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CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
pg. 50
Elements Element – substance that cannot be broken
down into simpler chemical substances
Four elements of life
There are 4 basic elements that make up 96% all living things:HydrogenOxygenNitrogenCarbon
HONC
Compounds
Compounds – two or more different elementsNaCl – sodium and chlorine (table salt)
Mixtures and Solutions Mixture – substances are combined, but
keep their own properties (sand and sugar)
Solution (homogenous mixtures) – one substance is dissolved in another, can be separated by distillation (water and sugar)
Review: Mixtures and Solutions kool-aid is an example of a: _________
Colors of M&M’s is an example of a: __________
pH
pH – a measure of how acidic or basic something is
Acids and Bases
Acid – substance with a pH below 7 Base – substance with a pH above 7
A solution is neutral if the pH is exactly 7
Mini-Quiz
1.) An orange has a pH of 4, acid or base?
2.) A battery has a pH of 2, acid or base?
3.) Soap has a pH of 9, acid or base?
4.) Sugar in tea is a mixture or solution?
5.) Salt and pepper is a mixture or solution?
6.) What does HONC stand for?
Quiz1. 4 elements of life: Hydrogen, carbon, _________,
_________
2. You stir together flour and sugar for a cake. What is this an example of?
3. An orange has a pH of 6.3. Is this an acid or base?
4. CO2, H2O, and NO2 are examples of ___________
5. Give 2 examples of a starch:
6. What are the 4 biomolecules of life?
7. What do proteins make for your body?
8. What pH is neutral?
9. _________ changes the rate of a chemical reaction.
10. Why are lipids important to living things?
Review (pg. 15) The 5 Characteristics of Life The 5 steps of the Scientific Method Hypothesis Homeostasis Reproduction Adaptation The different between a mixture and a solution The difference between an acid and a base The 4 basic elements (HONC) The 4 important biomolecules and why they’re so
important to living things Starch/Cellulose Enzymes
BIOMOLECULES
Pg. 51
Carbohydrates1.) Carbohydrate – a sugar, starch, or cellulose
that is a source of energy for an animal or plant
Monomer- Saccharides
Starch – used to store energy in plant cells (like potatoes) that we can eat to get carbs
Glucose/Fructose – complex sugars
List 5 sources of carbohydrates: Cereal Bread Desserts Rice Pasta, macaroni Potatoes French Fries Beans Pancakes Cake
Carb Diets (Facts) Carbs are only needed if you’re doing LOTS of
athletic activities. Otherwise, you can get your daily energy from protein.
There are good carbs, like from fruits, veggies, and whole grains. Starchy carbs from potatoes, bread, and rice are harder to burn.
Watch empty carbs. Soda’s and cookies that have carbs are adding extra pounds with no energy given to your body.
Lipids2.) Lipids – fat, oil, wax, steroids are all lipids
- can’t dissolve in water!
Important: they store energy, keep us warm, and protect organs
List 5 sources of lipids: Cooking oil Fried foods Egg yolk Whole milk Junk food Medical steroids Illegal steroids Cheese
Fat Facts Check labels for the word Hydrogenated, these
are very bad and lead to heart problems
Limit saturated fats like fatty meats and whole milk
Calories are the best thing to watch, not carbs. Very fatty fried foods are low in carbs, but very high in calories
Nucleic Acids
4.) Nucleic acid – stores cellular information in a codeThe most common nucleic acids are DNA and RNA
List 5 sources of nucleic acids:
Any living (or formally living) thing! Meat Plants
Proteins3.) Protein is an important part of every cell in the
body. Hair, claws, horns, nails are made of protein. Your body uses protein to build and repair tissues.Protein is an important building block of bones,
muscles, cartilage, skin, and blood.Some hormones are proteins
Amino acids- Monomers of proteins There are 20 amino
acids They combine to form
all of the proteins.
Enzymes
Enzymes - important proteins, change the rate of a chemical reaction (speed up)
Enzyme-substrate interaction
Chicken Steak Fish Ham Bacon Sunflower seeds Peanuts Peanut butter Pork chop
List 5 sources of Proteins
Protein Facts The best protein is found in fish, chicken, nuts,
and beansRed meat (like steak) often has too much fat to make
the protein worth it
Eating protein doesn’t automatically make muscle. Exercise makes muscle, protein provides the fuel.
You should eat around 5-6 ounces, 7 ounces if you’re building muscle.
Quiz1. Which carbohydrate has two sugars?
2. You stir together flour and sugar for a cake. What is this an example of?
3. An orange has a pH of 6.3. Is this an acid or base?
4. Give two examples of a starch.
5. Name one reason why lipids are important?
6. List the 4 biomolecules of life.
7. Name one reason proteins are essential to life.
8. CO2, H2O, and NO2 are examples of ___________
9. What does cellulose form?
10. List the 4 basic elements of living things.
DIFFUSIONpg. 36
Water Water is sticky! Water molecules hold onto
each other very tightlyThey do this using a hydrogen bond
Water Bonds
Most important: allows water to creep up small tubes, like plant stems○ Even the tallest trees
get water
Diffusion Diffusion – movement of particles from an
area of higher concentration, to an area of a lower concentration
Diffusion Diffusion is slow because it relies on random
movements After a while the substance becomes balanced
in both areas, then diffusion stops
Diffusion in life
Diffusion is one of the ways cells move things in and out of the cell
Cell’s
Selectively permeable – the cell membrane allows some things in and keeps other things outUses diffusion!
Diffusion Examples 1. 2. 3
Examples:
Purfume Smell of food
Atoms
Atoms – smallest particle of an elementThe basic building blocks of all matter
Parts of an Atom
Nucleus – the center of an atom, it is made up of:Protons – positively charged particlesNeutrons – particles with no charge
Electrons – circle around the nucleus, are negatively charged
Parts of an Atom
Electron
Nucleus- - protons- - neutrons
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