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Solutions for Power Amplifier Test in PXIPA Reference Solutions
Update on Release 3
May 2015
Page
Agenda
– Test Requirements for UE Power Amplifiers
– Keysight’s Power Amplifier Test Solutions
– PA Reference Solution Architecture in PXI
– Product Details
– Demo
– Solution Deployment Considerations
– Roadmap Headlines
– Summary, Q & A
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution 2
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Power Amplifier Test Requirements
3RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Current Market Drivers impacting UE PAs
– Increasing data rates
• New modulation formats like LTE have high PAPR
• Wider signal bandwidths- WLAN BW requirements 80+80 MHz- CA 20+20 Uplink
– Maximizing battery life
• UEs are becoming more sophisticated … and more power hungry
– Global roaming
• Greater frequency band coverage (> 14 bands in some cases)
4RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Constraints and Challenges for Test Engineers
1. Shorter PA product development cycle time demands reduced test times
• Measurement speed and test plan optimization
2. Greater device complexity – need to make more measurements
• Test system automation
3. Test budget limitations
• Leverage existing code base
• Maximize utilization of existing and new test assets
4. Test system footprint considerations
• Mounting location, heat generation, fan noise
5RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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The Evolution of a Handset PA
6RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Generalization of PAD architecture
7
Filters & Duplexer
Antenna Switch
RF Transceiver
PA
DC Supply
DC Modulator
MIPIRFFE
Device Control
Filters & Duplexer
Filters & Duplexer
PA
Rx
Rx
Rx
IQ Envelope
ModeSwitch
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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What do we need to test in a PA?– Basic Performance
• Pout MAX, Gain, P3dB, ACPR, PAE - using power servo technique
– Good Neighbor
• Harmonic generation, intermod, spectral regrowth, in-band Rx noise
– Compatibility
• Return loss, AM/AM, AM/PM, EVM, mismatch tolerance- Passive components of PAD – filters, duplexers
– Measurements as a function of frequency and output power level
– Performance under ET and DPD?
8RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Test Speed Potential Improvements
1. Real Time Signal Processing
• Hardware based measurement acceleration (e.g. FPGA or ASIC)
2. Faster Dataset load Times
• High speed instrument backplanes
3. Faster State Switching and Tuning Times
• Digital tuning within the IF bandwidth
4. Faster host PC
• Embedded or desktop
5. Improved measurement Algorithms and Procedures
• Test vendor or user IP
6. Parallel Measurements
• Take advantage of distributed measurement architecture
9
Primary Factors impacting test throughput
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Production Test Speed Improvement in real terms
10
Example Case Study - ACPR, EVM and Harmonics
EVM Capture & Calc HarmonicsACPRPwr Servo
EVM Capture EVM CalcPwrServo
DC Measurements
ACPR
DC Measurements Harmonics
Total test time now less than 15% of previous
Conventional approach (2-3 years ago)
Current Optimized approachTotal Test Time
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Keysight’s Power Amplifier Test Solutions
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Bench Top and Modular Instruments….– Keysight offers the best of both for unbounded test capability
in R&D or just enough in manufacturing
…and Software
Integrated
Easysetup
Extensivespecs Front-panel
operation
UpgradableMulti-
channel
Flexible & reconfigurable
Rapid access tonew technology
Portable
Compacttest-sets
A shared world-class software portfolio
System Design & Verification
Signal Generation & Waveform Creation
Signal Analysis
12RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Benchtop Solution for R&D/DVT
X-Series Signal Generator
33600/33500 series AWG
Envelope
RF
ETPS
DUT
N7614B Signal Studio’s Envelope Tracking/DPD
Control Window
Trigger
X-Series Signal Analyzer
Timing Alignment
89600 Vector Signal Analyzer
N6705B DC Power Analyzer
ETPA
13
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Hybrid AXIe Wide Bandwidth Solution (DPD only)R&D application
M8190A + PSG
RF
DUT
N7614B Signal Studio’s Envelope Tracking/DPD
Control Window
PXA or UXA Signal Analyzer
89600 Vector Signal Analyzer
PA
14
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Modular DVT or Production Test Configuration
RF OutRF In
Vcc Vbat
V..RFFE V..
PA
Envelope Waveform
I/Q Waveform
M9381A VSG
M939xA6-27 GHz VSA
H3353 AWG
Triggering
M9195A Digital Stimulus/Response
USB Power Sensor(s)
N7614A PA Test s/w or User provided
M9037A Embedded Controller
M9018A18 slot PXI chassis
Note: RF switching modules omitted for clarity
M937xAVNA(s)
M9210A or2 ch Scope
ETPS
DPD Algorithms
User application or M-App Measurement s/w
N6700SMU
15
Opt. VSA s/w
I/Q Waveform
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
Automated Testing Systems
PXI Digital IOM9187A
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Modular PXI SolutionAutomated DVT and Production Test
Envelope
RF
ETPS
DUT
N7614B Signal Studio’s Envelope Tracking/DPD
Timing Alignment
X-Series Measurement Applications
N6700B with N6782A (1 to 4)4 channel SMU
HW System Control (IVI Drivers)• Power & Spectrum
Measurements• Waveform &
Envelope Download
• IQ Data Upload
ETPA
PXIe VSG / PXIe VSA / AWG / VNA
Data
N7614B API
Ref Solution SW
16
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Power Amplifier Reference Solution Architecture
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Power Amplifier Reference Solution
– Keysight Provided “Recipe” for Power Amplifier Tests using Keysight PXI Modules with LXI and Third Party Products, as needed
– Provides Demonstration of Capabilities, Measurement Ranges and Test Times
– Configurable to Test Customer Devices without Code Changes for First Level Evaluation
– Source Code to Minimize Porting Instruments into Customer’s Test Environment for Detailed Evaluation and Deployment
– Focus on PA design/validation/test and production test including support for ET and DPD
– The bottom line…
• Evaluate quicker, leverage Keysight’s measurement knowledge, deploy with lower risk
18
Minimize Customer Investment to Evaluate & Deploy
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Evaluation Software Environment
19
Sof
twar
e
M9391A/93A VSAIVI-COM Driver
M938xA VSGIVI-COM Driver
M937xAVNAIVI-COM Driver
Signadyne AWGIVI-COM Driver
Test Program:Test_WCDMA Test_LTE5MHz Test_LTE_10MHzTest_GSM Test_EVDO Test_WLAN
Power Amp Test Library:Init_Instruments setupVsgVsa measPoutClose_Instruments setupVsgVsaFixedPin measStdAcprLoad Waveforms servoInputPower measLteAcpr
measSpecHarms
RF PA Test Evaluation GUI
X-SeriesMeasurementApplications
Customer Test Executive
PXI Modules
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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RF PA/FEM Characterization & Test Reference Solution
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ET/ DPD Evaluation Software Environment
CFR & ET Test Conditions
DPD Test Conditions
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RF PA/FEM Characterization & Test Reference Solution
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Optimized for insight – Code Example
Extract LUT Values and Memory Model Polynomial Coefficients
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Current Reference Solution Block Diagram (Release 2)
Reference Solution Software
PA
RFFE
ETPS
VccPXI VSGM9381A
PXI VSAM9391/3A
PXI VNAM937xA
PXI AWGSD AWG-H3353
USB DIO(PA Control)
S- Parameter
RF measurements With ET/DPD
N7624/25BSignal Studio for LTE
N7614BSignal StudioFor PA Test
X-Series Measurement Applications• Modulation Analysis
SMUN6700B/N6782A
HW System Control (IVI Drivers)• Power & Spectrum Measurements• Waveform & Envelope Download• IQ Data Upload
N7614B API
Duplexer
S-parameter Measurements
Data
SCPI
22
M9187A DIO **(Switch/Handler Control)
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
** M9187A module not directly supported in reference solution but often used in customer deployments
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RF PA/FEM Characterization & Test Reference Solution
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Reference Solution Block Diagram – Current Capabilities (Release 2)
Drivers
Device Under TestHardwareSoftware Application
PXI VSG
ETPS
Reference Solution Libraries
Reference SolutionGUI
X-Apps
EVM
PXI VSA
User CharacterizationApplication
RF PA
RFFE
PXI VNA
LXI SMU
USB DIO
Signal Studio
ET/DPDMeasurements Duplexer
PXI AWGSignadyne
S-ParameterMeasurements
Host PC based
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Using N7614B to Evaluate a Physical Device
24
Easy exploration of multiple PA performance improvement techniques
1: RF waveform selection
3: Shaping table selection, time alignment
4: DPD algorithms & coefficient export
5: ETPS configuration
7: Standard RF analysis
6: Output power servo control
2: CFR technique & parameter selection
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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DPD Test Flow
25
Create and LoadInitial Waveforms
Capture IQ DataMeasure Initial AM/AM,
AM/PM, DEVM
Extract and ApplyDPD Model
Create and LoadNew Waveforms
Capture IQ DataMeasure AM/AM, AM/PM, DEVM
Other RF and DC Measurements
Complete
More Iterations
Significant performance benefits are gained from an FPGA-based deployment
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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PAD Passive Components
26
Filters & Duplexer
Antenna SwitchRF
Transceiver
PA
DC Supply
DC Modulator
MIPIRFFE
Device Control
Filters & Duplexer
Filters & Duplexer
PA
Rx
Rx
Rx
IQ Envelope
ModeSwitch
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Impact of Duplex Filtering– An FDD radio has to isolate the transmit & receive paths
– This is typically implemented using a pair of SAW or FBAR band pass filters
– A VNA measurement shows how reflections from a filter with adequate rejection may have significant group delay ripple in S11
27
-100.00
-50.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
8.70E+08 8.90E+08 9.10E+08 9.30E+08 9.50E+08 9.70E+08
S11 group delay
S21 pass-band
S11 return loss
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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S-parameter measurements for PADs
– Consider impact of the passive components (filters, switches, duplexer) on PA performance
• Isolation, insertion loss, filter pass-band, mismatch tolerance
– Test times are impacted and test plans need optimization
• Swept or Stepped coverage
– What test probe points are available on the PAD?
– Switched VNA measurements versus multiple (or multiport) VNA considerations
• Test time budget
• Number ports needed
• Cost comparison
28RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Test Set & DUT ModeVSG/VSA measurement for Mode 1
VSA
VSG
VNA
Power Meter DUT
ANT1
ANT2
Rx1
Rx2
Rx3
Out
Tx2
Tx1 Mode 1VIOSCLKSDATA
MIPI RFFE
External Test Set
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Page
Test Set & DUT ModeVSG/VSA measurement for Mode 2
VSA
VSG
VNA
Power Meter DUT
ANT1
ANT2
Rx1
Rx2
Rx3
Out
Tx2
Tx1
VIOSCLKSDATA
MIPI RFFE
External Test Set External test set is controlled to select DUT ports.
DUT mode is changed via MIPI EFFE.
Mode 2
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Page
Test Set & DUT ModeVNA measurement for Mode 2
VSA
VSG
VNA
Power Meter DUT
ANT1
ANT2
Rx1
Rx2
Rx3
Out
Tx2
Tx1
VIOSCLKSDATA
MIPI RFFE
External Test Set External test set is controlled to select measurement types.
Mode 2
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Page
Test Set & DUT ModeVNA measurement for Mode 3
VSA
VSG
VNA
Power Meter DUT
ANT1
ANT2
Rx1
Rx2
Rx3
Out
Tx2
Tx1
VIOSCLKSDATA
MIPI RFFE
External Test Set DUT has several modes. Test set should be controlled for each
mode/measurement.
Mode 3
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Page
Full Multiport Capability
33
Increase productivity and throughput
– Full N-port correction capability
– Add up to 32-ports in a single chassis
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Reference Solution Release 3 Highlights
– Focus on automated DVT test applications measurement acceleration
– Significant improvement in DPD loop measurement time
• Better than 10x test time reduction- Release 2 loop time approx 500 – 1000 ms- Release 3:
• <100 ms for full DPD loop measurement• Typically 50 - 70 ms today
• LUT method today- Memory Polynomial & Volterra Series in future release gateware of
M9451A
• N7614B GUI is not supported in this release- Make use of API only
– Digital stimulus/response capabilities
34
Measurement Acceleration in DVT & PT
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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PA Test Reference Solution – Release 3 (May 2015)
Drivers
Device Under TestHardwareSoftware Application
Target Market- RF PA production test- RF PA DVT with ET/DPD test
Description- Measurement accelerated DPD
calculations
New features- M9451A Measurement Accelerator- M9195A DSR capabilities
PXI VSG
ETPS
Reference Solution Libraries
X-Apps
SignalStudiofor RF PA+ LTE
ReferenceSolutionGUI
PXI VSA
Customer TestApplication
RF PA
RFFE
PXI VNAM937xA
LXI SMU
PXI DSR M9195ADuplexer
PXI AWGSignadyne H3353
PXI M9451A
Now FPGA based
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution 35
Page
DPD FPGA Speed Enhancement Architecture
DAC
ETPS
PA
DAC
RF
RF
ADC
Pre-distorter
IQ
Envelope Shaper V
1. Coarse Sync and Power Estimate. I
Q
2. Fine Sync
IQ
ReferenceLUT
LUT (coefficients)
ShapingTable
VSG
VSA
AWG
PA In
PA Out
Envelope
Sample Offset, Gain
AM-AM, AM-PM
Filter Coef
3. Extractor
M9451A Measurement AcceleratorRF PA/FEM Reference Solution 36
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Reference Solution Block Diagram (new Release 3)
Reference Solution Software
ETPS
VccVSGM9381A
VSAM9391/3A
VNAM937xA
AWGSD H3353
Digital Stimulus ResponseM9195A
RF PA Control S- Parameter
RF measurements With ET/DPD
X-Series Measurement Applications• Modulation Analysis
SMUN6700B/N6782A
HW System Control (IVI Drivers)• Power & Spectrum Measurements• Waveform & Envelope Download• IQ Data Upload
S-parameter Measurements
Data
SCPI
37
Measurement Accelerator M9451A
Package Handler Wafer Prober Switch Matrix RF PA/FEM
Reference SolutionExt. Device Control
Duplexer
PXI Digital IOM9187A
PA
N7614B Software for PA Test
RFFE
Page
Product Details
38RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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M9381A VSG
– Performance characteristics– Frequency coverage from 1 MHz to 3 GHz or 6 GHz– 10 µs switching speed with fast-tune, an exclusive baseband
tuning technology innovation– RF modulation bandwidth up to 160 MHz (± 0.3 to 0.5 dB flatness)– ± 0.15 to 1.0 dB absolute amplitude accuracy
– Software Enhancements in 1.2 release:– Shared Frequency Reference– PXI backplane triggers– New PLL Mode (Best Wide Offset) for WLAN EVM and GSM/EDGE ORFS
optimization– Improved sync out trigger for Envelope Tracking
– Software Enhancements in 1.3 release:– Add Time Synchronous MIMO capability, channel-to-channel deviation <20 ns
39RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Meet the M9393A PXIe Performance VSA
Deploys cutting-edge technology• Novel solid-state switches for speed & reliability• Unique Keysight Labs production process to lower
size & cost
40
The world’s fastest, most accurate μW PXI VSA
Frequency range 9 kHz to 8.4/ 14/ 18/ 27 GHz
Analysis BW 40/100/160 MHz
Amplitude accy +/-.15 dB
Tuning speed 150 us
Size 5 slots (4 + ref)
Leverages proven designs• Downconverter derived from PXA• FieldFox calibrator for excellent accuracy • M9391A PXI VSA digitizer & reference modules
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
PageRF PA/FEM Reference Solution 41RF PA/FEM
Reference Solution
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M9451A Measurement Accelerator
42
- Dedicated FPGA module- Uses same carrier card as M9195A and future
AWG- Initial release supports ET/DPD measurement
acceleration only- Uses same Keysight DPD algorithms utilized in
SystemVue and N7614B PA test software- Future release will support the inclusion of
user IP in the FPGA
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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PXIe Vector Network Analyzer, M937XA
43
Driving down the size of test
– Full two-port network analyzer in just one slot
– Widest available frequency range: 300 kHz to 4, 6.5, 9, 14, 20, 26.5 GHz
– Best PXI VNA performance in four key areas:• Speed: 18 ms across 401 points• Dynamic range: 114 dB (9 GHz),
110 dB (20 GHz)• Trace noise: < 0.003 dB specified,
< 0.001 dB typical• Stability: ±0.005 dB/°C at 4 GHz,
±0.020 dB/°C at 26.5 GHz
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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M9195A PXIe Digital Stimulus/Response Module
44
DSR Module Key Features
Front Panel IO: • 16 bidirectional channels with each channel capable of:
• High speed digital stimulus/response• Parametric Measurements (PPMU) with remote sense• Static digital • RFFE DUT control
• 4 high voltage IO for flash/polyfuse tests• 4 open drain ports for fixture relay control • 2 GPIO for future useAdvanced Features
• Single and multi-site configurations (max 4 per module)• Pattern cyclizer for flexible per bit timing control for waveform
generation with edge placement resolution of 1ns• On-the-fly pattern editing without recompiling and downloading the
test• Channel delay adjustment to compensate for cable a fixture
propagation delays
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Demo
45RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Summary of Key Points
1. Proven solution in DVT and manufacturing by top tier PA vendors.
2. Enables software reuse for your solution that reduces deployment effort, time and cost.
3. Provides support for emerging UE technologies including ET, DPD and uplink CA.
• Market leading measurement precision and performance
4. As our test partner, you have access to Keysight’s worldwide team of RF measurement experts.
46
Keysight’s PXI Reference Solution for Power Amplifier Testing
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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47
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Backup Slides
48RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Full Configuration - Hardware
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution 49
(HW) LP $ Qty List Price TTL Discount % Quote
M9018A PXIe Chassis: 18-slot, 3U, 8GB/s $8,816 1 $8,816 0.0 $8,816
PXI Main Frame Y1212A chassis airflow slot blockers $892
$178 0.0 $178
Y1213A EMC Filler panels $1522
$304 0.0 $304 Infrastructure
PC
M9037A PXIe embedded PC controller, Intel I7 $6,963 1 $6,963 0.0 $6,963
M9037A-WE6 Windows Embedded Standard 7 operating system (64 bit) $01
$0 0.0 $0
M9037A-M16 Memory upgrade from 4GB RAM to 16GB $800 1 $800 0.0 $800Y1206A Keyboard and optical mouse $0 1 $0 0.0 $0
VSG/VSA
M9381A PXIe Vector Signal Generator $0 1 $0 0.0 $0M9381A-F06 Frequency range, 1 MHz to 6GHz $25,490 1 $25,490 0.0 $25,490M9381A-B16 RF modulation bandwidth, 160 MHz $10,038 1 $10,038 0.0 $10,038M9381A-M05 Memory, 512 MSa $5,019 1 $5,019 0.0 $5,019M9381A-1EA High output power $3,513 1 $3,513 0.0 $3,513M9381A-UNZ Fast switching $5,019 1 $5,019 0.0 $5,019
M9381A-300 PXIe Frequency Reference: 10 MHz and 100 MHz $4,1181
$4,118 0.0 $4,118 RF SA/SS
M9393A PXIe Microwave Vector Signal Analyzer $0 1 $0 0.0 $0M9393A-F14 Frequency range, 9 kHz to 14 GHz $48,093 1 $48,093 0.0 $48,093M9393A-B16 RF modulation bandwidth, 160 MHz $20,039 1 $20,039 0.0 $20,039M9393A-M01 Memory,128MSa(512MB) $0 1 $0 0.0 $0M9393A-UNZ Fast Switching $7,515 1 $7,515 0.0 $7,515
M9393A-300 PXIe Frequency Reference: 10 MHz and 100 MHz $00
$0 0.0 $0
DSR M9195A Digital Stimulus/Response Module w 16 ch PPMU $10,5001
$10,500 0.0 $10,500DUT control
M9195A-M12 Memory 125 Mb/s $1,500 1 $1,500 0.0 $1,500M9195A-SR2 Max Clock Rate 250 MHz $2,000 1 $2,000 0.0 $2,000M9195A-S04 Multi-site Configuration $1,000 1 $1,000 0.0 $1,000Y1253A SMA Break Out Cable 2m $350 1 $350 0.0 $350
Digital IO M9187A PXI Digital IO: 32‐ch, 0.3 to 50V $1,679
1
$1,679 0.0 $1,679 switch matrix control
AWG AWG-H3353 Signadyne AWG (3rd Party) $7,000 1 $7,000 0.0 $7,000
DSP M9451AMeasurement Accelerator
$12,0001
$12,000 0.0 $12,000 ET and DPD
M9451A‐DPD DPD and ET measurement $8,000 1 $8,000 0.0 $8,000
PowerN6710B N6700B Custom‐configured Modular Power System 400 W, GPIB, LAN, USB, LXI
$2,6851
$2,685 0.0 $2,685 Pwr Sup
SupplyN6781A‐ATO Source/Measure Unit ,2‐Quadrant, 20V/1A or 6V/3A, 20W
$5,8522
$11,704 0.0 $11,704
VNA
M9371A PXI VNA to 6.5GHz $15,495 1 $15,495 0.0 $15,495
M9371A-102 Adv Features $5,175
1
$5,175 0.0 $5,175 S parameters
M9371A-551 N-port calibration $10,350 1 $10,350 0.0 $10,350
$235,343 $235,343
Caution: Pricing based on April 2015 US List Prices
Page
Full Configuration - Software(SW) List Price Qty List Price TTL Quote
N7614B Sig Studio for PA Test software $0 1 $0 0.0 $0 ET/DPDSignalStudio N7614B-EFP Env Tracking Fixed Perp Lic $2,500 1 $2,500 0.0 $2,500
N7614B-FFP DPD Fixed Perp lic $2,500 1 $2,500 0.0 $2,500
N7624B Signal Studio for LTE/LTE‐Advanced FDD $0 1 $0 0.0 $0 LTE FDD
N7624B‐9FP Connect to M9381A and M9252A, fixed perpetual license $0 1 $0 0.0 $0
N7624B‐HFP Basic LTE FDD R9, fixed perpetual license $6,086 1 $6,086 0.0 $6,086
N7625B Signal Studio for LTE/LTE‐Advanced TDD $0 1 $0 0.0 $0 LTE TDD
N7625B‐9FP Connect to M9381A and M9252A, fixed perpetual license $0 1 $0 0.0 $0
N7625B‐EFP Basic LTE TDD R9, fixed perpetual license $4,682 1 $4,682 0.0 $4,682
N7600B Signal Studio for W‐CDMA/HSPA+ $0 1 $0 0.0 $0W‐CDMA
N7600B‐9FP Connect to M9381A and M9252A, fixed perpetual license $0 1 $0 0.0 $0
N7600B‐EFP Basic W‐CDMA / HSPA R7, fixed perpetual license $4,682 1 $4,682 0.0 $4,682
N7602B Signal Studio for GSM/EDGE/Evo $0 1 $0 0.0 $0GSM/EDGE
N7602B‐9FP Connect to M9381A, fixed perpetual license $0 1 $0 0.0 $0
N7602B‐EFP Basic GSM/EDGE, fixed perpetual license $4,682 1 $4,682 0.0 $4,682
N7612B Signal Studio for TD‐SCDMA $0 1 $0 0.0 $0 TD‐SCDMA
N7612B‐9FP Connect to M9381A, fixed perpetual license $0 1 $0 0.0 $0
N7612B‐EFP TD‐SCDMA, fixed perpetual license $5,819 1 $5,819 0.0 $5,819
N7601B Signal Studio for cdma2000/1xEV‐DO $0 1 $0 0.0 $0C2K/1xEVDO
N7601B‐9FP Connect to M9381A, fixed perpetual license $0 1 $0 0.0 $0
N7601B‐EFP Basic cdma2000, fixed perpetual license $3,646 1 $3,646 0.0 $3,646
N7601B‐FFP Basic 1xEV‐DO, fixed perpetual license $3,646 1 $3,646 0.0 $3,646
X-Apps
M9071A‐2TP GSM/EDGE measurement application $5,354 1 $5,354 0.0 $5,354M9071A‐XTP GSM/EDGE combined measurement app $2,053 1 $2,053 0.0 $2,053M9072A‐2TP CDMA2000 Measurement Application $6,508 1 $6,508 0.0 $6,508M9073A‐1TP W-CDMA measurement application $8,248 1 $8,248 0.0 $8,248
M9073‐2TP HSDPA/HSUPA measurement app $6,353 1 $6,353 0.0 $6,353M9073‐3TP HSPA+ measurement app $2,151 1 $2,151 0.0 $2,151M9076A‐1TP 1xEV-DO measurement application $8,901 1 $8,901 0.0 $8,901M9079A‐2TP HSPA measurement application $3,344 1 $3,344 0.0 $3,344M9079A‐1TP TD-SCDMA measurement application $7,801 1 $7,801 0.0 $7,801M9080B‐1TP LTE FDD measurement application $13,426 1 $13,426 0.0 $13,426M9080B‐2TP LTE-A FDD $4,500 1 $4,500 0.0 $4,500M9082B‐2TP LTE-A TDD $4,500 1 $4,500 0.0 $4,500M9082B‐1TP LTE TDD measurement application $13,426 1 $13,426 0.0 $13,426
Ref Soln s/w Y1299A-004 PA Reference solution startup kit $25 1 $25 0.0 $25$124,833 $124,833
$360,176
Total List Price
50RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
Caution: Pricing based on April 2015 US List Prices
PageRF PA/FEM Reference Solution 51
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AWG/VSG Synchronization
– M9300A Reference Module in PXI Chassis Slot 10
– Configure PXI Chassis to route PXI_Trigger2 from trigger segment including the M9311A module to the entire chassis
• Typically 1 ->2 -> 3
– Configure M9381A VSG:
• Send internal 10 MHz to chassis backplane
- Lock PXI chassis 10 MHz reference to M9300A reference which is used for VSG and VSA
• Route Synchronization Output Trigger to M9311A front panel Trig2 and PXI_Trigger2
- Backplane trigger will trigger VSA and AWG
- Front panel available to trigger other instruments, scope
• Configure Synchronization Output Trigger Signal:
- 100 us Pulse Width
- Synchronization output type to “Per ARB”
• Configure Start ARB Playback on 10 MHz Edge to true
- All VSG waveform playback starts on rising edge of 10 MHz signal
52
System Initialization
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AWG/VSG Synchronization
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution 53
Start Waveform Procedure Timing
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Envelope Tracking Signals
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Real Time Timing Adjustment• +/- 250 ns Range• 1 ps resolution• Adjust Timing without
restarting or reloading waveform
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Example Shmoo Plot
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Example from http://www.3mts.com/3mtsTools_Shmoo.html
Example application:
Vary multiple pin V or I on the FEM by generation waveform patterns and evaluate the impact on other device parameters.
The M9195A can generate waveform patterns with superior timing precision for better characterization insight.
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Optimizing for Repeatability and Test Time
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Power Meas
Power Meas
Power Meas
Power Meas
Immediate Trigger with Full Waveform
Power Meas
Power Meas
• Fastest Measurement Time:• Waveform looping continuously• Measure at Any Time• No Delay to Wait for External Trigger
• Measurement Repeatability May be Bad:• Variations in Power Level during Waveform will Add To
Measurement Uncertainty in Power and ACPR Measurements• Can be Improved by increasing measurement duration
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Power Servo measurement iterations
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Optimizing for Repeatability and Test Time
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Power Meas
External Trigger with Full Waveform: VSG Sync Output as External Trigger to VSA
• Slowest Measurement Time:• Measure only at One Point in Waveform• Delay to Wait for External Trigger will be ½ Total Time of Waveform,
on Average• No Measurements During Most of Waveform if Measurement Time
is Fast
• Measurement Repeatability Improved:• Always measuring at Same Time within Waveform• No Variation in Modulation Signal During Measurement
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Optimizing for Repeatability and Test Time
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Power Meas
External Trigger with Short Waveform
Power Meas
Power Meas
Power Meas
Power Meas
Power Meas
Power Meas
Power Meas
• Faster Measurement Time:• Still Measure only at One Point in Waveform• Waveform Time Reduced to be Slightly Longer than Longest
Measurement Time• Delay to Wait for External Trigger will be ½ Total Time of Short
Waveform, on Average – Much Less than with Full Waveform
• Measurement Repeatability Improved:• Always measuring at Same Time within Waveform• No Variation in Modulation Signal During Measurement
Not Valid for Burst Waveforms such as GSM or LTE-TDD
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Optimizing for Short Waveform Length
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Power Acquisition
Ideal Waveform Length
• Waveform Time slightly longer than complete Servo Cycle
Calc
VSGSet
Power Acquisition
Calc
VSGSet
Power Acquisition
Waveform Length Too Short, adds to Test Time
• Waveform Time too short, VSA does not see second trigger, must wait for next trigger
Calc
VSGSet
Power Acquisition
Calc
VSGSet
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500 us
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
Three Methods to improve PA performance
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The Problems
1. Wideband signals with high peak / average power
2. Lots of frequency bands
3. Complexity of system integration & modelling
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The PAPR of an LTE Uplink
1. If the signal content changes over time, the PAPR is probably changing too
2. The SC-FDMA LTE Uplink is designed to have a lower PAPR than OFDM
3. Without clipping, it varies from 5.8 dB (6RB) to 9 dB (100RB). With waveform shaping it’s typically 6 dB
4. With PUCCH+PUSCH, PAPR depends on the relative power levels. ~ 8 dB measured over 500 us
5. Intra-band Carrier Aggregation can increase PAPR to 12 dB (100+100 RB)
UL PUSCH PAPR 7.2 dB
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The PAPR depends on the measurement interval
UL Ref.SignalPAPR 3.25 dB
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Techniques to Mitigate PAPR Related Issues
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Know your alphabet
Digital pre-distortion• Distort the RF PA input to cancel distortion produced by the PA • Choose the method to suit the baseband capability and the PA characteristics
Envelope tracking• Drive the RF PA with a fully modulated RF signal and synchronously
modulate the PA supply voltage • Adjust the RF PA operating point by controlling the RF / Envelope magnitude
ratio, called the shaping table, or de-troughing function
Crest Factor Reduction• Distort RF PA input signal to reduce distortion produced by PA compression• Choose the method and compression level to match the PA characteristics
Amplifier sizing
Back-off
RF PA/FEM Reference Solution
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Making LTE Uplink Signal Measurements
89601B VSA application
A single IQ data capture gives multiple measurements
25 RB
PAPR = 7.2 dB
Measurement made at signal generator output
Demodulation EVM using RS only
3GPP EVM AM/AM or AM/PM
CCDF
Gain compression
ACPRWaveform envelopes
& difference (delta EVM)
Channel frequency response
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• CFR is not a linearization technique
CFR - The How & WhyReduce the PAPR to limit distortion produced in the PA
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CFR Techniques – Peak Windowing
Peak / average set to 5 dB
Adds out-of-band distortion, ACPR degraded
EVM degraded only around amplitude peaks
Channel response flat
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CFR Techniques – Clipping & Filtering
Peak / average set to 5 dB
Generates in-band distortion only (EVM increases)
Modifies channel frequency response
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Making ACP-EVM Performance Trade-off Using CFR
CFR using clipping & filtering
CFR gives a few dB improvement, enough to provide some design margin
Non-linearity is NOT changed
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DPD - The How & WhyImprove linearity of PA output signal by modifying the input
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DPD – When a Look Up Table is SufficientCheck for dispersion (spreading) in AM/AM, AM/PM graphs
In-band frequency un-flatness causes dispersion in both gain & AM/PM graphs
LTE channel frequency response quantifies the signal error
400 ns -26 dB channel added using LTE Signal Studio
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DPD: Look Up Table
Little spreading in AM/AM indicates a good fit for LUT DPD
Notice how the spectrum of the input signal gets much wider when DPD is applied
ACPR reduction of 5 dB constrained by power supply clipping
PA in Average Power Tracking Mode
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DPD: Volterra
Reflections from duplexing filter at the PA output introduce a channel frequency response
LUT DPD cannot remove effect of frequency by itself. Volterra DPD algorithm introduces frequency dependent non-linear corrections
Memory Polynomial is a simplified implementation
When the distortion depends on frequency
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• Improve battery life and RF amplifier performance• Reduce heat dissipation• Allow use of CMOS with more demanding signals
ET - The How & WhyContinuously adjust the supply voltage to change the PA’s operating point
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Using ET to Reduce PA Non-linearity
The ET bonus
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Shaping Table Examples
Design of the shaping table determines the linearity of the PA
A designer can make trade offs between efficiency, linearity and compression level
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