ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS, LIPIDS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS,LIPIDS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS

Organic Compounds• X = CARBOHYDRATES; FATS = LIPIDS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

1. Carbohydrates: glucose; needed for energy; cell walls, etc.

2. Proteins: hemoglobin – carry oxygen, insulin – blood sugar control, maltase – enzyme for digestion, antibodies – fight disease etc.

3. Lipids: Oils, fats, and waxesNeeded for stored energy, insulation, making cell membranes, etc.

4. Nucleic Acids: DNA / RNA

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Monomers:• Glucose• Amino Acids• Fatty Acids• Glycerol• Nucleotides

Inorganic Compounds

• Water• Carbon Dioxide• Ammonia• Oxygen• Salt

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

• DO NOT contain BOTH Carbon & Hydrogen

CARBOHYDRATES

• GLUCOSE • C6H12O6

CARBOHYDRATES

• C6H12O6

CARBOHYDRATES

• MONOSACCHARIDE: Single / simple sugar– Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose

• DISACCHARIDE: two simple sugars bonded together; Double sugar– Examples: maltose, sucrose, lactose

• POLYCACCHARIDE: Complex (many sugars)– Examples: glycogen, cellulose, starch

POLYMER

• A large molecule made of many (atoms) simple units

• Polymers of– Carbohydrates: polysaccharide (starch / glycogen)– Proteins: Polypeptides (enzymes / hormones) – Lipids: triglycerides (3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol)

Polysaccharides

• Glycogen: Storage form of glucose found in animals. (stored in muscles or liver)

• Starch: Storage form of glucose found in plants.

• Cellulose: Structural component of cell walls.

Proteins

• Proteins:–Made up of amino acids–Each is unique and essential for life–20 different amino acids found in

proteins–Contains both an amino group NH2

and a carboxyl group - COOH

Needed for growth and repair of cells

New cells being made by YOU

• Skin

• Muscle

• Blood cells Red and White

Protein

• Amino Acid – building blocks of proteins

• Has NH2

• and COOH

Proteins

• Enzymes: act as catalyst, control chemical reactions; Ex. Amylase, lactase, ATPase

• Hormones: Insulin, estrogen, testosterone, etc• Antibodies: help fight pathogens / disease• Antigens: help antibodies recognize pathogens• Receptor Molecules: cellular communication• Hemoglobin: on RBC’s; carry O2

Enzymes

Hormone - Insulin

• 51 Amino Acids make• Thr• Lys• Pro• Phe• Cys• Gly• Asn……….

Antibodies

Antibodies – purpleAntigens - pink

Receptor molecule

Hemoglobin

Lipids

• Fats, Waxes, Phospholipid, and Oils

• Building Blocks: Fatty Acids & Glycerol

• Functions:– Stored energy– Insulation– Component of cell membranes

Triglyceride

• Made up of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule

Nucleic Acid

RNA DNA

Nucleic Acids

• DNA • – Double stranded (two nucleic

acid strands, sugar – deoxyribose

• RNA ––Single Stranded , sugar - ribose

NUCLEOTIDE

• Building blocks of nucleic acids• Phosphate• Sugar– Deoxyribose – DNA– Ribose - RNA

• Nitrogen Base– A-T / C-G for DNA– A-U/C-G for RNA

Nucleic Acid

• Gene – short sections of DNA– Information about a trait passed on from

parents

• Codon – specific sequence of 3 consecutivenucleotides– Each gene is made of codons (words of

instruction)

Genes / Codon

• Genes / Codon -

CATALYST

• catalyst: inorganic or organic substance which speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without entering the reaction itself.

ENZYMES

• enzymes: organic catalysts made of protein

• most enzyme names end in –ase • enzymes lower the energy needed to start a

chemical reaction (activation energy), thus speeding the reaction

ENZYMES

Enzyme Properties• Enzymes are specific for one set of

substrates or a group of similar substrates• Enzymes are not changed in the reaction• Enzymes are not consumed in the

reaction• Enzymes are identified by the suffix –ase

Optimum

• Most efficient (best) for each enzyme.• Pepsin pH of 1 / 2; pH in small intestine 7 / 8

ENZYMES

• LOCK AND KEY MODEL

LOCK AND KEY

• Each enzyme is specific for one and ONLY one substrate (one lock - one key)

• active site: part of the enzyme that fits with the substrate

• Note that the active site has a specific fit for this particular substrate and no other.

LOCK AND KEY

• Specific enzyme for a specific substrate

ENZYME SUBSTRATE COMPLEX

• When the enzyme attaches to the substrate.

FACTORS INFLUENCING ENZYMES

• pH: the optimum (best) in most living things is close to 7 (neutral). High or low pH levels usually slow enzyme activity

FACTORS INFLUENCING ENZYMES

• optimum (best) temperature for maximum enzyme function is usually about 35-40 C.

• reactions proceed slowly below optimal temperatures

• above 45 C. most enzymes are denatured (change in their shape so the enzyme active site no longer fits with the substrate and the enzyme can't function)

Denatured

• Denatured enzyme (changes shape when heated above a certain temperature)

ENZYME AND TEMPERATURE

• Increase temperature increase rate of reaction until a certain temperature, then denatured enzymes (change in their shape)

Concentrations of Enzyme and Substrate

When there is a fixed amount of enzyme and an excess of substrate molecules, the rate of reaction will increase to a point and then level off.

This leveling off occurs because all of the enzyme is used up and the excess substrate has nothing to combine with

Concentrations of Enzyme and Substrate

• High substrate concentration = slower rate

Concentrations of Enzyme and Substrate

• Less substrate more enzyme = faster rate of reaction.

Concentrations of Enzyme and Substrate

• increasing the substrate concentration, the rate of reaction will increase due to the likelihood that the number of enzyme-substrate complexes will increase;