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Ottoman Sundials. Roger Bailey NASS, St Louis, 2008. Ottoman Sundial Topkapi Palace, Istanbul. Sundial in Third Garden of Topkapi Palace, near Library of Ahmet III. Designed by Suleyman, the first secretary of the Treasury in the reign of Memhet II, the Conqueror (1453-1481) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Ottoman Sundials
Roger BaileyNASS, St Louis, 2008
Ottoman SundialTopkapi Palace, Istanbul
• Sundial in Third Garden of Topkapi Palace, near Library of Ahmet III.
• Designed by Suleyman, the first secretary of the Treasury in the reign of Memhet II, the Conqueror (1453-1481)
• Renovated in 1794 by Seyyid Abdullah
Ottoman SundialMissouri Botanical Garden
• Topkapi Dial design for Ottoman Garden at Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis
• Paul Brockman: Project Coordinator
• E.L. Bakewell Jr: Sponsor
• Fazil Sutcu: Architect• Abraham Mohler:
Sculptor• Roger Bailey: Designer
15th Century Superpowers• Holy Roman Empire? Fredrick III, • Spain? Isabella & Ferdinand• England? 1485 Henry VII, War of Roses• France? Louis XI (the Prudent)• Florence?, Medici, Papal States? Borgia• China? Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)• Ottoman? Mehmet II (the Conqueror)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1480
Mehmet the Conquorer• Constantinople, centre
of the world, where East meets West
• Ottoman Turks took Constantinople in
1453• Ended Byzantine
Empire started by Constantine in 330
• Expanded Ottoman Empire in Middle East and Eastern Europe
Battle of Walachia 1462
• Count Dracula of Transylvania, Vlad III (the Impaler), rebelled and fought back in Walachia in 1462
• Impaled 20,000 Turkish prisoners
• Vlad captured and executed but stopped the Ottoman advance across Europe
Battle of Lepanto 1571
Ottoman navy defeated by Don Juan and combined fleet of Holy League
Mehmet II• Sultan 1453-1481• Emperor, warrior,
scholar• Built Istanbul:
Topkapi Palace• Converted Hagia
Sophia to a mosque
Topkapi Ottoman Sundial
• Drawn by Suleyman Bey, Secretary of the Treasury for Sultan Mehmet II
• Similar to sundials at Damascus & Kairouan, Tunisia
• Two gnomons, four time systems
• Represents science, culture, religion, and empire
Hagia Sophia: IstanbulByzantine Cathedral: “Divine Wisdom” Roman Emperor Justinian 5371453’s Sultan’s Mosque, now museum
Hagia Sophia: Istanbul
Topkapi Palace, Istanbul
• Build by Mehmet II on ruins of Byzantine palaces• Palace, harem, government center, gardens• Ottoman sundial in Third Garden
Topkapi Ottoman Sundial
Topkapi Palace Ottoman Sundial
Ezanic Hours
Asr
Italian
Babylonian
Polar Gnomon Support
Hour Lines:Angles
Hour Scale: Based on Noon as 6 o’clock. Ottoman Turk Numbers
Outer Scale:Polar
Sundial
Tan (Hour Angle) = Tan (time angle) x Sin (latitude)
Ibn al-Shatir ‘s Sundial Damascus Umayyad Mosque
• Horizontal sundial on north Minaret until ~1900
• By Ibn al-Shatir in 1371• Astronomer, mathematician,
timekeeper (muwaqqits)• Planetary theory like
Copernicus• First polar sundials including
Compass Compendium • Showed time relative to
sunset, sunrise, noon and afternoon
• Model for Ottoman sundialsReplica in Damascus Museum
Ezanic Hours At sunset, day ends 12 and starts at
0Vertical Peg Gnomon
Tip of shadowtells time
Date Lines:Shadow pathOn solstices and equinox
Summer 21 June
Winter 21 June
Ezanic Hours: Sunset 12 off scale to east (left) 24 in Italian Hours
11
11
12
1
10
2
3
4
5
Babylonian Hours: Sunrise 12 off scale to west(right). Mirror image
Moslem Prayer Times
Asr starts when shadow length is noon shadow + gnomon heightAsr ends when shadow length is noon shadow + twice gnomon height
Ibn al-Shatir Sundial
Kairouan, TunisiaGreat Mosque
http://astrotunisie.one-forum.net/culture-astronomique-f6/les-cadrans-solaires-en-tunisie-t31.htm
Kairouan, Tunisia
• Great Mosque• Sundial designed
in 1842 (1258 H) by Almed Essoussi
• Four peg gnomons• Inspired by Ibn al-
Shatir dial in Damascus and Topkapi dial
Kairouan Mosque Sundial
Veni CamiiIstanbul: New Mosque Yeni Camii
Vertical Declining Sundials
New Mosque Yeni Camii 2Local hours 20’
Polar Gnomon bent horizontal(Moslem style)
New Mosque“Yeni Camii” 1-Local hours 20’-Ezanic hours-Asr 1 & 2-Zhur?-Declination
Overlay confirms declination lines, equinoctial and Asr Prayer line (N + G).Zuhr Prayer line and parallel curved time lines are different
New Mosque Yeni Camii 3Islamic sundialPrayer timesHours? 20’
Why? Ottoman Sundials• Complex and difficult to read but
impressive• Four time systems:
– Time systems from east and west– Religious and secular time
• Call to prayer? Tell time? Perhaps• Understand and explain our universe?• Teach & demonstrate scientific
prowess• Demonstrate the scope of the Empire
Missouri Botanical Garden
Missouri Botanical Garden
• St Louis, Missouri• Ottoman Garden
– Same Latitude as Istanbul
– Exotic tulips– Water features
• Ottoman Sundial• NASS Conference
– Fred Sawyer NASS– Don Snyder NASS– Mike Olsen MBG
Ottoman Sundial
• Topkapi Dial design for Ottoman Garden at Missouri Botanical Gardens, St Louis
• Paul Brockman: Project Coordinator
• Fazil Sutcu: Architect• Abraham Mohler:
Sculptor• E.L. Bakewell Jr:Sponsor• Roger Bailey: Designer
Differences: Topkapi and Missouri
• Goal: Comprehension not confusion• Noon is 12 not 6 on polar dial• Arabic not Ottoman numbers
• Fewer Lines– Time division: 5’ 15’ 30’ not 1’ 4’ 20’– Hours & Half hours (30 min) , not 20 minutes
• Prefered view: from South• Latitude 41 vs 38.6
Fer de Vries: ZW 2000A UNIFORM METHOD TO COMPUTE FLAT
SUNDIALS
• Principle: Convert the sun's position into coordinates for a shadow point on the dial's face
• Solve for Altitude and Azimuth knowing Latitude for various times, Declinations, sundial types and orientations
• Project the shadow of a point, the tip of a perpendicular gnomon onto the plane of the dial
• Draw the timelines required• Clip drawing or export as a DXF file• Design the sundial, based on the timelines timelines
http://www.de-zonnewijzerkring.nl/eng/index-vlakke-zonw.htm
Polar Sundial Design
• Outer dial with the polar gnomon is a simple standard Western design
• Create the lines at the correct angles for the location using specific sundial design software “ZW 2000” by Fer de Vries
• Bring the lines into a CAD program “Delta CAD” to trim and fit to design
Ottoman Sundial for Local Solar Time
Hours from Sunrise
1
212
103 4 6 8
1
Ezanic Sundial : SunriseNorth
South
West East
Sunrise 12 &0 off scale to West (left), 24 in Babylonian Hours
Babylonian Hours are the reverse of Italian
Peg Gnomon
Winter AM 2 hours after sunrise
Ezanic Sundial : Sunset
12
1
2
34
5
11
6 7 910
8
11
Date Lines:
Shadow path
On solstices and equinox
Summer 21 June
Winter 21 December
Equinox
North
South
West East
Ezanic Hours: Sunset 12 off scale to east (right) 24 in Italian Hours
Hours from previous Sunset
Peg Gnomon
Ezanic Timelines Simplified• Timelines seem confusing but are quite simple • Go back to the Bible: Third, Sixth, Ninth Hour etc.• Look at the Equinox, 12 hour days, mid-day is 6• All the hours are the same, crossing on the Equinox
1 112
12
105 83 7 94 6
12
11 1
WestEast
Equinox
Red: Italian SunsetBlue: Babylonian
Moslem Prayer Hours
• For devout Moslems, there are five prayer times, all determined by the altitude of the sun– Fajr (morning): twilight to dawn– Zuhr (noon): Shadow length: noon + ¼ gnomon height– Asr (mid pm): Shadow length: noon + gnomon height
to noon + 2 gnomon heights– Maghrib (sunset): sundown to end of twilight– Ish (night): twilight to dawn
• Zuhr and Asr are (were) set by shadow lengths• Horizontal sundials with perpendicular gnomons
DailyPrayer Times
Midnight
Midday
Sunrise Sunset
Daybreak Nightfall
Monastic
Prime
Matins
Triece
Sext
Nones
Vespers
Compline
zuhr
asr
maghrib
ishafajr
Moslem
duha
Moslem Prayer Times
Gnomon
Noon Zuhr
Defined by altitude of sun determined by shadow lengths
Zuhr = Noon + ¼ gnomon height
Asr = Noon + gnomon height to Noon + 2 gnomon heights
Asr
Moslem Prayer Timelines
Istanbul: Latitude 41º N Horizontal with Vertical Gnomon
Zon 2000
Qibla: Direction to Pray• Moslems pray towards
Mecca, generally East • The direction is as important
as the time• Mihrab (niche), in the
Mosque is oriented to Mecca • Ottoman sundials often
show the Qibla direction
Full Size on E drawing (44" x 34")
8 9765
10
43
2
1
12
11
11
1 2 3
4
5
66
7
8
9 1 1 121 0
77
Qibla: N 47.2º EDirection to Mecca
Gnomon 15 cm Peg
Winter Solstice 21 December
Summer Solstice21 June
EastWest
NorthNoon
Gnomon 2Support
Gnomon 2 Polar Rod 38.6º
South
East West Line 12 Italian & Babylonian
63.22
76.20 cm30 inches
76.20 cm30 inches
31.62
30.00 26.35
12.52
38.87
Ottoman SundialMissouri Botanical GardensMBG 2: Description R3 4 Mar 2008Walking Shadow Designs
Western Hours based on 12 noon
Italian Hours based on 12 Sunset
Babylonian Hours based on 12 Sunrise
Moslem Afternoon Prayer Times
Zuhr: Noon Shadow+ 1/4 Gnomon Height
Asr 1: Noon Shadow + Gnomon Height
Asr 2: Noon Shadow + 2 x Gnomon Height
• This symbol represents the Mosque, Mihrab & Qibla• Great Circle Qibla St Louis to Mecca is N 47.2º E
Full Size on E drawing (44" x 34")
8 9765
10
43
2
1
12
11
11
1 2 3
4
5
66
7
8
9 1 1 121 0
77
Qibla: N 47.2º EDirection to Mecca
Gnomon 15 cm Peg
Winter Solstice 21 December
Summer Solstice21 June
EastWest
NorthNoon
Gnomon 2Support
Gnomon 2 Polar Rod 38.6º
South
East West Line 12 Italian & Babylonian
63.22
76.20 cm30 inches
76.20 cm30 inches
31.62
30.00 26.35
12.52
38.87
Ottoman SundialMissouri Botanical GardensMBG 2: Description R3 4 Mar 2008Walking Shadow Designs
Western Hours based on 12 noon
Italian Hours based on 12 Sunset
Babylonian Hours based on 12 Sunrise
Moslem Afternoon Prayer Times
Zuhr: Noon Shadow+ 1/4 Gnomon Height
Asr 1: Noon Shadow + Gnomon Height
Asr 2: Noon Shadow + 2 x Gnomon Height
Gnomons: Polar & Peg
1.36
2.00
5.66
4.93
4.28
3.72
3.24
2.82
2.45
3.00.80
1.23
Vertical Gnomon 5 cm highBronze
Gnomon SupportBronze
5.00
4.00
.81
.73
.71
.69
.79
.77
.75
1.00
1.23
2.00
1.50
2.00
4.17
38.6°
58.60
Each ring diameter is15%more than the ring above
Rings are elipses width = 85% height
42.50
12.50
1.00
.30 DIA
73.66 cm28"
15.00 cm6"
35.56Gnomon SupportRotated 90ºTo Show Rings
5.00
6.00
Marble Base for Sundial (28" x 28" x 6")
30.00
38.10
33.95
54.41
Ottoman SundialGnomon DetailsMBG 4 R4 7 Mar 2008Walking Shadow Designs
Full Size on D paper, 34" x 22"Dimensions in centimeters cm
Polar Gnomon 6mm (.25")Bronze Rod
Two Gnomon Problem
• ZX 2000 does all the required timelines but for one gnomon height
• Polar gnomon is 10 cm at origin, peg gnomon is 5 cm
• Do two designs and merge DXF files
1.36
2.00
5.66
4.93
4.28
3.72
3.24
2.82
2.45
3.00.80
1.23
Vertical Gnomon 5 cm highBronze
Gnomon SupportBronze
5.00
4.00
.81
.73
.71
.69
.79
.77
.75
1.00
1.23
2.00
1.50
2.00
4.17
38.6°
58.60
Each ring diameter is15%more than the ring above
Rings are elipses width = 85% height
42.50
12.50
1.00
.30 DIA
73.66 cm28"
15.00 cm6"
35.56Gnomon SupportRotated 90ºTo Show Rings
5.00
6.00
Marble Base for Sundial (28" x 28" x 6")
30.00
38.10
33.95
54.41
Ottoman SundialGnomon DetailsMBG 4 R4 7 Mar 2008Walking Shadow Designs
Full Size on D paper, 34" x 22"Dimensions in centimeters cm
Polar Gnomon 6mm (.25")Bronze Rod
Merge DXF FilesEnd of First DXF**VERTEX 8L_A 10 0.0000 20 -12.51930SEQEND 8L_A0ENDSEC0EOF
Start of Second DXF 0SECTION2ENTITIES0LINE 8L_$ 10 -2.5000 20 85.0000****
File Conversions1.Rename ZW *.dxf as *. Txt2. Edit as *.txt3. Save and rename *.txt as *.dxf4. Import into CAD5. Trim lines to design in CAD6. Print final as pdf to print full size at any copy shop
Construction: Abraham Molher 11 March – Marble
1 April – Carving 7 April – Gnomons
9 May – Installation
16 May -Dedication
Correction to Clock TimeEquation of Time + Longitude Correction
-20.00
-15.00
-10.00
-5.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
04/ Dec 07 02/ Feb 08 02/ Apr 08 01/ Jun 08 31/ Jul 08 29/ Sep 08 28/ Nov 08 27/ Jan 09
Date
Co
rre
cti
ion
to
Clo
ck
Tim
e (
Min
)
Equation of Time
+Longitude
Orientation Error!• After careful design,
engraving, construction and alignment with the sun, the dial was arbitrarily reoriented
• It “looks better lined up with the sidewalk”, ~ 9º off North
• Errors are significant:– 14 to 37 minutes– Worst when shadows are long– Winter, early AM and late PM– Error obvious from date lines
Orientation Error Check
• Dial Reads 10:17 Solar• Picture taken 11:31 CDT,
5 July by Don Snyder• Corrections to clock
– Daylight savings -1:00:00– Equation of Time -4:41– Longitude 25’15” -1:02
• Clock to Solar 10:25• Observed Error 8 min• Predicted Error 15 min
Sundial Orientation Error: 7.5ºMissouri Botantical Garden
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
0:00:00 2:24:00 4:48:00 7:12:00 9:36:00 12:00:00 14:24:00 16:48:00 19:12:00 21:36:00
Time
Err
or
(Min
)
Summer 23.44º
Dec 12º
Equinox 0º
Dec= -12º
Winter -23.44º
Sunrise SunsetNoon
Summer
Winter
8 9765
10
43
2
1
12
11
6
Full Size on E drawing (44" x 34") 28 inch square Marble Base
2
N
Ottoman SundialMissouri Botanical GardensMBG 7.5 Template RO-1 Aug 1 2008Walking Shadow Designs
7
5
4
11
3
112
111 0
9
8
7
6
5
8
Stone is off North axis by 7.5º East
Reorientation Design
• Dial oriented to polar axis
• Stone oriented to Garden axis, 7.5º east
• Outer dial scale oriented with stone
Reorientation Design
• Dial oriented to polar axis
• Stone oriented to Garden axis, 7.5º east
• Outer dial scale oriented with stone
Proud Artisans
• Abraham Mohler Sculptor
• Roger Bailey Designer
Ottoman SundialMissouri Botanical Garden
• Sundial is unique and significant
• Only Islamic dial in public use in America
• Only dial with Italian and Babylonian hours
• Only dial with prayer times or Qibla
• Shows what western civilization gained from the peak of Islamic science and culture
• Appropriate for the Ottoman Gardens
Islamic Culture and ScienceAstronomy and Mathematics
• Dark Ages in Europe• Built on the best of
East and West• Reintroduced texts
and knowledge of Greeks and Romans
• Ptolemy’s “Almagest”
• Focus: Marking time– Calendar, lunar month– Prayer times– Direction to Mecca
•Astronomy•Arabic names for stars•Babylonian Deg:Min:Sec•Greek astronomy
•Celestial Sphere•Astrolabe and sundials
•Mathematics•Zero and Arabic numbers•Greek geometry•Algebra, algorithm•Spherical trigonometry
Library Hagia Sophia
One Book: Koran
The End
References and Photo Credits• Istanbul Topkapi Palace, Sundial of the Month, Dec 2005” Joel Robic
http://pagesperso-orange.fr/cadrans.solaires/cadrans/cadran-istanbul-topkapi.html • “Principle and Use of Ottoman Sundials” Atilla Bir http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=942• “OSMANLILARDA GÜNEŞ SAATLERİ” Prof. Dr. Atilla Bir
www.akat.org/ast_tarihinden/osmanli_zamani/gunes_saati/• “Sundials in Medieval Islamic Science and Civilization” Len Berggren, NASS, 8-2 June 2001• “Astronomy in the Service of Islam”, David A. King, Variorum 1983. • “In Synchrony with the Heavens” V1 “The Call of the Muezzin” D. A. King, Brill 2001• “A Uniform Method to Compute Flat Sundials” Fer de Vries: ZW 2000
http://www.de-zonnewijzerkring.nl/eng/index-vlakke-zonw.htm• “Error Analysis of the Horizontal Sundial – IX Dial Rotation” T. J. Lauroesch and J. R. Edinger, Jr. , NASS Compendium 4-4 Dec
1997• Les cadrans solaires de monde de l’Islam (Sundials in the Islamic World), Chapter X, Les cadrans solaires, histoire,
théorie,practique” René Rohr, Oberlin, 1986 (This section is In European editions not North American editions in English, U o f T 1970 or Dover 1996)
• The Meridian of Ibn Al Shatir –Umayyad Mosque in Damascus” Gianni Ferrari, unpublished personal communication• “Error Analysis of the Horizontal Sundial – IX Dial Rotation” T. J. Lauroesch and J. R. Edinger, Jr. , NASS Compendium 4-4 Dec
1997
• Slide 1: Atilla Bir “Principle and Use of Ottoman Sundials”• Slide 2,13,14,16: Alain Ferreira, Joel Robic, “Istanbul Topkapi Palace”• Slide 3,34,35, 51,52, 54, 56: Don Snyder • Slide 32: Ian Adams, Missouri Botanical Garden,• Slide 33, 57: Laila Wessel, Missouri Botanical Garden
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