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Perennial Wheat Research in Washington State
Karen Hills, Ph.D. student
• Intro to perennial wheat breeding at Washington State University (WSU)
• Quality traits of perennial vs. annual wheat
• Isolation of portion of chromosome 4E responsible for regrowth
• Carbohydrate storage in crown
• Resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus
• Map of WA
Ritzville, 300 mm (12 in)
Kahlotus, 250 mm (10 in)
Mount Vernon, 820 mm (32 in)
Pullman, 558 mm (20 in)
Breeding Approaches
Our Strategy…
•Involve the growers
•Breed specifically for sustainability
independent of the system
-Organic
-Perennial
-Evolutionary Plant Breeding
End Use Quality in Perennial Breeding Lines
Murphy et al. (2009) Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems: 24(4); 285–292.
ANNUAL WHEAT LIFE CYCLE
CROWN(unelongated basal
meristem cluster)
TILLERS(Branches from
primary axillary
meristems)
Programmed cell death begins at the crown and
spreads up the plant
WHEAT LIFE CYCLE
ANNUAL PERENNIALIn perennial wheat
relatives, meristems within the crown evade
senescence and regrow.
PERENNIAL WHEATChinese Spring Wheat
(2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD)
ANNUAL
Thinopyrum elongatum
(2n = 14, EE)
PERENNIAL
AgCS (CS/Wheatgrass Amphiploid)
(2n = 8x = 56, AABBDDEE)
PERENNIAL
Colchicine
PERENNIAL WHEAT
Added wheatgrass
chromosomes confer
perennial life history
GISH with
wheatgrass
DNA probe
CS CS+4E
Pullman, WA
LOW-RES GENETIC DISSECTION
• Assessed addition lines CS + 1E, 2E, 3E, 4E, 5E, 6E, 7E for regrowth
• Also assessed ditelosomic lines (ex: CS+4EL)
CS + 4E CS + 4EL
• Regrowth in CS+4E only
• CS+4EL (long arm telosome) does not regrow
• Gene(s) on 4ES are essential
CS AgCS CS+4E CS+4EL
MWG634
P36-195P36-160
E8-225
P36-330
P2-360
P31-325LoxA
P30-225
E36-165
E38-220
TubA1Rca1E36-280
P25-340
Bmy1
E38-380E36-160
E36-220E24-235
E59-400
4 cM5 cM
12 cM
14 cM
16 cM
19 cM
0 cM
20 cM
22 cM
24 cM26 cM
28 cM29 cM
37 cM38 cM
P8-27043 cM
62 cM
45 cM
46 cM
50 cM
33 cM
31 cM
REGROWS
DOESN’T REGROW
CYTOGENETIC DISSECTION OF PERENNIAL TRAITS
10
19
Regrows
Does not regrow
4EL
Does not regrow
• Region between rca1 and tubA1 appear to contain the gene(s) necessary for PSCR
• Markers E8-190, E9-275 and E29-220 are closest
• Proximal regions of 4ELcould also play a part
CONCLUSIONSRegrows
139
Post-sexual cycle regrowth and grain yield in Th. elongatum · T. aestivum amphiploids
Murphy et al. (2009) Plant Breeding
• Mean grain yields amphiploid lines:
632, 2086, 2226 kg/ha (44% of annual wheat)
• 18 – 81% PSCR
• No significant genotype x environment interactions for PSCR
• No relationship between grain yield and regrowth among lines exhibiting PSCR
Crown TNC and Regrowth
What are the carbohydrate stategies of annual, amphiploid, addition and subsititution lines?
CS (AABBDD)AgCS (AABBDDEE)DS 4E/4ADS 4E/4BDS 4E/4DCS+4ECS+4J (J genome from Th. bessarabicum)
Crown TNC and Regrowth
Grain YieldPercent TNC in
crownPercent
Regrowth
DS 4E/4D 10.9 a,b 7.9 ad 12 %
DS 4E/4B 12.4 b 8.1 ad 30 %
DS 4E/4A 6.7 c,d 7.6 ad 67 %
CS 11.3 a,b 6.6 bd 0%
CS + 4E 9.3 a,b,c 7.7 cd 70 %
CS + 4J 4.3 d 11.5 e 100 %
AgCs 6.8 a,d 9.7 ace 40 %
Greco, 2006 (unpublished)
Concerns with Perennial Wheat
• Wheat roots and crown persist in soil for multiple years
– Elevated disease threat
• Important winter wheat diseases in PNW:
www. ohioline.osu.edu
Cephalosporium stripe
www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk/ppi/staff/tap.html
Eyespot of wheat
Wheat streak mosaic
Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV)
• Family: Potyviridae
• Genus: Tritimovirus
• ssRNA viruses
• Vector: Wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella[Keifer])
• Host range: Wheat, oat, barley, rye, corn, wild grasses (Bromus, Hordeum, Lolium, Agropyron, Poa)
WSM Symptoms
• Chlorotic mottled streaking in leaves
• Stunted growth, reduced tillering
• Wheat spikes sterile or completely absent
WSMV Control Options
• No effective options once field is infected:– Plant has the virus for life!
– No effective miticides available
• Host Eradication– Volunteer wheat
– “green bridge” from spring to winter wheat
• Breed for resistance– Thinopyrum sp. known sources for resistance to
WSMV
Conclusions – WSMV
• Resistance to WSMV present in perennial wheat breeding lines– Lines 03JP031 and 03JP039
– Variable reactions from plant to plant
– Possible heterogeneity within lines
• No temperature-sensitivity observed
• When temperatures ≥32C, immediate presence of symptoms, positive by ELISA:– 59% of 03JP039 plants were positive
– 100% five other perennial plants were positive
Ongoing work with WSMV
Objectives• To determine the extent of genetic diversity of
WSMV in the PNW, especially as it relates to pathogenic variation, and to examine the replication of WSMV in resistant and susceptible cultivars to understand the effect of resistance on WSMV.
Derived from Th. elongatum/CS//Madsen/3*Spitzer Populations
Future Direction
• Continue to select for
– Threshability
– Reliability of regrowth
– Full senescence and dormancy
(Eliminate indeterminate regrowth)
– Earliness (need more breeding to generate variation)
• Develop better understanding of genetic and physiological controls over regrowth
• Continue work on WSMV (2nd year growth)
Perennial wheat activities at Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan
Pwheat at KBS- 2009 Planting
• WSU (WA State Univ) nursery- replicated, 15 lines
• TLI (The Land Institute) nursery- small rows, 80 lines
• PWES (Perennial Wheat Ecosystem Services) Trial– What is a greater driver soil food webs and ecosystem
services, management or perenniality?
– Organic, Low N Conventional, High N Conventional
– Annual Wheat, Pwheat, Intermediate Wheatgrass• Measuring soil C, soil H2O and nitrate leaching (every 2
weeks), soil food webs (nematodes, microbial communities)
Pwheat at KBS- 2010 Planting
• Organic Legume-Pwheat Weed Study– Looking specifically at reducing weed competition
with legume intercrop
• Grazing Experiment with Int Wheatgrass and Pwheat– Looking to promote perenniality and crop
establishment with grazing
– Also get 2nd use of perennial grain as forage
• Seed Multiplication
Acknowledgements
• Dr. Stephen Jones joness@wsu.edu
• Dr. Tim Murray tim_murray@cahnrs.wsu.edu
• Dr. Kevin Murphy kmurphy2@wsu.edu
• Dr. Matt Arterburn matt.arterburn@washburn.edu
FundingUSDA-CSREES - Fund for Rural America
USDA-CSREES - Line item - Perennial
USDA-CSREES - Organic Program
WA State Department of Ecology
Western Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education
The Land Institute
Organic Farming Research Foundation
Center for Sustaining Ag. & Natural Resources
Washington Wheat Commission - WA Wheat Farmers
State of Washington
Microsoft (Employee Match)
Private Individuals
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