View
331
Download
7
Category
Tags:
Preview:
Citation preview
Parenting and DevelopmentParenting and Development
ParentingParenting
Diana Baumrind
Dimensions of ParentingDimensions of Parenting
1. Punitiveness
Dimensions of ParentingDimensions of Parenting
1. Punitiveness
2. Withdrawal of Love
Dimensions of ParentingDimensions of Parenting
1. Punitiveness
2. Withdrawal of Love
3. Encourages give-and-take
Dimensions of ParentingDimensions of Parenting
1. Punitiveness
2. Withdrawal of Love
3. Encourages give-and-take
4. Demandingness
Dimensions of ParentingDimensions of Parenting
1. Punitiveness
2. Withdrawal of Love
3. Encourages give-and-take
4. Demandingness
5. Restricts Autonomy
Dimensions of ParentingDimensions of Parenting
1. Punitiveness
2. Withdrawal of Love
3. Encourages give-and-take
4. Demandingness
5. Restricts Autonomy
6. High Power
Dimensions of ParentingDimensions of Parenting
1. Punitiveness
2. Withdrawal of Love
3. Encourages give-and-take
4. Demandingness
5. Restricts Autonomy
6. High Power
7. Firm Control
Authoritarian
Punitive varies
Love w/drawal varies
Give & take low
Demands high
Autonomy low
Exerts power high
Firm control high
What does the Authoritarian parent What does the Authoritarian parent
do?do?
• Attempts to shape, control, and evaluate the child’s behavior and attitudes based on the parent’s own set of standards, which are usually rigid and absolute
• Values obedience, believes in keeping the child in his/her place and in restricting the child's autonomy
• Does not encourage verbal give-and-take; believes child should take the parent's word for what’s right
Authoritarian Permissive
Punitive varies low
Love w/drawal varies varies
Give & take low high
Demands high low
Autonomy low high
Exerts power high low
Firm control high low
What does the Permissive parent What does the Permissive parent
do?do?
• Consults with the child about all decisions• Makes few demands regarding chores &
responsibilities• Does not view herself as a resource as an active
agent responsible for shaping or changing the child's behaviors
• Allows child to regulate own activities• Avoids exercising control
Authoritarian Permissive Authoritative
Punitive varies low low
Love w/drawal varies varies low
Give & take low high high
Demands high low moderate
Autonomy low high moderate
Exerts power high low moderate
Firm control high low high
What does the Authoritative parent do?What does the Authoritative parent do?
• Encourages verbal give-and-take
• Shares with child the reasons behind expectations and rules
• Values both autonomy and disciplined conformity
• Exerts consistent and firm, but not excessive, control
• Affirms child's qualities but sets standards of behavior
• Does not base decisions solely on child's desires
outcomes of outcomes of authoritarian parentingauthoritarian parenting
• low social & cognitive competence• low self-esteem• little initiative• anxious, withdrawn• when frustrated, respond with hostility• boys: anger and defiance• girls: dependence and retreat from challenge
if authoritarian and punitive: more severe problems
outcomes of outcomes of permissive parentingpermissive parenting
• immature
• low impulse control
• little responsibility
• little independence
• disobedient of demands that conflict with own desires
• demanding of adults
• aggression
outcomes of outcomes of authoritative parentingauthoritative parenting
• high social and cognitive competence• self-reliant, self-controlled• moral maturity• girls: high achievement orientation• boys: high social cooperation
Responsiveness
LOW HIGH
Demandingness
LOW Neglecting Permissive
HIGH Authoritarian Authoritative
Neglecting/Uninvolved ParentingNeglecting/Uninvolved Parenting
• Low responsiveness • Low demandingness/control • May be neglectful • Sometimes related to parental depression
• Outcomes: antisocial behavior, poor self-regulation, low academic and social competence
Effective versus ineffective discipline strategies
Effective Remain CalmPick battlesNegotiate from a position of authorityBe authoritative, but respect the child’s
autonomyBe consistentBe contingent
Ineffective Harsh language or behaviorPersonal attacksThreats (particularly idle threats)Lack of follow throughPermissivenessLong winded explanations
Responding to negative emotions
Anger, Fear, Hurt/Disappointment
• Reinforce the distinction between words and actions
• Do not negate or suppress the expression of negative emotions in pro-social ways
• Contain and withstand child’s emotions
Parent ChildParent Child
• Child’s temperament influences parental behaviors.
Parent ChildParent Child
• Child’s temperament influences parental behaviors.
• Child’s characteristics influence outcomes of discipline.
Parent ChildParent Child
• Child’s temperament influences parental behaviors.
• Child’s characteristics influence outcomes of discipline.
• Parents tend to parent different children differently
Parent ChildParent Child
• Child’s temperament influences parental behaviors.
• Child’s characteristics influence outcomes of discipline.
• Parents tend to parent different children differently
• Parents of hyperactive children change their parenting style when their children go on medication.
Parent ChildParent Child
• Child’s temperament influences parental behaviors.
• Child’s characteristics influence outcomes of discipline.
• Parents tend to parent different children differently
• Parents of hyperactive children change their parenting style when their children go on medication.
Not a unidirectional relation!
The Transition to Parenthood:
Preparing for a chronic emergency
Transition to ParenthoodTransition to Parenthood
• Cross-sectional Studies– marital satisfaction declines over the first 15
years of marriage
– similar curves for parents and non-parents, but childless couples tend to be more satisfied
– U shaped curve (but least satisfied couples may have divorced…)
Transition to ParenthoodTransition to Parenthood
• Longitudinal Studies– marital satisfaction declines after birth of baby
• lack of comparison group of childless couples
– continuity over time in new parents’ marital quality
• babies don’t appear to create severe stress where it was not present before
• initially, babies do not bring parents closer together
a normal consequence of the a normal consequence of the transition to parenthood is transition to parenthood is
polarizationpolarization
Changes in…Changes in…
• identity and inner life
Changes in…Changes in…
• identity and inner life
• the roles and relationships within the marriage
Changes in…Changes in…
• identity and inner life
• the roles and relationships within the marriage
• the three-generational roles and relationships
Changes in…Changes in…
• identity and inner life
• the roles and relationships within the marriage
• the three-generational roles and relationships
• roles and relationships outside of the family
Changes in…Changes in…
• identity and inner life
• the roles and relationships within the marriage
• the three-generational roles and relationships
• roles and relationships outside of the family
• new parenting roles and expectations
Factors that affect the quality of the couple relationship during the transition
• Capacity to balance individuality and mutuality
Factors that affect the quality of the couple relationship during the transition
• Capacity to balance individuality and mutuality• Communication skills of both parents
Factors that affect the quality of the couple relationship during the transition
• Capacity to balance individuality and mutuality• Communication skills of both parents• Realistic expectations about what the baby will
bring
Factors that affect the quality of the couple relationship during the transition
• Capacity to balance individuality and mutuality• Communication skills of both parents• Realistic expectations about what the baby will
bring• Division of labor in ways that are consistent with
both parents’ beliefs
Factors that affect the quality of the couple relationship during the transition
• Capacity to balance individuality and mutuality• Communication skills of both parents• Realistic expectations about what the baby will
bring• Division of labor in ways that are consistent with
both parents’ beliefs• Conflict management skills (regulation of affect)
Marriage is a developmental Marriage is a developmental phenomenon rooted in the phenomenon rooted in the
individual’s early family individual’s early family experienceexperience
Marital satisfaction Marital satisfaction affects parental competenceaffects parental competence
Recommended