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Personality and Its Assessment. www.ablongman.com/lefton9e. What is Personality?. A pattern of relatively permanent traits, dispositions or characteristics Give consistency to an individual’s behavior. The Psychodynamic Approach to Personality. Focuses on unconscious process - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Personality and Its Assessment
www.ablongman.com/lefton9e
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
What is Personality?– A pattern of relatively permanent traits,
dispositions or characteristics
– Give consistency to an individual’s behavior
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
The Psychodynamic Approach to Personality
Focuses on unconscious process
The Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud
– Early childhood experiences and fantasies
– Oedipus Complex
– Psychoanalysis
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The Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud
Levels of Mental Life
a. Conscious
b. Preconscious
c. Unconscious• Freudian slip
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The Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud
The Structure of the Minda. Id
• Pleasure principle
b. Ego• Reality Principle
c. Superego
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The Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud
Development of Personality– 5 psychosexual stages of personality
development• Erogenous zones
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Development of Personality
a. Oral Stage– Birth to age 2
b. Anal Stage– Ages 2–3
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Development of Personality
c. Phallic Stage– Ages 4–7– Boys: Oedipus complex
– Castration anxiety– Girls: Penis envy
– Controversial– Insulting to women– Disputed by researchers
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Development of Personality
d. Latency Stage– Ages 7 to puberty
e. Genital Stage– Onset of puberty through adulthood
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The Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud
Sex and Aggression: The Two Great Drives• Drive toward life
– Expressed through sex– Libido
• Drive toward death– Expressed through aggression
• Inner conflict from socially unacceptable behaviors or feelings
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The Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud
Defense Mechanisms– Unconscious– Protect ego against anxiety– Have some element of repression
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Defense Mechanisms
a. Rationalization
b. Regression
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Defense Mechanisms
c. Projection
d. Reaction formation
e. Displacement
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Defense Mechanismsf. Denial
– Refusing to recognize the true source of anxiety
• Sublimation
-- channeling unacceptable impulses into what is socially more acceptable
– Only defense mechanism that tends to benefit society
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The Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud
Freud Today– Some elements of truth:
– Some behavior motivated by the unconscious
• Children’s identification with parents• Defense mechanisms
– However, theory is sharply criticized today• Overemphasis on sexual urges• Psychosexual stages rejected by many• Does not account for context and culture
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The Psychodynamic Approach to Personality
Adler and Individual Psychology– Striving for Superiority or Success
• Natural feelings of inferiority motivate striving for:– Superiority
• Overcompensation
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Adler and Individual Psychology
• Family Constellations - Birth Order– Affect important personality characteristics
• Early recollections– Style of life influences how we interpret early
experiences
• Adler’s theory less influential than Freud’s
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The Psychodynamic Approach to Personality
Jung and Analytical Psychology• Analytical psychology
• Self-realization or perfection• Collective unconscious – a shared
collection or storehouse of archetypes• Archetypes – emotionally charged
ideas and images inherited from one’s ancestors
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Jung and Analytical Psychology
• Quest for self-realization involves accepting specific archetypes– Shadow– Men must recognize their anima– Women must recognize their
animus
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Jung and Analytical Psychology
Jung’s ideas widely known, but not widely accepted
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The Theory of Karen Horneya) Basic Anxiety – fear of abandonment in a
potentially hostile world
b) The powerful role of culture in shaping personality
c) Described the “neurotic” personality
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Can Personality Be Learned?
The Power of Learning– Operant conditioning explains personality for
the behaviorists• Past experiences
Skinner
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Trait and Type Theories
• A trait is any readily identifiable, stable quality that characterizes how an individual differs from others– Related to disposition (biological)– Exist on a continuum
• A type is a category or collection of related traits
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Trait and Type Theories
The Five-Factor Model1. Neuroticism–Stability2. Extraversion–Introversion3. Openness to experience4. Agreeableness–Antagonism5. Conscientiousness–Undirectedness
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Humanistic Approach
• Focuses on well-adjusted people• Phenomenological approach
– Focus on individuals’ unique experiences and how they interpret them
– Emphasizes current, not past, experience– Focus on self-determination– Free will and responsibility
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Humanistic Approach
Maslow and Self-Actualization– Hierarchy of needs– Studied psychologically healthy people– Very few become self-actualized
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Maslow and Self-Actualization
• Characteristics of self-actualized people– Accept themselves, others, and nature– Spontaneous, simple, and natural– Problem- not person-centered– Childlike appreciation of the world– High levels of social interest– Creative– Non-conformist
• Everyone has the potential to be self-actualized
• Theory is virtually untestable
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Humanistic Approach
Rogers and Self TheoryBasics of Carl Rogers’s (1902 – 1987) theory
• Three basic assumptions about behavior– People have potential for growth– Perceptions of the self and the world
determine behavior• Personality development motivated by
fulfillment
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Basics of Rogers’s Theory
• Three conditions necessary for fulfillment– Empathy– Unconditional positive regard– Congruent relationship
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Rogers and Self Theory
The Self-Concept and the Ideal Self– Self-concept– Ideal self– Incongruence
– Leads to anxiety– May motivate change
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Humanistic Approach
Positive Psychology– Focuses on well-being, contentment, hope,
optimism, and happiness
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Cognitive Approaches
– How we think affects how we feel and affects our behavior
– Emphasis on personal construction of reality is similar to the humanistic approaches
– Emphasis on cognition makes it dissimilar
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Cognitive Approaches
Rotter and Locus of Control– Types
• External locus of control• Internal locus of control
– Influences how people identify causes of success and failure
– Influences achievement
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Cognitive Approaches
Bandura and Self-Efficacy– Self-efficacy is a person’s belief about
whether she or he can successfully perform a specific behavior
– Those with higher self-efficacy attribute success to internal factors
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Bandura and Self-Efficacy• Observation of positive role models or
receiving reinforcement increases self-efficacy• Self-efficacy determines and flows from feelings
of self-worth
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Personality Assessment• Process of evaluating individual differences
– Goals of personality assessment– Explaining behavior– Diagnosing and classifying behavioral
problems
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Personality AssessmentProjective Tests
– Use standard sets of ambiguous stimuli– Assumed that unconscious feelings and
motives are projected onto the stimuli– Example: What is this?
• Someone with high aggression might see a rocket
• Someone else might see an angel
– Related to psychodynamic approaches to personality
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Projective Tests
1. The Rorschach Inkblot Test
• New scoring system • Little usefulness for diagnosing psychological
problems
• The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)• Lack of standardized scoring system• Create stories from ambiguous pictures
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Personality Assessment
Personality Inventories– Most widely used psychological tests, next to
intelligence tests– Well-constructed inventories are valid
predictors of behavior
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Personality Inventories
Myers–Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI)– Based on Jung’s theory
• Modalities define personality type• Four dimensions
– Extraversion–Introversion– Sensing–Intuition– Thinking–Feeling– Judging–Perceiving
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