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Paul Short, Ph.D.
The Parkinson’s Coach
www.theparkinsonscoach.com
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY OF PARKINSON’S COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS
WHAT IS PARKINSON’S DISEASE?
PARKINSON’S DISEASE (PD)• A Movement Disorder Marked by varying
combinations of• Tremor• Bradykinesia• Muscle Rigidity• Postural Instability
PARKINSON’S DISEASE (PD)
• Centered in upper midbrain in the Substantia Nigra
PARKINSON’S DISEASE (PD)
• Substantia Nigra experiences loss of neurons producing the neurotransmitter dopamine
PARKINSON’S DISEASE (PD)
• Centered in the upper brain stem in the Substantia Nigra
LIVING IN THE WORLD OF PARKINSON’S
TREATMENT OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE
• Exercise
• Diet & Nutrition
• Stress Management
• Education
• Social Support
EARLY STAGE PARKINSON’S TREATMENTS
• Amantadine
• Side Effects/Complications
DOPAMINE AUGMENTATION• Dopamine Agonists• Mirapex• Requip
• Side Effects/Complications• Sudden sleep (Mirapex)• Potential for inccrease compulsivity
DOPAMINE REPLACEMENT• Levodopa • Dopamine will not cross blood-brain barrier• Precursor for dopamine can be transmitted to
CNS• Can cause nausea so combined with carbadopa• Carbadopa/Levodopa is the primary treatment
for advanced PD
DOPAMINE REPLACEMENT
• Complications/problems
• Protein can interfere with absorbtion
• Sensitivity can cause dyskinesias and dystonias over time.
DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION• Surgery implants leads into mid-brain structures• usually the subthalamic nucleus or globus
pallidus• Patient awake during surgery
• Treatment must be done by a skilled programmer
DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION
• Advantages
• Constant stimulation much like steady dopamine treatment
• Manages medication-induce dyskinesias
• Programming can be done far into the disease process
DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION• Disadvantages/complications• Can affect memory and verbal fluency• Generally not recommended for patients with
dementia• Best programming sometimes causes
dysarthria• Cannot have MRIs
PARKINSONISM- THE “PARKINSON’S PLUS” SYNDROMES
• Parkinson’s like movement disorder with other medical concerns
• Typically more severe than PD
• Sometimes not as responsive to regular PD treatments
• Death often occurs several years after diagnosis
PARKINSONISM- THE “PARKINSON’S PLUS” SYNDROMES
• Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)
• Bradykinesia and rigidity without tremor
• Postural instability with falling early in disease course
• Gaze palsy
• Dysphonia, dysphagia, dysarthria, chewing problems
• Cognitive problems
• Slowed thought process, forgetfulness
• Executive dysfunction such as perseveration
• Personality changes (apathy, irritability)
PARKINSONISM- THE “PARKINSON’S PLUS” SYNDROMES
• Multiple Systems Atrophy (MSA)• Tremor, Rigidity, Loss of Muscle Coordination• Autonomic dysfunction such as fainting, loss of bladder control,
temperature regulation, and blood pressure• Speech problems such as vocal cord paralysis• Dysphonia, dysphagia, dysarthria, chewing problems• Less Cognitive involvement than PD and PD+
• Attentional problems and slowed thinking• Executive dysfunction such as set-shifting• Some verbal fluency concerns
PARKINSONISM- THE “PARKINSON’S PLUS” SYNDROMES
• Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD)
• Akinesia, Rigidity, Balance Problems, Apraxia, Myoclonus
• Problems with Speech Fluency and Dysphagia
• Cognitive Changes (Variable)
• Sustained Attentional problems
• Phonological deficits and progressive non-fluent aphasia
• Dementia in Later Stages
PARKINSONISM- THE “PARKINSON’S PLUS” SYNDROMES
• Parkinson’s Disease Dementia (PDD) & Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB)
• Both involve Lewy Bodies
• PDD is a progression from PD but in DLB motor symptoms tend to occur only a year or two before cognitive dysfunction
• More common in older onset patients with rigidity, gait, and postural disorders.
• Rarer in tremor-dominant onset
PARKINSONISM- THE “PARKINSON’S PLUS” SYNDROMES
• Parkinson’s Disease Dementia (PDD) & Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB)• REM sleep behavior disorder very common• Recurrent Visual Hallucinations• Fluctuating cognition, primarily variable attention and focus• Perception problems primarily visuospatial• Memory Problems• Executive dysfunction
• Problems with semantic fluency• Abstract reasoning and cognitive flexibility
DIMINISHED COMMUNICATION IN
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
EXPRESSIVE COMMUNICATION DEFICITS WITH PARKINSON’S DISEASE
• Diminished prosody
• Hypophonia
• Reduced social contact
RECEPTIVE COMMUNICATION DEFICITS IN PD DIMINISHED EMOTION DECODING
• Diminished emotion decoding
• Many individuals with PD have difficulty:
• Interpreting emotions implied by facial expression.
• Interpreting emotions implied by vocal intonation and prosody
• Alexithymia- tendency not to think about emotion
RECEPTIVE COMMUNICATION DEFICITS IN PD
• Diminished emotion decoding
• Many individuals with PD have difficulty:
• Interpreting emotions implied by facial expression.
• Interpreting emotions implied by vocal intonation and prosody
RECEPTIVE COMMUNICATION DEFICITS IN PD DIMINISHED EMOTION DECODING
• Diminished emotion decoding
• Many individuals with PD have difficulty:
• Interpreting emotions implied by facial expression.
• Interpreting emotions implied by vocal intonation and prosody
• Being attuned to emotional signals in general (alexithymia)
RECEPTIVE COMMUNICATION DEFICITS IN PD EXECUTIVE DYSFUNCTION
• Executive function deficits impacting communication
• Impaired Verbal Fluency
• Difficulties with organization and execution
• Anhedonia
• Metacogntion
RECEPTIVE COMMUNICATION DEFICITS IN PD DEMENTIA
• Many of the communication problems of dementia reflect more severe executive dysfunciton
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