. The dominant
primary seed colours of the four villages from Caras-
Severin, were white, brown and black. Landraces wich
had higher 100 seed weights included CB7, S7, S3,
CB6, CB2 and CB1, and landraces which had a higher
length seed value, could be used in breeding
programmes to improve seed yield by improving seed
weight. Generally, these genotypes studied could be of
utility to breeders seeking to improve common bean.
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