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Klas : Osteichthyes/ teleostei/ teleostomiSubklas : Sarcoptrerygii /Paleopterygii Jumlah Ordo 2 : Coelacanthiformes & DipteriformesSubklas:Actinopterygii / Neopterygii Jumlah Ordo: 17
Sub klas SarcopterygiiCiri-ciriMempunyai P&V yg menonjol (lobate) dan berdagingSisik dengan endoskeletal yg kuat Ordo : Coelacanthiformes Bertulang rawan, sisik cycloid, bentuk ekor diphycercal, tanpa sub operculum
Coelacanthiformes
Ordo DipteriformesMemp gelemb renang yg berhub dg usus berfungsi sbg paru-paru.D,C,A bersatu ; V & P Lobate (menonjol)Gigi palatin tanpa premaxilla &maxillaMakanan Invertebrata & tb-an airKebanyakan telah jadi fosil
Ceratodontidae(Australian Lung Fishes)Tdpt sejak periode Triassic & banyak yg sudah punahConth species : Neoceratodus forsteriCiri-ciri : sisik cycloid, sirip tebal spt daun, distribusi Queensland, selama musim panas bernafas dg paru-paru.
Neoceratodus forsteri
Lepidosirenidaesouth American /African lung fishesTubuh angulliform, sisik kecil V &P spt cambuk. Saat musim kering membuat sarang dari lendir & lumpur (cocoon)Contoh Protopterus sp (Afrika tengah) Lepidosiren sp (Amerika Selatan)
African lung fishesProtopterus annectans
Cara mengambil udara
Subklas:Actinopterygii / Neopterygii
Rangka dari tulang sejati, C homocercalVertebrae dg cekungan di depan dsbt amphicoelous. sisik cycloid ctenoid sedikit yg ganoid. Lubang hidung tidak berhubungan dg rongga mulut V & P tidak menonjol tdpt sejak periode permian sd sekarang
Ordo Polypteryformes (Bichirs)Tubuh bulat panjang, P menonjol & bersisik, tanpa D diganti dg 8 finlet C diphycercal. Pernafasan tambahan dg gelembung gas. Polypterus weeksi
Ordo Acipenceriformes Sturgeon & Spoon billMulut di bagian ventral, bersisik atau tidakHidung di ujung kepala & runcingC heterocercalMemp. Gelemb renang & operculumFam : Acipenseridae, Hidung spt sekop tdpt 4 helai sungut di depan mulut, badan fusiform, mulut spt succer, usus spiralAcipenser oxyrhynchus
Sturgeon a. Acipenser fluvescens b. Acipenser medirostris
Spoon bill : Polyodon spathulaterpedo, sisik ganoid di ekor, gigi kecil, hidung spt dayung
Ordo : Amiiformes Hanya ada 1 sp hdp di Great Lake FloridaRahang pendek, sisik cycloid, D panjang Gel.renang dg ductus pneumaticusContoh Bowfin (Amia calva) spot = jantan
Ordo Clupeiformes / Malacopterygii / IsospondyliThe hering like fishesSub ordo clupeoidei Bandeng lelaki Elops saurusFamili Elopidae
Famili Notopteridae Badan pipih memanjang, tanpa sungut, badan & kepala bersisik kecil. D tunggal dan terpisah dari C. contoh ikan Belida Notopterus chilata
Fam Albulidae (Bone fishes)D didepan V, A jauh atau dekat dubur contoh Albula vulpes (Bandeng cerurut)
Fam. Clupeidae (Herring, Sardines)Tanpa jari-jari sirip keras.D pendek di tengah. Tanpa V jika ada tidak sempurnaContoh ikan layang.terubuk, alosa dll
Famili Engraulidae (teri)
Gars
Latimeria 2 dorsal fins fleshy fins intracranial joint morphology constant throughout evolutionary history Unbranched lepidotrichiaSarcopterygii Actinistia
earliest lungfishes- cosmoid scales modern forms- embedded scales/continuous dorsal, anal and caudal fins; spiral valve intestine tooth plates lack marginal tooth-bearing jaw bone circulatory system
Dipnoi
Actinopterygii: ray-finned fishes Primitive actin. single dorsal fin Teleosts- ant. spiny; post. soft rays Ganoid scales Toothed marginal jaw bones Toothed dermal bones in buccal cavity Dermal cheek bones form solid plate Lateral movements of cheek and palatoquadrate limited Heterocercal caudal fin
Originally placed with lobe-finned Highly specialized survivors of primitive actinopterygians Dorsal fin spine pattern Retains thick scales Diphycercal tail Highly vascularized ventral lungs-obligate air breathers Polypteriformes
Living paddlefishes and sturgeons Highly modified jaws Heterocercal tail-cartilaginous Sturgeons- suction feeders; bony scutes Paddlefishes- filter feeder; reduced scalesChondrostei Acipenseriformes
Neopterygii Elongate jaws with toothed infraorbitals Ganoid scales Ambush predators Dorsal bilobed lungLepisosteidae - greater mobility of both fins and cranial elements
Amiidae Dorsal lung New jaw opening mechanism via interopercular bone Maxilla is free from cheek- able to suction feed more efficiently
Teleostei Homocercal tail Reduced scales Increased emphasis on suction feeding Major groups Osteoglossomorpha Elopomorpha Clupeomorpha Ostariophysi Euteleostei- difficult to characterize with valid synapomorphies
Osteoglossomorpha 218 species Tongue bite Basihyal-parasphenoid bite 2 palatal bones are also toothedArapaimaMormyridKnifefish
Tongue bite
Elopomorpha 650 species Mostly true eels Bonefish, tenpounders, tarpon
Leptocephalus larvae
Clupeomorpha Anchovies, bream & herrings 290 species Plankton feedersClupea sp. AnchoviesBream
Clupeomorph synapomorphies3. Keeled belly1. Connection between swimbladder and inner ear2. Unique foramina in skull
Ostariophysi 75% of freshwater species of world 6,000 species Gonorhynchiformes,Cypriniformes, Characiformes, Siluriformes
Ostariophysan synapomorphiesAlarm substance cells Specialized anterior vertebrae allow for increased hearing abilityOtophysi: Weberian apparatus
Euteleostei25 Orders, 275 families, and 17,000 species Poorly defined traits join them together Nuptial breeding tubercles Adipose fin Membranous component to first uroneural Retained in primitive euteleosteans and lost in more derived species
Protacanthopterygii OnchorhynchusSalmo salarSalmon and trout
EsociformesPickerels and pikes Toothless maxilla forming part of gape Fin placement correlated with predatory habits
Neoteleostei retractor dorsalis (RD) or retractor arcus branchialium originates from anterior vertebrae and insert on pharyngobranchials
Scopelomorpha-LanternfishesPelagic marine fishes 220 species Daily vertical migrations-500m Photophores 2 components of the RD- increasing emphasis on 3rd pharyngobranchial
Lampridomorpha -ribbonfishes and oarfishes
Percopsiformes- trout perches, pirate perches, cavefishes Gadiformes- cods, hakes, eelpouts Pelvic fins anterior to pectorals Mental barbels Prolific egg producers Batrachoidiformes- toadfishes Gobiesociformes- clingfishes; modified pelvic fins Lophiformes- goosefishes, anglerfishes, frogfishes, batfishesParacanthopterygiiGreatly flattened skull roof
Lophiiformes- anglerfishes -ilicium and esca: modified dorsal spines
Some local paracanthopterygians Theragra chalcogrammaMerluccias productusLycodes palearisGadus macrocephalus
paracanthopterygiansLycodes pacificusPorichthys notatus
Percomorpha
More than 12,000 species Phylogeny largely unresolved Synapomorphies related to feeding Pharyngeal jaws for crushing Highly protrusible jaws
AtherinomorphaGuppies, mosquitofish, flyingfish, halfbeaks
GasterosteiformesSticklebacks, seahorses, trumpetfishes Bony abdominal plates
Scorpaeniformes Suborbital stay Strongly spinous fins Many spines on the head Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalusLeptocottus armatus
ScorpaeniformesEnophrys bisonCyclopterus lumpus
PerciformesTrichodon trichodon
Pleuronectiformes
TetraodontiformesBizzarofish Cowfish, pufferfish, porcupinefish, molas Many use dorsal and anal fins for locomotion
Trends in fish evolutionMaxilla moves out of gape Premaxilla becomes sole toothed element Movement of both pectoral and pelvic finsReduction in scales and increased flexibility Swimbladder- increased hydrostatic function Increasing cranial kinesis
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