Optimization of a Backyard Aquaponic Food Production System

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Table of Contents -E[@BZO<G?<Q<@F=&HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH&$&

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Executive Summary

)M<& EDCC<@F& K@G& <=EKOKF>@?& <YF<@F& BP& =B>O& G<?CKGKF>B@S& ZKF<C& =EKCE>FL& K@G& EO>QKF<`C<OKF<G& EMKOO<@?<=&

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C<dD>C<G&PBC&K&M>?M`R<CPBCQK@E<&KdDKRB@>E&PBBG&RCBGDEF>B@&=L=F<QH&

1. Introduction

1.1 Food Security

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“Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient,

safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy

life. Household food security is the application of this concept to the family level, with individuals within

households as the focus of concern.”

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1.2 SmallScale Agriculture

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1.3 Objective of Project

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QKY>Q>a>@?&M>=&BDFRDF=H&&&)MD=&ZK=&^BC@&FM<&B^J<EF>N<&BP&FM>=&RCBJ<EF\&&

To design an improved aquaponics system and make management recommendations with the goal of

optimizing fish and plant biomass outputs.

2. Background

2.1 Agriculture in Barbados

2.1.1 Economy and Human Resources

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FM<&PC<<&QBN<Q<@F&BP&OK^BDC&K@G&EKR>FKOS&FM<&EBBCG>@KF>B@&BP&K?C>EDOFDCKOS&>@GD=FC>KO&K@G&PBC<>?@&RBO>E><=&

K=&Z<OO&K=&KEE<==&FB&K&1BQQB@&+KC[<FH&&8DEM&EBOOK^BCKF>B@&KQB@?&1KC>^^<K@&=FKF<=&=FC>N<=&FB&>QRCBN<&

=FK@GKCG=& BP& O>N>@?& >@& >F=& Q<Q^<C& EBD@FC><=S& <@MK@E<& >@F<C@KF>B@KO& EBQR<F>F>N<@<==& K@G& >@EC<K=<&

RCBGDEF>N>FL&KQB@?&BFM<C&?BKO=&PBC&FM<&G<N<OBRQ<@F&K@G&RCB=R<C>FL&BP&FM<&C<?>B@&]1-4*1'+S&$%%:_H&

2.1.2 Natural Resources

)M<&G<@=<OL&RBRDOKF<G&>=OK@G&@KF>B@&BP&0KC^KGB=&]b$e&R<BRO<"[Q$_&MK=&O>Q>F<G&C<=BDCE<=&C<dD>C<G&PBC&K&

RCB=R<CBD=& K?C>EDOFDCKO& >@GD=FCL& ]1<@FCKO& *@F<OO>?<@E<&-?<@ELS& $%#%_H& )M>=& M>?M& RBRDOKF>B@& G<@=>FL& K@G&

=<K=B@KO&>@PODY&BP&PBC<>?@&FBDC>=F=&&`&BN<C&;e%S%%%&FBDC>=F=&=FKL<G&>@&0KC^KGB=&>@&$%%e&K@G&BN<C&b%%S%%%&

ECD>=<&=M>R&RK==<@?<C=&N>=>F<G&FM<&EBD@FCL&FMKF&=KQ<&L<KC&M&1+#4e()(tre(()on)t7e)4o0ntr;'()Ge;)n#tion#+)

C<=BDCE<=&])BFKOOL&0KC^KGB=S&$%#%_H&&

0KC^KGB=& >=&[@BZ@&K=&FM<&#;FM&QB=F&ZKF<C&=EKCE<&EBD@FCL& >@&FM<&ZBCOG&K@G&PC<=MZKF<C&Z>FMGCKZKO&R<C&

EKR>FK& >=&AAA&QA"L<KC&]1<@FCKO& *@F<OO>?<@E<&-?<@ELS&$%#%_H& *@F<C@KO&4<@<ZK^O<&XKF<C&4<=BDCE<=&KC<&B@&

FM<&=EKO<&BP&%H%c$&[QA"L<KCS&?CBD@GZKF<C&PCBQ&>@P>OFCKF<G&CK>@PKOO&=DRRO><=&%H%e!&[QA"L<KCS&ZM>O<&=DCPKE<&

ZKF<C=&QK[<& DR& ;Hc&Q>OO>B@&QA"L<KC& ]/-'S& $%%%_H& -N<CK?<& GK>OL& ZKF<C& D=<& ^L& FM<& K?C>EDOFDCKO& =<EFBC&

KQBD@F=&FB&KRRCBY>QKF<OL&#%H!&+V"GKL&]BC&#%S&!%%&QA"GKL_&K@G&K@&<=F>QKF<G&#%$b&MK&KC<&>CC>?KF<G&^L&

RBFK^O<&ZKF<C&]7.S&$%%!_H&)M>=&QK[<=&DR&NDOC)o=)t7e)4o0ntr;'()tot#+)4ro1+#n&)]9KCFM)C<@G=S&$%%A_H&)BFKO&

C<@<ZK^O<&ZKF<C&C<=BDCE<=&KQBD@F&FB&%H#&[QA&]1<@FCKO&*@F<OO>?<@E<&-?<@ELS&$%#%_H&

)M<& OK@G&=DCPKE<&BP& FM<& >=OK@G& >=& EBQRB=<G&QB=FOL& ]icAg_&BP& EBCKOO>@<& O>Q<=FB@<S&ZM>O<& FM<& C<QK>@>@?&

#eg&>=&QKG<&DR&BP&=MKO<=S&=K@G=&K@G&EOKL=&]/-'S&$%%%_H&)M<&O>Q<=FB@<&FMKF&EBN<C=&QB=F&BP&FM<&@KF>B@&>=&

M>?MOL&RBCBD=&K@G&KOOBZ=&PBC&N<CL&CKR>G&>@P>OFCKF>B@&BP&CK>@ZKF<CS&Q<K@>@?&FMKF&>F=&EKRKE>FL&FB&C<FK>@&ZKF<C&

>@&FM<&CBBF&aB@<&>=&dD>F<&OBZ&]&+>@>=FCL&BP&-?C>EDOFDC<&K@G&4DCKO&5<N<OBRQ<@F_H&)M<&@BCFM<K=F<C@&C<?>B@&

BP&FM<&>=OK@GS&EKOO<G&FM<&8EBFOK@G&5>=FC>EF&>=&QKG<&DR&BP&OKL<C=&BP&=MKO<=S&=K@G=&K@G&EOKL=H&*F&>=&dD>F<&CD??<G&

K@G&>=&EMKCKEF<C>a<G&^L&M>?M&BN<COK@G&CD@BPPS&PC<dD<@F&OK@G=O>G<=&K@G&=DCPKE<&=B>O&<CB=>B@&RCB^O<Q=&]/-'S&

$%%%_H&&

)M<& OB@?& M>=FBCL& BP& >@F<@=>N<& ROK@FKF>B@`=FLO<& QB@BEDOFDC<& RCBGDEF>B@& BN<C& FM<& RK=F& A%%& L<KC=& >@&

0KC^KGB=& MK=& QKG<& <YF<@=>N<& EB@FC>^DF>B@=& FB& =B>O& dDKO>FL& RCB^O<Q=& >@& 0KC^KGB=H& )M<=<& >@EODG<& FM<&

<CB=>B@& BP& FBR=B>OS& K& G<EC<K=<& >@& =B>O& P<CF>O>FLS& K@G& FM<& EB@=<dD<@F& KRRO>EKF>B@& BP& OKC?<& KQBD@F=& BP&

P<CF>O>a<C&K@G&R<=F>E>G<=&>@&BCG<C&FB&QK>@FK>@&RCBGDEF>N>FL&]UBQ<CS&#::c_H

2.1.3 Climate

0KC^KGB=&MK=&K&FCBR>EKO&BE<K@>E&EO>QKF<&Z>FM&O>FFO<&NKC>KF>B@&>@&F<QR<CKFDC<=&GD<&FB&FM<&EBBO>@?&<K=F<COL&

FCKG<&Z>@G=&PCBQ&FM<&-FOK@F>E&'E<K@H&&)M<&CK>@L&=<K=B@&OK=F=&PCBQ&WD@<&FB&5<E<Q^<CS&^DF&FM<&>=OK@G&>=&

EB@=>G<C<G&FB&^<&C<OKF>N<OL&KC>G& >@&EBQRKC>=B@&FB&BFM<C&1KC>^^<K@&@KF>B@=H& ]/-'S&$%%%_&)M<&EBD@FCL& >=&

RKCF&BP&FM<&MDCC>EK@<&^<OFS&MBZ<N<CS&FM<&PC<dD<@EL&BP&MDCC>EK@<=&M>FF>@?&0KC^KGB=&>=&<YFC<Q<OL&OBZH&

-N<CK?<& F<QR<CKFDC<=& GDC>@?& FM<& GKL& C<KEM& K^BDF& $e& B1& ]=<<& />?DC<& !%& >@& -RR<@G>Y& -& PBC& GKFK& B@&

F<QR<CKFDC<S&Z>@G& =R<<GS& MDQ>G>FLS& CK>@PKOOS& K@G& BFM<C&Z<KFM<C& RKCKQ<F<C=& FLR>EKO& FB& 0KC^KGB=_& K@G&

CK@?<&KRRCBY>QKF<OL&PCBQ&$%&FB&A$B1H&&

*@&K& FLR>EKO&L<KCS&an average rainfall of 760 mm along the coastal areas to 2000 mm in the

central parts of the island&KC<&EBQQB@&]9EB@BQ>E&K@G&8BE>KO&5<N<OBRQ<@F&5<RKCFQ<@F&]/-'_S&$%%;_S&

^DF&CK>@PKOO&KQBD@F=&QKL&^<&OBZ<C&FMK@&$;&QQ&R<C&QB@FM&GDC>@?&FM<&GCL&=<K=B@&]/-'S&$%%%_H&&

'@&KN<CK?<&FMCBD?MBDF&FM<&L<KCS&0KC^KGB=&C<E<>N<=&c&FB&:&MBDC=&BP&=D@=M>@<&<KEM&GKL&]=<<&/>?DC<&!%&>@&

-RR<@G>Y&-_H

2.1.4 Terrain

)M<& >=OK@G&BP&0KC^KGB=& >=&QB=FOL& POKF&Z>FM& K& ?<@FO<&DRZKCG=& =OBR<& PCBQ& FM<& EBK=F& FBZKCG=& FM<& >@OK@G&

]1<@FCKO&*@F<OO>?<@E<&-?<@ELS&$%#%_H&)M<&RC<GBQ>@K@F&EBCKOO>@<&O>Q<=FB@<&C<?>B@=&KC<&G>N>G<G&>@FB&FMC<<&

F<CCKE<=&C>=>@?&FBZKCG=&FM<&>@F<C>BC&BP&FM<&>=OK@G&Z>FM&K&R<K[&<O<NKF>B@&BP&A!A&Q&K^BN<&=<K&O<N<O&]-j898&

8L=F<Q=&1KC>^^<K@& *@EH_S&K@G&KC<& O>@<G&Z>FM&G<<R&?DOO><=& CD@@>@?& PCBQ&M>?M&<O<NKF>B@=&KF& FM<&8EBFOK@G&

5>=FC>EF&FB&FM<&EBK=F&]/-'S&$%%%_H&

2.1.5 Crop Production in Barbados

)M<& EBOB@>KO& M>=FBCL& BP& 0KC^KGB=& MK=& O<PF& ^<M>@G& K& C<O>K@E<& B@&QB@BECBRS& ROK@FKF>B@`=FLO<& K?C>EDOFDC<&

ZM>EM& PBED=<=& B@& FM<& RCBGDEF>B@& BP& K& =>@?O<& EK=M& ECBR& >@& OKC?<& KQBD@F=H& )M<& K?C>EDOFDCKO& >@GD=FCL& >@&

0KC^KGB=& FM<C<PBC<& =F>OO& EB@=>=F=& RC>QKC>OL& BP& =D?KC& EK@<& EDOF>NKF>B@& K@G& FM<& =D?KCS& CDQ&K@G&QBOK==<=&

RCBGDEF>B@&>@GD=FCLH&*@&FM<&$%%e"$%%c&?CBZ>@?&=<K=B@S&A#He&FMBD=K@G&FB@@<=&BP&EK@<&Z<C<&MKCN<=F<G&B@&

;H:&FMBD=K@G&M<EFKC<=&BP&OK@G&]**1-S&$%%:_H&8D?KCS&K&EK=M&ECBRS&QB=F&BP&ZM>EM&>=&<YRBCF<GS&>=&MBZ<N<C&B@&

FM<&G<EO>@<&K@G&>F=&PDFDC<&K=&K&=>?@>P>EK@t)(e4tor)o=)t7e)4o0ntr;'()e4ono:;)i()in)1eri+)&0e)to)1oor)/0#+it;)

=B>O=S&M>?M&EDOF>NKF>B@&EB=F=S&=RBCKG>E&GCBD?MF=&K@G&OBZ&?OB^KO&=D?KC&RC>E<=& ]/-'S&$%%c_H&)M<&RCBRBCF>B@&

BP&OK@G&>@&FM<&EBD@FCL&FMKF&>=&KCK^O<&>=&Aeg&]K^BDF&$$S&!e$&MK_S&ZM>O<&B@OL&$HAg&BP&FM<&OK@G&>=&D=<G&FB&

?CBZ&R<CQK@<@F&ECBR=&]/-'S&#:::_H&

'FM<C&ECBR=& >@EODG<& EBFFB@S& CBBF& ECBR=S& EBC@S&B@>B@=S&BFM<C&N<?<FK^O<=S& ^K@K@K=S&ROK@FK>@=S& P>?=S&BFM<C&

PCD>F=S&EDF`POBZ<C=&K@G&PBO>K?<&]UBQ<CS&#::c_H&

(CBGDEF>B@&BP&PBBG&ECBR=&>@&FM<&EBD@FCL&>=&dD>F<&OBZ&K=&0KC^KGB=&>QRBCF=&KCBD@G&c%g&BP&>F=&PBBG&]**1-S&

$%%:_S& >@EODG>@?& OKC?<& KQBD@F=& BP& PCD>F=& K@G& N<?<FK^O<=& ],kNBG=[k& f& 5BOOLS& $%%:_H& & '@OL& #%g& BP& FM<&

OK^BDC& PBCE<& >@& 0KC^KGB=& >=& >@NBON<G& >@& K?C>EDOFDCKO& KEF>N>F><=& K=& K?C>EDOFDC<&QD=F& EBQR<F<&Z>FM&QBC<&

RCBP>FK^O<& >@GD=FC><=& K@G& PBCQ=& BP& OK@G& D=<& =DEM& K=& FM<& ?CBZ>@?& FBDC>=Q& K@G& C<KO`<=FKF<& =<EFBC& ]1*-&

XBCOG&/KEF^BB[S&$%%:_H&

)M<&C<O>K@E<&B@&BDF=>G<&PKEFBC=&K@G&ZBCOG&QKC[<F=&K==BE>KF<G&Z>FM&=DEM&M>?M&O<N<O=&BP&PBBG&>QRBCFKF>B@&

ROKE<&FM<&EBD@FCL&>@&K&RB=>F>B@&BP&G<R<@G<@EL&K@G&M>@G<C=&RCB?C<==&FBZKCG=&=<OP`=DPP>E><@EL&>@&F<CQ=&BP&

=oo&)1ro&04tionD)"#r?#&o(')#gri40+t0r#+)tr#&e)&e=i4it)in)PBBQ)9#=&78&lbeH;&Q>OO>B@&]/-'S&$%%c_H&&

/DFDC<& ROK@=& PBC& FM<& RCBQBF>B@& BP& =QKOO`=EKO<& PKCQ>@?& ^L& FM<& +>@>=FCL& BP& -?C>EDOFDC<& K@G& 4DCKO&

5<N<OBRQ<@F& Z>OO& <@EBDCK?<& OBEKO& RCBGDEF>B@& BP& PBBG& ECBR=& K@G& =QKOO& O>N<=FBE[S& ZM>EM& Z>OO& ?>N<&

0KC^KG>K@=& >@EC<K=<G& PBBG& =<EDC>FL& K@G& & ?C<KF<C& >@G<R<@G<@E<& >@& FM<& ?<@<CKF>B@& BP& FM<>C& MBD=<MBOG&

>@EBQ<=&],kNBG=[k&f&5BOOLS&$%%:_H&

)CKG>F>B@KOOLS& =QKOO`=EKO<& PKCQ>@?& PKE<=& EMKOO<@?<=& C<?KCG>@?& FM<& @<E<==>FL& FB& >@EBCRBCKF<& M>?M`>@RDF&

F<EM@BOB?><=& >@FB& FM<>C& RCBGDEF>B@& >@& BCG<C& FB& ^<& K^O<& FB& EBQR<F<& B@& FM<& ?OB^KO& QKC[<FH& & )M<=<&

F<EM@BOB?><=& >@NBON<&M>?M& EB=F=& K@G& =>?@>P>EK@F& >@>F>KO& >@N<=FQ<@F=& FMKF& EK@@BF&^<&KPPBCG<G&^L&KOO& CDCKO&

PBBG&RCBGDE<C=&K@G&ZM>EM& >@EC<K=<&RCBGDEF>B@&EB=F=&K@G&FM<C<PBC<&FM<&EB=F&BP& OBEKOOL&RCBGDE<G&ECBR=H&

)M>=&QK[<=&=QKOO&PKCQ<C=&D@EBQR<F>F>N<&K?K>@=F&EM<KR<C&>QRBCF<G&>F<Q=&],kNBG=[k&f&5BOOLS&$%%:_H&

)M<C<& >=& K& ?C<KF& OBEKO& @<<G& PBC& >@@BNKF>N<& K?C>EDOFDCKO& =BODF>B@=& FMKF& EK@& ^<& KRRO><G& FB& FM<&0KC^KG>K@&

EB@F<YF&K@G&ZM>EM&<@=DC<&FM<&P<K=>^O<S&=QKOO&=EKO<&RCBGDEF>B@&BP&PBBG&^L&KN<CK?<&0KC^KG>K@&PKQ>O><=H&-@&

KRRCBRC>KF<& K@G& KEE<RF<G& =BODF>B@& Z>OO& FM<C<PBC<& EB@FC>^DF<& FB& G<EC<K=<G& G<R<@G<@EL& B@& PBC<>?@&

>QRBCF=&ZM>EM&>@NBON<&FCK@=RBCFKF>B@&KECB==&?C<KF&G>=FK@E<=&K@G&KC<&?<@<CKOOL&M>?MOL&D@=D=FK>@K^O<H&

-dDKRB@>E=&MK=&FM<&RBF<@F>KO&FB& O<==<@&FM<&EMKOO<@?<=&K==BE>KF<G&Z>FM&=QKOO&=EKO<&PKCQ>@?& >@&0KC^KGB=&

K@G& ?<@<CKOOL& >@& FM<& 1KC>^^<K@H& )M<& =L=F<Q& C<dD>C<=&Q>@>QKO& OK@G& K@G& ZKF<C& C<=BDCE<=S& K@G& @B& =B>O&

C<=BDCE<=S&ZM>EM&>=&G<=>CK^O<&PBC&M>?MOL&RBRDOKF<G&K@G&KC>G&C<?>B@=&=DEM&K=&0KC^KGB=H&-dDKRB@>E&=L=F<Q=&

RCBN>G<&K&=BDCE<&BP&RCBF<>@&K=&Z<OO&K=&PC<=M&PCD>F=S&N<?<FK^O<=&BC&M<C^=H&-=&Q<KF&B@&FM<&>=OK@G&>=&C<OKF>N<OL&

<YR<@=>N<S&RCBF<>@&>@&FM<&PBCQ&BP&PC<=MZKF<C&P>=M&ZBDOG&RCBN>G<&K&M<KOFML&KOF<C@KF>N<&K@G&C<GDE<&=FC<==&

B@&GZ>@GO>@?&=KOFZKF<C&K@G&PC<=MZKF<C&P>=M&=DRRO><=H&

2.2 Food Production Methods

2.2.1 Aquaculture

-dDKEDOFDC<& >=& FM<& EDOF>NKF>B@& K@G& C<KC>@?& BP& KdDKF>E& ROK@F=& K@G& K@>QKO=& >@& K& PDOOL& BC& =<Q>`EB@FCBOO<G&

<@N>CB@Q<@FH& & &+K@L&=R<E><=&KC<&RCBGDE<G&KCBD@G&FM<&ZBCOG&^L&Q<K@=&BP&KdDKEDOFDC<& >@EODG>@?&^BFM&

PC<=MZKF<C& K@G& =KOFZKF<C& P>=MS& ECD=FKE<K@=S& K@G&QBOOD=E=S& KOB@?& Z>FM& ROK@F=& =DEM& K=& =<KZ<<GH& & & )M<&

BC>?>@=&BP&KdDKEDOFDC<&GKF<&^KE[&FMBD=K@G=&BP&L<KC=H&&&)M<C<&KC<&G>PP<C<@F&FM<BC><=&K=&FB&MBZ&FM<&RCKEF>E<&

EKQ<&K^BDF&^DF&>F& >=&?<@<CKOOL&FMBD?MF&FB&MKN<&G<N<OBR<G&>@G<R<@G<@FOL&>@&=<N<CKO&RKCF=&BP&FM<&ZBCOGS&

D=DKOOL&^L&K&OBZ`OL>@?&KC<K&BP&OK@G&^<>@?&POBBG<G&K@G&=FBE[<G&Z>FM&P>=M&GDC>@?&M>?M&F>G<&BC&CK>@L&=<K=B@&

K@G&FM<&=DCCBD@G>@?&MDQK@&RBRDOKF>B@&>QRO<Q<@F>@?&RC<O>Q>@KCL&KdDKEDOFDCKO&RCKEF>E<=&FB&QK>@FK>@&FM<&

P>=M&>@&BCG<C&FB&MKN<&K&C<O>K^O<&PBBG&=BDCE<&]U<CQ>@>BS&#:cc_H&&

/C<=MZKF<C&P>@P>=MS&RKCF>EDOKCOL&1M>@<=<&K@G&*@G>K@&EKCR&=R<E><=S&KEEBD@F&PBC&FM<&?C<KF<=F&=MKC<&BP&FBFKO&

KdDKEDOFDC<&RCBGDEF>B@S&PBOOBZ<G&^L&QBOOD=E=H&&&-OFMBD?M&OBZ&>@&RCBGDEF>B@&dDK@F>FLS&=BQ<&BP&FM<&Q>@BC&

RCBGDEF&?CBDR=S&=DEM&K=&=MC>QR&K@G&QKC>@<&P>=MS&MKN<&K&G>=RCBRBCF>B@KF<&<EB@BQ>E&>QRBCFK@E<&^<EKD=<&

BP&FM<>C&M>?M&D@>F&NKOD<H&&)M<&QB=F&MKCN<=F<G&=R<E><=&>@&C<E<@F&L<KC=&MKN<&^<<@&FM<&(KE>P>E&EDRR<G&BL=F<C&

K@G&FM<&=>ON<C&EKCRH&0L&$%%b&KdDKEDOFDC<&ZK=&RCBN>G<G&@<KCOL&;%&R<CE<@F&``&BC&;#He&Q>OO>B@&FB@@<=&``&BP&KOO&

ZBCOG&P>=M<C><=&RCBGDEF>B@&]-dDKEDOFDC<&C<=BDCE<=S&$%#%_H&&

)M<& OKFF<C& MKOP& BP& FM<& #:FM& E<@FDCL& =KZ& FM<& EKRKE>FL& BP& EBQQ<CE>KO& P>=M>@?& >@EC<K=<& KF& D@RC<E<G<@F<G&

CKF<=H& & &)M<&C<=DOF&ZK=&FM<&RODQQ<F>@?&BP&P>=M&=FBE[=&KCBD@G&FM<&ZBCOG&PBCE>@?&=BQ<&P>=M<C><=S&=DEM&K=&

FM<&.BCFM&-FOK@F>E&EBG&P>=M<CLS&FB&^<&EBQRO<F<OL&=MDF&GBZ@&FB&C<EBN<CD)F7e)(t#te)o=)t7e)9or+&'()o4e#n()i()

>@&G>C<&E>CEDQ=FK@E<=S&ZM<C<K=&G<QK@G&K@G&EB@=DQRF>B@&PBC&=<KPBBG&>=&KF&K@&KOO&F>Q<&M>?MH&&-dDKEDOFDC<&

Z>OO&^<&K&RBZ<CPDO&FBBO&FB&C<EB@E>O<&FM>=&RKCKGBYH& &1DCC<@F&RC<G>EF>B@=&KC<&FMKF&KdDKEDOFDC<&RCBGDEF>B@&

Z>OO& @<<G& FB& C<KEM& c%&Q>OO>B@& FB@@<=& ^L& $%;%& FB& [<<R& RKE<&Z>FM& =<KPBBG& EB@=DQRF>B@H& ]-dDKEDOFDC<&

C<=BDCE<=S&$%#%_H&

+K@L&G>PP<C<@F&PBCQ=&BP&KdDKEDOFDC<&FK[<&ROKE<&KF&NKCL>@?&O<N<O=&BP&>@F<@=>FL&K@G&=EKO<H&&*@&QKC>EDOFDC<S&

BC?K@>=Q=& KC<& D=DKOOL& EDOFDC<G& >@& =M<OF<C<G& QKC>@<& <@N>CB@Q<@F=S& ZM<C<K=& >@F<?CKF<G& QDOF>`FCBRM>E&

KdDKEDOFDC<&EBQ^>@<=&QDOF>RO<&BC?K@>=Q=&>@&K&FK@[&KFF<QRF>@?&FB&D=<&FM<&ZK=F<&PCBQ&B@<S&=DEM&K=&P>=MS&

PBC&FM<&>@RDF&BP&K@BFM<CS&=DEM&K=&=<KZ<<GH&&&

+K@L& =>?@>P>EK@F& >==D<=& KC<& RC<=<@F& Z>FM>@& FM<& ZBCOG& BP& KdDKEDOFDC<H& & & 5<EC<K=>@?& ?<@<F>E& NKC>KF>B@&

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2.2.2 Hydroponics

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2.2.3 Aquaponics

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K=&ZK=F<ZKF<CH&&

Clean, filtered water

Nutrient‐rich fish waste effluent

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POBZ=&>@&K&?<@<CKO&KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<QH&

Figure 1: Conceptual diagram of nutrient recycling in aquaponic systems (Adapted from (Suits, 2010))

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2.2.4 Comparison of Food Production Methods

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P>=M& O<KN<=& O>FFO<&CBBQ&PBC&<CCBC& >@&F<CQ=&BP&ZKF<C&dDKO>FL&K@G&FM<C<PBC<&BP&P>=M&M<KOFMH& &XKF<C& >@&FM<=<&

=L=F<Q=&QD=F& ^<&Q<EMK@>EKOOL& BC& ^>BOB?>EKOOL& P>OF<C<G&Z>FM& <YFC<Q<& EKC<& K@G& KOO& RKCKQ<F<C=&QD=F& ^<&

EKC<PDOOL&QK>@FK>@<GH&-&OKC?<&ZK=F<&=FC<KQ&BP&P>=M&ZK=F<&>=&KO=B&RCBGDE<G&>@&KdDKEDOFDC<&K@G&>F&@<<G=&FB&

^<&G>=RB=<G&BP&=BQ<MBZH& &-GG>F>B@KO&ZKF<C& >@RDF=&KC<&@<<G<G&FB&<@=DC<&ZKF<C&dDKO>FLH&-@&KdDKRB@>E&

=L=F<Q&RCBN>G<=&=BO>G=&C<QBNKO&K@G&^>BP>OFCKF>B@&BP&FM<&P>=M&ZK=F<&<PPOD<@F&K=&Z<OO&K=&KGG>F>B@KO&EO<K@>@?&

^L& FM<&K==>Q>OKF>B@&BP&@DFC><@F=& >@FB&ROK@F&^>BQK==H&)M<&ZK=F<& =FC<KQ& PCBQ&KdDKEDOFDC<& >=& <O>Q>@KF<G&

K@G& K@& KGG>F>B@KO& FLR<& BP& ECBR& ]ROK@F=_& >=& B^FK>@<G& ].<O=B@S& $%%c_H& & *@& F<CQ=& BP& C<=BDCE<& <PP>E><@ELS&

KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<Q=&D=<&#g&BP&FM<&ZKF<C&C<dD>C<G&>@&RB@G&KdDKEDOFDC<&FB&CK>=<&FM<&=KQ<&L><OG&BP&F>OKR>K&

P>=M&M&K&=R<E><=&EBQQB@OL&D=<G&>@&C<E>CEDOKF>@?&KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<Q=&]5>N<CS&$%%b_H&

-dDKRB@>E=& EBQ^>@<=& FM<& KGNK@FK?<=& BP& ^BFM& MLGCBRB@>E=& K@G& KdDKEDOFDC<S& ZM>O<& <O>Q>@KF>@?& FM<&

G>=KGNK@FK?<=&BP&^BFM&=L=F<Q=H&*F&KO=B&C<GDE<=&BR<CKF>@?&EB=F=&>@&EBQRKC>=B@&FB&<>FM<C&BP&FM<=<&Q<FMBG=&

KOB@<H& & -& EBQRKC>=B@& BP& FM<& K^BN<&Q<@F>B@<G& =L=F<Q=& KOB@?&Z>FM& EBQRKC>=B@& FB& BC?K@>E& PKCQ>@?& >=&

=DQQKC>a<G&>@&)K^O<&#&^<OBZH&

Table 1: Comparison of various forms of food production (adapted from “Comparison of Methods” table in Nelson, 2008). Advantages Disadvantages

Organic

Farming

` (C<=DQ<G& K=& K& M<KOFM><C& Q<FMBG& BP& ?CBZ>@?&PBBG& FMK@& EBQQ<CE>KO& PKCQ>@?& K@G& FMD=& MK=&^<EBQ<&RBRDOKC>a<GH&

` 7=<=&BC?K@>E&ZK=F<=&K=&P<CF>O>a<CH&` 7=<=&@KFDCKO&R<=F&EB@FCBOH&` )<@G=& FB&RCBGDE<&^<FF<C& FK=F>@?&K@G&KF& F>Q<=&

QBC<&@DFC>F>B@KO&ECBR=H&

` 4<dD>C<=& QBC<& OK@G& FMK@&EB@N<@F>B@KO&PKCQ>@?H&

` 'PF<@& M>?M<C& EB=F=& FB& ?CBZ& K@G&E<CF>PL&ECBR=H&

` -?C>^D=>@<==& >=& dD>E[OL& C<ROKE>@?&=QKOO`=EKO<&BC?K@>E&BR<CKF>B@=H&

Inorganic

Hydroponics

` U>?M&NBODQ<=&BP&PBBG&KC<&RCBGDE<G&>@&K&=QKOO&=RKE<H&

` UK=& RBF<@F>KO& PBC& L<KC`CBD@G& RCBGDEF>B@& >P&EB@FCBOO<GH&

` U>?MOL& G<R<@G<@F& B@& EB=FOL&QK@DPKEFDC<G"Q>@<G&P<CF>O>a<C=H&

Recirculating

Aquaculture

` U>?M& ^>BQK==& BP& P>=M& RCBGDE<G& >@& K& =QKOO&=RKE<H&

` U>?M& CKF<& BP& PK>ODC<& GD<& FB& =QKOO&QKC?>@&PBC&<CCBCH&&

` VKC?<&ZK=F<&=FC<KQ&RCBGDE<GH&

Aquaponics ` -OO& BP& FM<& KGNK@FK?<=& BP& FM<& BFM<C& Q<FMBG=&K@G&KGG>F>B@KOOL\&

` 4<D=<&BP&P>=M&ZK=F<&K=&@DFC><@F=&PBC&ROK@F=H&` @i(7)&on't)4#rr;)t7e)1#t7ogen()!eDgD)E.coli K@G&

Salmonella_&PBD@G&>@&ZKCQ`^OBBG<G&K@>QKO=H&` *Q>FKF<=& K& @KFDCKO& ELEO<& K@G& >=& FM<& QB=F&

=D=FK>@K^O<&BP&FM<&PBDC&Q<FMBG=H&` 1B@=>=F<@F& P>=M& ^>BQK==& >@& FM<& P>=M& FK@[=& O<F=&

ROK@F&?CBZFM&FMC>N<H&

` 'R<CKFBC& QD=F& MKN<& [@BZO<G?<&BP& ^BFM& P>=M& K@G& ROK@F&RCBGDEF>B@H&

` +KJBC& PODEFDKF>B@=& >@& P>=M& =FBE[=&>@& FM<& FK@[& EK@& G>=CDRF& ROK@F&?CBZFMH&

3. Aquaponic Systems

3.1 System Designs

)M<C<& <Y>=F& =<N<CKO& =L=F<Q& G<=>?@=& PBC& C<E>CEDOKF>@?& KdDKRB@>E=& =L=F<Q=H& & )M<& G<=>?@=& KC<& ^K=<G& B@&

MLGCBRB@>E&=L=F<Q=S&FM<&G>PP<C<@E<&^<>@?&FMKF&FM<&ZKF<C&=BDCE<&PBC&FM<&KdDKRB@>E=&=L=F<Q&EBQ<&PCBQ&

FM<&P>=M&FK@[&K@G&>=&<N<@FDKOOL&C<FDC@<G&FB&>F=&=BDCE<&BP&BC>?>@H&&&

3.1.1 Media Filled Systems

)M<&MLGCBRB@>E&EBQRB@<@F&>=&P>C=F&G>=F>@?D>=M<G&^L&ZM<FM<C&>F&<QROBL=&K&Q<G>K&BC&@BFH&&&)M>=&^<EBQ<=&

N<CL&>QRBCFK@F&>@&KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<Q=&^<EKD=<&FM<&RC<=<@E<&BP&K&Q<G>K&FMKF&ROK@F&CBBF=&KC<&?CBZ@&>@&EK@&

RB==>^OL&<O>Q>@KF<&FM<&@<<G&PBC&K&=<RKCKF<&=<FFO>@?&FK@[&K@G&^>BP>OF<CH&&8ODG?<&K@G&=BO>G&PCBQ&FM<&P>=M&FK@[&

?<F&EKD?MF&>@&FM<&Q<G>K&K@G&KC<&RCBE<==<G&^L&^KEF<C>KO&EBQQD@>F><=&FMKF&G<N<OBR&>@&FM<&Q<G>KS&FM<C<^L&

KEF>@?&K=&K&^>BP>OF<C&K@G&<O>Q>@KF>@?&FM<&@<<G&FB&C<QBN<&FM<&=BO>G=&>@&K&=<RKCKF<&=L=F<QH&&*P&FM<&=L=F<Q&

GB<=&@BF&<QROBL&K&Q<G>K& &K@G&ROK@F& CBBF=&KC<&<YRB=<G&G>C<EFOL&FB& FM<&ZKF<CS& FM<@&K&=<FFO>@?&FK@[&K@G&

^>BP>OF<C& KC<& @<E<==KCL& FB& C<FDC@& FM<& ZKF<C& dDKO>FL& FB& =DPP>E><@F& O<N<O=& >@&ZM>EM& P>=M& EK@& O>N<& ]4K[BELS&

+K==<CS&f&VB=BCGBS&$%%b_H&&

Figure 4: Various grow media in media‐filled systems (Hydroponics: Andrew Smith, 2006)

3.1.2 Flood and Drain&]KO=B&[@BZ@&K=&9^^&K@G&/OBZ_&

*@& POBBG& K@G& GCK>@& =L=F<Q=S& ROK@F& CBBF=& KC<& <YRB=<G& FB& K& =FKF>E& @DFC><@F& =BODF>B@& PBC& MBDC=& KF& K& F>Q<&

^<PBC<& FM<& =BODF>B@& >=&GCK>@<G&KZKLS&ZM>EM& EBDOG&MKRR<@& =<N<CKO& F>Q<=& K&GKLH& & )M<& F<EM@>dD<& EK@&^<&

D=<G&C<?KCGO<==&BP&ZM<FM<C&K&Q<G>K& >=&D=<G&>@&FM<&=L=F<QS&K@G&ROK@F&CBBF=&EBDOG&<>FM<C&^<&EBQRO<F<OL&

=D^Q<C?<GS& BC& RKCF>KOOL& =D^Q<C?<GS& O<KN>@?& K& RBCF>B@& <YRB=<G& FB& FM<& KFQB=RM<C<H& & /OBBG& K@G& GCK>@&

=L=F<Q=&KC<&@BF<G&PBC&FM<>C&=>QRO>E>FLS&C<O>K^>O>FL&K@G&D=<C`PC><@GO>@<==H&&

Figure 5: Different stages of a flood and drain system (Types of Hydroponics Systems: Dave's Hydroponics Experiment, 2010)

3.1.3 Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)

.DFC><@F&P>OQ&F<EM@>dD<&EB@=>=F=&BP&FM<&ROK@F&CBBF=&^<>@?&<YRB=<G&FB&K&FM>@&OKL<C&BP&@DFC><@F&ZKF<C&FMK@&

CD@=& FMCBD?M&QB=F& BPF<@& K& (I1& R>R<H& & & & )M<& >G<K& >=& FMKF& FM<& =MKOOBZ& POBZ&BP&ZKF<C& B@OL& C<KEM<=& FM<&

^BFFBQ&BP&FM<&FM>E[&OKL<C&BP&CBBF=&FMKF&G<N<OBR=&>@&FM<&FCBD?M&ZM>O<&FM<&FBR&BP&FM<&CBBF&QK==&>=&<YRB=<G&

FB&FM<&K>CS&FM<C<^L&C<E<>N>@?&K@&KG<dDKF<&BYL?<@&=DRROLH&&&1MK@@<O&=OBR<S&O<@?FMS&K@G&POBZ&CKF<&QD=F&KOO&

^<& EKOEDOKF<G& FB& QK[<& =DC<& FM<& ROK@F=& C<E<>N<& =DPP>E><@F& ZKF<CS& BYL?<@S& K@G& @DFC><@F=H& & & *P& RCBR<COL&

EB@=FCDEF<GS&./)&EK@&=D=FK>@&N<CL&M>?M&ROK@F&G<@=>F><=H&&*@&KdDKRB@>E&./)&=L=F<Q=S&FM<&^>BP>OF<C&^<EBQ<=&

ECDE>KO&K=&FM<C<&>=&@B&OKC?<&=DCPKE<&KC<K&ZM<C<^L&^KEF<C>K&EBQQD@>F><=&EK@&G<N<OBR&].<O=B@S&$%%c_H&&&&

Figure 6: A pipe NFT system Figure 7: A trough NFT system (What is Aquaponics: The Fish Farm, 2010) (About Hydroponics: Get up and Grow, 2007)

3.1.4 Floating Raft System

-@BFM<C&=L=F<Q&FMKF&MK=&?C<KF&RBF<@F>KO&PBC&EBQQ<CE>KO&D=<&>=&FM<&POBKF>@?&CKPF&=L=F<QH&&*@&FM>=&=L=F<Q&

ROK@F=&KC<&?CBZ@&B@&POBKF>@?&8FLCBPBKQ&CKPF=H&&&)M<&CKPF=&MKN<&=QKOO&MBO<=&EDF&>@&FM<Q&ZM<C<&ROK@F=&KC<&

ROKE<G&>@FB&@<F&RBF=H&&&)M<&CBBF=&MK@?&PC<<&>@&FM<&ZKF<C&ZM<C<&@DFC><@F&DRFK[<&BEEDC=H&&&-&QKJBC&

G>PP<C<@E<&^<FZ<<@&FM<&CKPF&=L=F<Q=&K@G&FM<&./)&K@G&Q<G>K&^K=<G&=L=F<Q=&>=&FM<&KQBD@F&BP&ZKF<C&D=<GH&&&

)M<&ZKF<C&O<N<O&^<@<KFM&FM<&CKPF=&>=&K@LZM<C<&PCBQ&#%&FB&$%&>@EM<=&G<<R&K@G&K=&K&C<=DOF&FM<&NBODQ<&BP&

ZKF<C&>=&KRRCBY>QKF<OL&PBDC&F>Q<=&?C<KF<C&FMK@&BFM<C&=L=F<Q=H&&)M>=&M>?M<C&NBODQ<&BP&ZKF<C&C<=DOF=&>@&

OBZ<C&@DFC><@F&EB@E<@FCKF>B@=&K@G&K=&K&C<=DOF&M>?M<C&P<<G>@?&CKF<&CKF>B=&KC<&D=<GH&&&0KEF<C>K&PBCQ&B@&FM<&

^BFFBQ&=DCPKE<&BP&FM<&CKPF=&^DF&?<@<CKOOLS&K&=<RKCKF<&^>BP>OF<C&>=&@<<G<GH&&&-O=BS&FM<&ROK@F&CBBF=&KC<&

<YRB=<G&FB&=BQ<&MKCQPDO&BC?K@>=Q=&FMKF&C<=>G<&>@&FM<&ZKF<CS&ZM>EM&EK@&KPP<EF&ROK@F&?CBZFMH&&&

Figure 8: Schematic diagram of the floating raft system (Growing Arrangements: Sara's Aquaponic Adventure, 2008) &

Figure 9: A larger floating raft system (Hydroponic Photo Gallery: The Torch Work Shop) &

3.2 Fish

3.2.1 Fish Selection

)M<&FLR<&BP&P>=M&D=<G&>@&K@&KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<Q&G<R<@G=&B@&FM<&EO>QKF<&ZM>EM&Z>OO&=DCCBD@G&FM<&KdDKRB@>E&

=L=F<Q&K@G& FM<C<PBC<& FM<&F<QR<CKFDC<& FM<&?CBZ<C& >=&K^O<& FB&QK>@FK>@S& FM<&[>@G=&BP& P>=M&FMKF& FM<& OBEKO&

P>=M<C><=&G<RKCFQ<@F&MK=&=R<E>P><G&K=& O<?KO& ]FM<C<&KC<&=BQ<F>Q<=&C<=FC>EF>B@=&B@&FM<&EDOF>NKF>B@&BP& P>=M&

FMKF&KC<&@BF&@KF>N<&FB&FM<&C<?>B@_S&FM<&FLR<&BP&P>=M&G<=>CK^O<&PBC&EB@=DQRF>B@&^L&EB@=DQ<C=&K@G&FM<&FLR<&

BP&P>=M&P<<G&KNK>OK^O<&FB&FM<&?CBZ<C&].<O=B@S&$%%c_H&

)M<C<&KC<&K&@DQ^<C&BP&PC<=MZKF<C&P>=M&M&^BFM&ZKCQ`ZKF<C&K@G&EBOG`ZKF<C&=R<E><=&M&FMKF&EK@&^<&KGKRF<G&

PBC&EDOF>NKF>B@&>@&C<E>CEDOKF>@?&KdDKEDOFDC<&=L=F<Q=H&)M<=<&>@EODG<&F>OKR>KS&FCBDFS&R<CEMS&-CEF>E&EMKC&]5>N<CS&

$%%b_S&^OD<&?>OOS&OKC?<QBDFM&^K==S&EMK@@<O&EKFP>=MS&[B>&EKCRS&?BOGP>=MS&^KCCKQD@G>S&QDCCKL&EBGS&JKG<&R<CEM&

].<O=B@S& $%%c_S& ECKRR><=S& CK>@^BZ& FCBDFS& RKEDS& EBQQB@& EKCR& K@G& -=>K@& =<K& ^K==& ]4K[BELS&+K==<CS& f&

VB=BCGBS& $%%b_H& 'FM<C=& ^<LB@G& FM>=& O>=F& >@EODG<& ZKCQ`ZKF<C& P>=M& FMKF& KC<& MKCGL& K@G& EK@& KGKRF& FB&

EBQQ<CE>KO& P>=M& P<<G& K@G& M>?M& O<N<O=& BP& ECBZG>@?& ].<O=B@S& $%%c_S& >@EODG>@?& =BQ<& BC@KQ<@FKO& P>=M&

]4K[BELS&+K==<CS& f& VB=BCGBS& $%%b_H& )M<& ML^C>G& =FC>R<G& ^K==& >=& B@<& =R<E><=& FMKF& C<RBCF<GOL& GB<=& @BF&

R<CPBCQ&Z<OO&>@&KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<Q=&K=&>F&EK@@BF&FBO<CKF<&M>?M&RBFK==>DQ&O<N<O=&M&K&EBQQB@&=DRRO<Q<@F&

D=<G&PBC&ROK@F&?CBZFM&]4K[BELS&+K==<CS&f&VB=BCGBS&$%%b_H&

+B=F& EBQQ<CE>KO& =L=F<Q=S&MBZ<N<CS& EDOFDC<& F>OKR>KH&)>OKR>K& >=&K& FCBR>EKO& P>=M&BC>?>@KF>@?& PCBQ&FM<&.<KC&

9K=F& K@G& -PC>EK& ].<O=B@S& $%%c_& FMKF& EK@& ^<& Z<OO& KGKRF<G& FB& C<E>CEDOKF>@?& FK@[& KdDKEDOFDC<& K@G& >=&

<YE<RF>B@KOOL& C<=>O><@F& K?K>@=F& PODEFDKF>B@=& >@& G>==BON<G& BYL?<@& O<N<O=S& F<QR<CKFDC<S& RU& K@G& G>==BON<G&

=BO>G=&]5>N<CS&$%%b_H&&/>?DC<&#%&^<OBZ&=MBZ=&K&FLR>EKO&F>OKR>K&=R<E><=&D=<G&>@&KdDKEDOFDC<H&

&&&&&&&&&&

Figure 10: Red Tilapia fish at harvest (My Mom‐Friday, 2009)

)M<& F<QR<CKFDC<& CK@?<& FMKF& F>OKR>K& <@JBL& KO=B& EBCC<OKF<=& FB& >G<KO& F<QR<CKFDC<=& PBC& FM<& ?CBZFM& BP&

KdDKRB@>E& ROK@F=H& & )>OKR>K& KC<& FM<& PK=F<=F& ?CBZ>@?& BP& FM<& =R<E><=& D=<G& >@& KdDKRB@>E& =L=F<Q=& ].<O=B@S&

$%%c_& K@G& GD<& FB& FM<>C& C<=>O><@E<S& FM<>C& D=<& K@G& FM<C<PBC<& FM<& O>F<CKFDC<& KNK>OK^O<& B@& FM<>C& EDOFDCKO&

RCBE<GDC<=& >=&QDEM&QBC<&G<N<OBR<G&K@G& FMBCBD?M& ]5>N<CS&$%%b_H& )M<&ZM>F<`PO<=M<G&Q<KF&BP& F>OKR>K& >=&

RBRDOKC&GD<&FB&>F=&G<=>CK^O<&EDO>@KCL&RCBR<CF><=&BP&FK=F<&K@G&F<YFDC<H&I>CFDKOOL&D@[@BZ@&>@&FM<&78&>@&FM<&

SOOB'(>)ti+#1i#)i()no9)t7e)TFM&QB=F&EB@=DQ<G&=<KPBBG&RCBGDEF&>@&FM<&EBD@FCL&K@G&>F=&RBRDOKC>FL&EB@F>@D<=&

FB&?CBZ&].<O=B@S&$%%c_H&

-&Q<Q^<C&BP&FM<&E>EMO>G&PKQ>OLS&F>OKR>K&>=&FM<&QB=F&Z>G<OL&EDOFDC<G&P>=M&>@&FCBR>EKO&K@G&=D^FCBR>EKO&KC<K=&

BP&FM<&ZBCOG&K@G&MK=&KO=B&^<<@&>@FCBGDE<G&FB&WKRK@S&*@G>K&K@G&FMCBD?MBDF&-=>KS&4D==>KS&9DCBR<&K@G&KO=B&

FM<&-Q<C>EK=&].<O=B@S&$%%c_H&&

3.2.2 Culturing Conditions for Tilapia

-OFMBD?M&N<CL&G<R<@GK^O<&K@G&C<=>O><@F&FB&EMK@?>@?&EB@G>F>B@=S&F>OKR>K&M&O>[<&KOO&BFM<C&P>=M&=R<E><=&M&MKN<&

E<CFK>@&EB@G>F>B@=&KF&ZM>EM&FM<L&?CBZ&^<=FH&

3.2.2.1 Water Quality

TBBG&ZKF<C& dDKO>FL&QD=F& ^<&QK>@FK>@<G& KF& KOO& F>Q<=& >@& K& C<E>CEDOKF>@?& P>=M& FK@[& FB&QK>@FK>@& BRF>QKO&

?CBZFM& EB@G>F>B@=& K@G& M<KOFM& BP& FM<& P>=MH& & 4<?DOKC& ZKF<C& dDKO>FL& F<=F>@?& >=& <==<@F>KO& K@G& EK@& ^<&

R<CPBCQ<G& D=>@?& ZKF<C& dDKO>FL& F<=F>@?& [>F=& B^FK>@<G& PCBQ& KdDKEDOFDCKO& =DRROL& EBQRK@><=H& )M<& QB=F&

EC>F>EKO&ZKF<C&dDKO>FL&RKCKQ<F<C=&FB&QB@>FBC&KC<&G>==BON<G&BYL?<@&EB@E<@FCKF>B@=S&F<QR<CKFDC<S&RUS&K@G&

@>FCB?<@&PCBQ&KQQB@>KS&@>FCKF<&K@G&@>FC>F<H&.>FCB?<@&>@&FM<&PBCQ&BP&@>FCKF<&K@G&@>FC>F<&D=DKOOL&GB<=&@BF&

RC<=<@F&K&ZKF<C&dDKO>FL&RCB^O<Q&>@&KdDKRB@>E&P>=M&FK@[=&K=&@>FC>F<& >=&dD>F<&dD>E[OL&EB@N<CF<G&FB&@>FCKF<&

K@G& @>FCKF<& >F=<OP& >=& B@OL& =<C>BD=OL& FBY>E& FB& P>=M& KF& N<CL& M>?M& O<N<O=& ]A%%`!%%&Q?"V_H& & )M<& ^>BP>OFCKF>B@&

Q<EMK@>=Q&>@&KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<Q=&KO=B&C<QBN<=&@>FCKF<=&dD>F<&Z<OO&K@G&EK@&[<<R&FM<>C&EB@E<@FCKF>B@&KF&

QDEM&OBZ<C&O<N<O=&FMK@&FM>=&]5<VB@?S&VB=BCGBS&f&4K[BELS&$%%:_H&&)MD=&FM<&QB=F&>QRBCFK@F&ZKF<C&dDKO>FL&

RKCKQ<F<C=&FB&G<=>?@&K@G&QK[<&RCKEF>E<&C<EBQQ<@GKF>B@=&PBC&KC<&F<QR<CKFDC<S&G>==BON<G&BYL?<@&K@G&

KQQB@>KH&'FM<C&>QRBCFK@F&RKCKQ<F<C=&>@EODG<&=KO>@>FLS&RMB=RMKF<S&EMOBC>@<&K@G&EKC^B@&G>BY>G<H&&'FM<C&

PKEFBC=&FMKF&>@POD<@E<&FM<&dDKO>FL&BP&P>=M&FK@[&ZKF<C&>@EODG<&FM<&=FBE[>@?&G<@=>FL&BP&FM<&P>=MS&FM<>C&?CBZFM&

CKF<S&FM<&CKF<&KF&ZM>EM&FM<L&KC<&P<GS&FM<&NBODQ<&BP&ZKF<C& >@&FM<&=L=F<Q&K@G&<@N>CB@Q<@FKO&EB@G>F>B@=&

]5>N<CS&$%%b_H&)M<&>G<KO&NKOD<=&PBC&F>OKR>K&ZKF<C&dDKO>FL&RKCKQ<F<C&C<dD>C<Q<@F=&EC>F>EKO&PBC&FM<&G<=>?@&BP&

KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<Q=&]ZM>EM&KC<&<YROK>@<G&^<OBZ_&KC<&=DQQKC>a<G&>@&)K^O<&$H&

Table 2: Summary of ideal water quality conditions for an aquaponic fish tank Parameter Optimal Range for Fish

Tank in Aquaponic Systems

DO bH%`eH%&Q?"V&

Temperature $$H$`$AHA&m1&

pH bH;&`&e&

NO3 n#;%&Q?"V&

Ammonia .UA&&& n%H%!&Q?"V&

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.U!o&& n#H%&Q?"V&

3.2.2.1.1 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

'RF>QKO& 5'& EB@E<@FCKF>B@=& @<<G<G& PBC& P>=M& ?CBZFM& K@G& M<KOFM& K@G& FBO<CK@E<& O>Q>F=& PBC& =DCN>NKO& MKN<&

^<<@& <=FK^O>=M<GH& )M<=<& NKOD<=& EK@& ^<& D=<G& K=& ?D>G<O>@<=& >@& QB@>FBC>@?& K@G& >@& G<=>?@>@?& PBC&

>QRCBN<Q<@F=& >@& FM<& BYL?<@& O<N<O=& KNK>OK^O<& FB& P>=M& ^<PBC<& FM<L& C<KEM& K& EC>F>EKOOL& OBZ& O<N<OH& />=M&Z>OO&

G>=ROKL&=>?@=&BP&=FCD??O<&D@G<C&GK@?<CBD=OL&OBZ&5'&EB@E<@FCKF>B@=H&)M<=<&>@EODG<&=DCPKE>@?S&?DOR>@?&K>C&

K@G& ECBZG>@?& FBZKCG=& KC<K=& ZM<C<& FM<& ZKF<C& =BDCE<& =R>OO=& >@FB& FM<& FK@[& K@G& ZM<C<& 5'& O<N<O=& KC<&

F<QRBCKC>OL& M>?M<C& ](B=FS& #:cA_H& 8DEM& OBZ& O<N<O=& BP& BYL?<@& =MBDOG& @<N<C& ^<& C<KEM<G& >@& KdDKRB@>E&

=L=F<Q=&K@G&K@&K<CKF>B@&=L=F<Q&=MBDOG&^<&RDF&>@&ROKE<&FB&<@=DC<&BRF>QKO&5'&EB@E<@FCKF>B@=H&&&

)>OKR>K&EK@&=DCN>N<&KEDF<&<YRB=DC<=&FB&5'&O<N<O=&K=&OBZ&K=&%H;&Q?"VS&^DF&FM<L&RC<P<C&K&CK@?<&BP&A`#%&Q?"V&

].<O=B@S&$%%c_S&Z>FM&>G<KO&?CBZFM&BEEDCC>@?&KF&O<N<O=&M>?M<C&FMK@&;H%&Q?"V&]5<VB@?S&VB=BCGBS&f&4K[BELS&

$%%:_H& /BC& KdDKRB@>E& =L=F<Q=& >@& ?<@<CKOS& K&5'& O<N<O&BP& c%g& =KFDCKF>B@& ]b`e&Q?"V_& >=&BRF>QKO& ].<O=B@S&

$%%c_H&

3.2.2.1.2 Temperature

5>PP<C<@F& F>OKR>K& =R<E><=& MKN<& G>PP<C<@F& F<QR<CKFDC<& CK@?<=& C<dD>C<G& PBC& BRF>QKO& ?CBZFMH&.B@<&BP& FM<&

=R<E><=&EK@&=DCN>N<&D@G<C&#%&m1&].<O=B@S&$%%c_H&)M<L&GB&Z<OO& >@&K&CK@?<&BP&#e`A$&m1S&G<R<@G>@?&B@&FM<&

=R<E><=&].<O=B@S&$%%c_S&^DF&>G<KO&?CBZFM&BEEDC=&KF&$bHe&m1&K@G&M>?M<C&]5<VB@?S&VB=BCGBS&f&4K[BELS&$%%:_H&

*@&KdDKRB@>E=S&F>OKR>K&KC<&D=DKOOL&CK>=<G&^<FZ<<@&$$H$&K@G&$AHA&m1&>@&BCG<C&FMKF&FM<&@<<G=&BP&FM<&P>=MS&FM<&

@>FC>PL>@?& ^KEF<C>K& K@G& FM<& KdDKRB@>E& ROK@F=& KC<& Q<FS& K=& ROK@F=& R<CPBCQ& ^<FF<C& KF& =O>?MFOL& OBZ<C&

F<QR<CKFDC<=&].<O=B@S&$%%c_H&

)M<=<&=O>?MFOL&OBZ<C&F<QR<CKFDC<=&KO=B&KOOBZ&PBC&K&M>?M<C&G>==BON<G&BYL?<@&EB@F<@FS&K=&FM<&=BOD^>O>FL&BP&

BYL?<@&>@&ZKF<C&G<EC<K=<=&Z>FM&>@EC<K=>@?&F<QR<CKFDC<&]5<VB@?S&VB=BCGBS&f&4K[BELS&$%%:_H&

4KR>G&EMK@?<=&>@&P>=M&FK@[&ZKF<C&F<QR<CKFDC<&QKL&EKD=<&FM<CQKO&FCKDQK&>@&P>=M&K@G&Z>OO&O<KG&FB&RB==>^O<&

G>=CDRF>B@=&BP& FM<&EKCG>BNK=EDOKC&K@G&@<CNBD=&=L=F<Q=S&FM<&C<GDEF>B@&BP& FM<>C&<@aLQKF>E&KEF>N>F><=S&FM<&

R<CQK@<@F&>QRK>CQ<@F&BP&^BG>OL&PD@EF>B@=&BC&>@&G<KFM&](B=FS&#:cA_H&

3.2.2.1.3 pH

+B=F&P>=M&?CBZ&^<=F&KF&K&RU&BP&eH;`cH%H&&)>OKR>K&EK@&FBO<CKF<&K&OKC?<&RU&CK@?<&]PCBQ&;&FB&#%_S&Z>FM&>G<KO&

PD@EF>B@>@?&BEEDCC>@?&^<FZ<<@&RU&b&K@G&:H&*@&K&C<E>CEDOKF>@?&KdDKEDOFDC<&=L=F<Q&FMKF&>@NBON<=&P>OFCKF>B@&

FMCBD?M&K&^>BP>OF<C& ]=DEM&K=&K&MLGCBRB@>ES&Q<G>K`P>OO<G&?CBZ&^<G_S& FM<&RU&BP& FM<& P>=M& FK@[&ZKF<C&QD=F&

K?C<<&Z>FM&FM<&RU&=D>FK^O<& PBC& FM<&=DCN>NKO&BP& FM<&@>FC>PL>@?&^KEF<C>K&?CBZ>@?& >@& FM<&^>BP>OF<CH& &(OK@F=& >@&

KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<Q=&GB&^<=F&KF&RU&bH%`bH;&K@G&FM<&@>FC>PL>@?&^KEF<C>K&R<CPBCQ&^<=F&KF&RU&bHc`:H%H&)MD=S&K&

G<?C<<&BP&EBQRCBQ>=<&QD=F&^<&QKG<&FB&=KF>=PL&KOO&FMC<<&=L=F<Q=H&'PF<@&>@&KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<Q=&K&ZKF<C&

RU&BP&bH;&FB&e&>=&QK>@FK>@<G&].<O=B@S&$%%c_H&

9YE<==>N<OL& M>?M& BC& OBZ&RU& NKOD<=& C<=DOF& >@& =FC<==<=& K@G&GKQK?<& FB& P>=M& =[>@& K@G& ?>OO=S& FM<& >@K^>O>FL& FB&

K^=BC^&BYL?<@S&K@G&FM<&CDRFDC>@?&BP&EKR>OOKC><=&B@&P>@=&K@G&=[>@&KQB@?&BFM<C&@<?KF>N<&=>G<&<PP<EF=&](B=FS&

#:cA_H& & *F& >=& >QRBCFK@F& FB& @BF<& FMKF& FM<& RU& BP& FM<& FK@[& ZKF<C& KO=B& KPP<EF=& FM<& =BOD^>O>FL& BP& BFM<C&

=D^=FK@E<=&>@&FM<&P>=M&<@N>CB@Q<@F&K@G&=BQ<&BP&FM<=<&]<H?H&KQQB@>K_&KC<&FBY>E&FB&P>=MH&&-F&N<CL&M>?M&BC&

N<CL&OBZ&NKOD<=&BP&RUS&FM<&FBY>E>FL&BP&=BQ<&BP&FM<=<&=D^=FK@E<=&FB&P>=M&>@EC<K=<=&?C<KFOLS&^DF&KF&K&@<DFCKO&

RU&BP&eS&FM<&O<==&FBY>E&PBCQ=&BP&FM<=<&EBQRBD@G=&GBQ>@KF<&]5CB=F<S&#::b_H&

*@& KdDKRB@>E& =L=F<Q=S& =>@E<& FM<& RCBE<==& BP& @>FC>P>EKF>B@& ^L& FM<& ^KEF<C>K& >@& FM<& ^>BP>OF<C& >=& K@& KE>G`

RCBGDE>@?&RCBE<==S&^K=<&@<<G=&FB&^<&R<C>BG>EKOOL&KGG<G&KF&=BQ<&RB>@F&>@&FM<&=L=F<Q&>@&BCG<C&FB&QK>@FK>@&

K&RU&BP&eH&(BFK==>DQ&MLGCBY>G<&]2'U_&K@G&EKOE>DQ&MLGCBY>G<&]1K]'U_$_&KC<&BPF<@&D=<G&PBC&FM>=&RDCRB=<H&

-GG>@?&^K=<=&BP&2&K@G&1K&KO=B&=DRRO<Q<@F=&FM<=<&<==<@F>KO&@DFC><@F=&FMKF&QKL&BFM<CZ>=<&^<&>@=DPP>E><@F&

>@&P>=M&ZK=F<&<PPOD<@F&]4K[BELS&+K==<CS&f&VB=BCGBS&$%%b_H&

3.2.2.1.4 Ammonia

-QQB@>K& >=& K& RCBGDEF& BP& FM<& P>=M&ZK=F<& K@G& EK@& ^<& M>?MOL& FBY>E& FB& P>=M&ZM<@& >F& KEEDQDOKF<=& >@& FM<>C&

EDOFDC<&ZKF<CH&)M<&D@>B@>a<G&PBCQ&BP&KQQB@>K&].UA_&>=&M>?MOL&FBY>E&FB&P>=M&K@G&BFM<C&KdDKF>E&O>P<S&ZM>O<&

FM<&KQQB@>DQ&>B@&].U!o_&>=&QDEM&O<==&=B&]5<VB@?S&VB=BCGBS&f&4K[BELS&$%%:_H&&*@&FM<&KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<Q&

RU&BP&eS&FM<&QKJBC>FL&BP&KQQB@>K&@>FCB?<@&>=&>@&FM<&KQQB@>DQ&>B@&PBCQH&&U>?M&RU&NKOD<=&>@EC<K=<&FM<&

RCBRBCF>B@&BP&KQQB@>K&@>FCB?<@&FMKF&>=&>@&FM<&FBY>E&D@>B@>a<G&KQQB@>K&PBCQ&]5CB=F<S&#::b_H&&

4<?DOKC&<YRB=DC<&FB&.UA&EB@E<@FCKF>B@=&<YE<<G>@?&#&Q?"V&Z>OO&O<KG&FB&?>OO&G>=<K=<&K@G&P>=M&Z>OO&^<?>@&FB&

G><&KF&O<N<O=&K=&OBZ&K=&%H$&Q?"VS&Z>FM&BFM<C&PD@EF>B@=&E<K=>@?&FB&BR<CKF<&KF&<N<@&OBZ<C&NKOD<=&](BRQK&f&

+K==<CS&#:::_H&)MD=S&B@<&=MBDOG&=FC>N<&PBC&K&EB@E<@FCKF>B@&BP&.UA&FMKF&>=&K=&EOB=<&FB&a<CB&K=&RB==>^O<&>@&

KdDKEDOFDC<& =L=F<Q=& ]TCK^<C& f& WD@?<S& $%%:_H& & )>OKR>K& EK@& QK>@FK>@& FM<>C& M<KOFM& KF& K@& KQQB@>K&

EB@E<@FCKF>B@&CK@?<&BP&%H%%`%H%!&Q?"V&].<O=B@S&$%%c_H&1B@E<@FCKF>B@=&BP&FM<&>B@>a<G&PBCQ&BP&KQQB@>K&

=MBDOG&^<&QK>@FK>@<G&^<OBZ&#&Q?"V&.U!o&]TCK^<C&f&WD@?<S&$%%:_H&

3.2.2.1.5 Water Quality in BVAA Systems

XKF<C&dDKO>FL&<YR<C>Q<@F=&B@& FM<& P>=M& FK@[&ZKF<C& >@& FM<&KdDKRB@>E& =L=F<Q=&BP& FM<&0I--& >@&0KC^KGB=&

Z<C<&R<CPBCQ<G&^<FZ<<@&.BN<Q^<C&#bFM& K@G&5<E<Q^<C&ACGS& $%%:H& )M<&<YR<C>Q<@F=& >@EODG<G& F<=F=&BP&

FM<&PBOOBZ>@?&RKCKQ<F<C=\&F<QR<CKFDC<S&RUS&=KO>@>FLS&@>FCKF<S&KQQB@>KS&RMB=RMKF<&K@G&G>==BON<G&BYL?<@H&

)M<&B@OL&RKCKQ<F<C&ZM>EM&ZK=&RCB^O<QKF>E&K@G&=MBZ<G&EB@=>=F<@F&NKOD<=&BDF&BP&FM<&KEE<RFK^O<&CK@?<&

PBC& F>OKR>K& EDOF>NKF>B@& ZK=& G>==BON<G& BYL?<@& EB@E<@FCKF>B@H& & 8<<& )K^O<& ##& K@G& />?DC<=& !#& FB& !b& >@&

-RR<@G>Y&0&PBC&FM<&C<=DOF=&BP&FM<=<&ZKF<C&dDKO>FL&F<=F=H&

&3.2.2.2 Feed

)>OKR>K&P>=M&KC<&OKC?<OL&BQ@>NBC<=&K@G&C<=RB@G&Z<OO&FB&EBQQ<CE>KO&P>=M&P<<GH&)M<>C&G><F=&@<<G&FB&^<&Z<OO&

^KOK@E<G& >@& F<CQ=& BP& KQ>@B& KE>G=S& RCBF<>@=S& PKF=S& N>FKQ>@=S& Q>@<CKO=& K@G& EKC^BMLGCKF<=H& & 9YR<CFOL&

PBCQDOKF<G& P<<G=& FMKF& RCBN>G<& KOO& BP& FM<=<& EBQRB@<@F=& PBC& F>OKR>K& KC<& dD>F<& EBQQB@H& & *@& @KFDCKO&

<@N>CB@Q<@F=S&Z>OG&F>OKR>K&QKL&P<<G&B@&KO?K<&]OBZ&>@&RCBF<>@_&K@G&=QKOO&K@>QKO=&=DEM&K=&ZBCQ=&]M>?M&>@&

RCBF<>@_K@G& =QKOO`=EKO<& KdDKRB@>E& ?CBZ<C=& QKL& EMBB=<& FB& P<<G& FM<>C& P>=M& Z>FM& K& Q>YFDC<& BP& FM<=<&

QKF<C>KO=S&MBZ<N<C&BRF>QDQ&F>OKR>K&?CBZFM&Z>OO&^<&B^FK>@<G&^L&FM<&D=<&BP&EBQQ<CE>KO&P<<G&R<OO<F=H&/>=M&

>@&EDOFDC<&C<dD>C<&O<==&PBBG&FMK@&Z>OG&P>=M&K=&FM<L&@<<G&O<==&<@<C?L&FB&=DCN>N<&K@G&B^FK>@&PBBGS&FMD=&FM<&

EB@FCBOO<G& D=<& BP& P>=M& P<<G& R<OO<F=& ?>N<=& FM<& ?CBZ<C& EBQRO<F<& EB@FCBO& BP& FM<& @DFC><@F& >@RDF=& >@FB& FM<&

KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<Q&]4>EM<&f&TKCO>@?S&$%%A_H&&

*@& C<E>CEDOKF>@?& KdDKEDOFDC<S& P<<G>@?& CKF<=& PBC& F>OKR>K& Z>OO& NKCL& Z>FM& P>=M& =>a<H& /BBG& FB& ^<& ?>N<@& >=&

Q<K=DC<G&K=&K&R<CE<@FK?<&BP&FM<&KN<CK?<&^BGL&Z<>?MF&BP&FM<&P>=M&>@&FM<&FK@[H&-O=BS&K=&FM<&KN<CK?<&P>=M&

Z<>?MF& >@EC<K=<=S& FM<& R<CE<@F& ^BGL& Z<>?MF& P<G& FB& FM<& P>=M& G<EC<K=<=H& )M<& GK>OL& P<<G& CKF>B& =MBDOG&

FM<C<PBC<& ^<& KGJD=F<G& FB& KEEBD@F& PBC& P>=M& ?CBZFMH& )K^O<& A& ?>N<=& K@& <YKQRO<& BP& FM>=& FLR<& BP& P<<G>@?&

=EM<GDO<H&

Table 3: Example of daily feeding allowances for different sizes of tilapia. (Source: National Research Council (1993) Nutrient Requirements of Fish. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.)

*@&KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<Q=S&F>OKR>K&P>=M&?CBZ&^<=F&ZM<@&P<G&FMC<<&F>Q<=&GK>OL&KG&O>^>FDQ&]FM<&KQBD@F&BP&PBBG&

FMKF&FM<L&Z>OO&<KF&>@&A%&Q>@DF<=_&]4K[BELS&0K>O<LS&8MDOFaS&f&)MBQK@S&$%%!_S&ZM<C<&FM<&P<<G&>=&EBQRB=<G&

BP& A$g& RCBF<>@& ]8RKG<S& $%%:_H& 5<F<CQ>@>@?& KQBD@F=& BP& P>=M& P<<G& R<C& FK@[& R<C& GKL& BN<C& FM<& ?CBZ>@?&

R<C>BG& BP& FM<& F>OKR>K& ^K=<G& B@& KN<CK?<& P>=M&Z<>?MF& >=& EB@=>G<C<G& K@& BN<C`EBQRO>EKF>B@& ^L& KdDKRB@>E=&

<YR<CF=H& & *@=F<KGS&<QR>C>EKO&NKOD<=&MKN<&^<<@&<=FK^O>=M<G&PBC&FM<&KQBD@F&BP&GK>OL&P>=M&P<<G&R<C&KC<K&BP&

MLGCBRB@>E& ?CBZ&^<GH& )M>=& KOOBZ=& PBC& FM<& EKOEDOKF>B@&BP& FM<&@DQ^<C&BP& P>=M& FM<& =L=F<Q&EK@&?CBZ&K@G&

EB@=<dD<@FOL&FM<&NBODQ<&BP&ZKF<C&@<<G<G&FB&=FBE[&FM<&P>=MH&'N<CP<<G>@?&P>=M&Z>OO&C<=DOF&>@&D@<KF<@&PBBG&

]Z>OO&EBQRCBQ>=<&ZKF<C&dDKO>FL_S&OBZ<C&P<<G&<PP>E><@ELS&C<GDE<G&M<KOFM&BP&P>=M&K@G&>@EC<K=<G&EB=F=&]4>EM<&

f&TKCO>@?S&$%%A_H&

3.3 Plant Crops

3.3.1 Nutritional Requirements

-OO&ROK@F=&QKL&MKN<&G>PP<C<@F&@DFC>F>B@KO&C<dD>C<Q<@F=h&PBC&>@=FK@E<&O<KPL&?C<<@&N<?<FK^O<&C<dD>C<&QBC<&

@>FCKF<=& FMK@&PCD>F>@?&ROK@F=H& &UBZ<N<C&KOO&ROK@F=& >@&KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<Q=&@<<G&#b&<==<@F>KO&@DFC><@F=& PBC&

QKY>QDQ&?CBZFMH&&&)M<=<&EBQ<&>@&FM<&PBCQ&BP&QKECB@DFC><@F=S&ZM>EM&>@&KGG>F>B@&FB&EKC^B@S&MLGCB?<@S&

K@G& BYL?<@S&ZM>EM& KC<& =DRRO><G& ^L&ZKF<CS& EKC^B@& G>BY>G<S& K@G& KFQB=RM<C>E& K>CS& >@EODG<& @>FCB?<@& ]._S&

RBFK==>DQ& ]2_S& EKOE>DQ& ]1K_S& QK?@<=>DQ& ]+?_S& RMB=RMBCBD=& ](_S& K@G& =DORMDC& ]8_H& & & )M<C<& KC<& =<N<@&

Q>ECB@DFC><@F=&@<E<==KCL&K=&Z<OO&K@G&FM<L&KC<&EMOBC>@<&]1O_S& >CB@&]/<_S&QK?@<=>DQ&]+@_S&^BCB@&]0_S&a>@E&

],@_S&EBRR<C& ]1D_S&K@G&QBOL^G<@DQ&]+B_H& & &)M<=<&@DFC><@F=&MKN<&FB&^<&^KOK@E<GS&K=&K@&<YE<==&BP&B@<&

QKL& >@F<CP<C<&Z>FM&FM<&DRFK[<&BP&K@BFM<CS&K=& >=& FM<&EK=<&ZM<@&RBFK==>DQ&KPP<EF=& FM<&^>BKNK>OK^>O>FL&BP&

QK?@<=>DQ&BC&EKOE>DQH& *CB@&EB@E<@FCKF>B@=& >@&KdDKRB@>E&ZK=F<ZKF<C&KC<& >@=DPP>E><@F& PBC&ROK@F&?CBZFM&

K@G&FM<C<PBC<&>CB@&MK=&FB&^<&=DRRO<Q<@F<G&FB&K&EB@E<@FCKF>B@&BP&$&Q?"VH&]4K[BELS&+K==<CS&f&VB=BCGBS&

$%%b_H&&&&

3.3.2 Crop Selection

+K@L& FLR<=&BP&ROK@F=& EK@&?CBZ& =DEE<==PDOOL& >@& KdDKRB@>E& =L=F<Q=H& & )M<&1CBR&5>N<C=>P>EKF>B@&1<@F<C& >@&

0CBB[=S& -O^<CFK& MK=& C<RBCF<G& ?CBZ>@?&BN<C&b%& G>PP<C<@F& PBBG& ECBR=& >@& FM<>C& KdDKRB@>E=& FC>KO=& ].<O=B@S&

$%%c_H&&&&'C>?>@KOOL&>F&ZK=&FMBD?MF&FMKF&B@OL&O<KPL&?C<<@&N<?<FK^O<&K@G&M<C^&ECBR=&EBDOG&^<&?CBZ@S&^DF&>F&

MK=&=>@E<&^<<@&RCBN<@&FMKF&K&Z>G<&NKC><FL&BP&PCD>F>@?&ECBR=S&^<K@=S&K@G&POBZ<C=&EK@&^<&?CBZ@&<PP<EF>N<OLH&&

-OFMBD?M&QK@L&ECBR=&EK@&^<&?CBZ@&>@&K@&KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<QS&=BQ<&KC<&QBC<&=D>FK^O<&FMK@&BFM<C=H&&XM<@&

EMBB=>@?&K&ECBR&FB&EDOF>NKF<S&FM<&?CBZ<C'()o?Ue4ti<e)(7o0+&)?e)t#Gen)inFB&KEEBD@F&P>C=F&K@G&PBC<QB=FH&&*P&

FM<&B^J<EF>N<&BP&FM<&N<@FDC<& >=&FB&FDC@&K&RCBP>FS&K=& >F& >=&Z>FM&EBQQ<CE>KO&=EKO<&=L=F<Q=S&FM<@&ECBR=&FMKF&

MKN<&K&M>?M&QKC[<F&NKOD<&K@G&=MBCF&MKCN<=F>@?&F>Q<&Z>OO&^<&QBC<&KRRCBRC>KF<H&&)M<=<&>@EODG<&M<C^=&=DEM&

K=&^K=>OS&EM>N<=S&E>OK@FCBS&K@G&RKC=O<L&ZMB=<&MKCN<=F&F>Q<=&KC<&^<FZ<<@&$;&K@G&!%&GKL=&]4K[BELS&+K==<CS&

f&VB=BCGBS&$%%b_H&&&V<FFDE<&>=&FM<&QB=F&?CBZ@&ECBR&>@&KdDKRB@>E=&GD<&FB&^BFM&>F=&=MBCF&MKCN<=F>@?&F>Q<&

]A`!&Z<<[=_&K@G&M>?M&G<QK@G&>@&Z<=F<C@&G><F=h&^<EKD=<&K&OKC?<&RBCF>B@&BP&>F=&P>@KO&QK==&>=&MKCN<=FK^O<&

K@G& <G>^O<S& >F& >=& K& N<CL& ODECKF>N<& ECBRH& & & -@BFM<C& C<K=B@& FM<=<& ECBR=& GB&Z<OO& >=& ^<EKD=<& FM<& OKE[& BP& K&

PCD>F>@?&=FK?<&[<<R=&@DFC><@F&C<dD>C<Q<@F=&EB@=>=F<@FS&C<=DOF>@?&>@&K&QBC<&C<O>K^O<&MKCN<=FH&&&'FM<C&O<KPL&

?C<<@& N<?<FK^O<& BP& FM>=& @KFDC<& KC<& 8Z>==& EMKCGS& (K[& 1MB>S& 1M>@<=<& EK^^K?<S& EBOOKCG& K@G& ZKF<CEC<==S&

ZM>EM& >@&KGG>F>B@&FB&FM<&KPBC<Q<@F>B@<G&KGNK@FK?<=S&KO=B&<YR<C><@E<& O<==&R<=F&RCB^O<Q=&FMK@&PCD>F>@?&

ROK@F=&]4K[BEL&WH&9HS&#:cc`c:_H&&

Figure 11: Vibrantly coloured leafy vegetables and extensive root systems in aquaponic systems (Somma, 2008) and (Wilson, 2010)

XM>O<&PCD>F>@?&ECBR=&BP&KOO&[>@G=&KC<&=DEE<==PDOOL&?CBZ@&>@&KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<Q=S&FM<L&KC<&QB=FOL&EDOF>NKF<G&

^L&MB^^L>=F=&?CBZ>@?&PBC&EB@=DQRF>B@&BC&^L&C<=<KCEM<C=H&&&0<EKD=<&FM<=<&ROK@F=&MKN<&OB@?<C&MKCN<=F>@?&

F>Q<=S&FM<L&KC<&^<FF<C&=D>F<G&FB&?CBZFM&>@&KC<K=&FMKF&MKN<&K&OB@?<C&?CBZ>@?&=<K=B@&=DEM&K=&FM<&FCBR>E=&

ZM<C<& ?CBZ>@?& EK@& ^<& EKCC><G& BDF& KOO& L<KC& OB@?H& & +<OB@=S& FBQKFB<=S& B[CKS& R<RR<C=& K@G& EBC@& KC<& KOO&

RBRDOKC&PCD>F>@?&ECBR=&ECBZ@&>@&KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<Q=&].<O=B@S&$%%c_&

3.4 Bacteria

-DFBFCBRM>E& ^KEF<C>K& FMKF& EB@N<CF& P>=M& ZK=F<& >@FB& @DFC><@F=& PBC& ROK@F& DRFK[<& KC<& ECDE>KO& K@G& Z>FMBDF&

FM<QS& K@& KdDKRB@>E& =L=F<Q& Z>OO& @BF& PD@EF>B@H& & -RRCBRC>KF<& <@N>CB@Q<@FKO& EB@G>F>B@=& QD=F& ^<&

QK>@FK>@<G&FB&<@=DC<&FM<&K^D@GK@F&?CBZFM&BP&Q>ECB^>KO&RBRDOKF>B@=&>@&FM<&^>BP>OF<CH&&.>FC>PL>@?&^KEF<C>K&

?CBZ>@?&B@&FM<&OKC?<&=DCPKE<&BP&FM<&^>BP>OF<C&Q<G>K&K@G&>@&K==BE>KF>B@&Z>FM&FM<&ROK@F&CBBF=&Z>OO&R<CPBCQ&

KOO& BP& FM<& @<E<==KCL& @DFC><@F& EB@N<C=>B@=& PBC& FM<& P<<G>@?& BP& ROK@F=& K@G& PBC& FM<& P>OFCKF>B@& BP& P>=M& FK@[&

<PPOD<@FH&&)M<&?CBZ&^<G&Q<G>K&>@&Q<G>K`P>OO<G&KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<Q=&PD@EF>B@=&K=&K&POD>G>a<G&^<G&^>BC<KEFBC&`&

>F&C<QBN<=&G>==BON<G&=BO>G=&K@G&MBD=<=&@>FC>PL>@?&^KEF<C>K&>@NBON<G&>@&FM<&EB@N<C=>B@&BP&@DFC><@F=&]5>N<CS&

$%%b_& FMCBD?M& K& RCBE<==& [@BZ@& K=& FM<& @>FCB?<@& ELEO<H& />?DC<& #$& =MBZ=& K& EB@E<RFDKO& G>K?CKQ& BP& FM<&

@>FCB?<@&ELEO<&K=&>F&R<CFK>@=&FB&KdDKRB@>E&PBBG&RCBGDEF>B@H&

Figure 12: The nitrogen cycle in aquaponic systems (Steve, 2007)

/>=M&FK@[&<PPOD<@F&Z>OO&EB@FK>@&FBFKO&KQQB@>K&].UA&K@G&.U!o_&<YEC<F<G&FMCBD?M&P>=M&DC>@<&K@G&&?>OO=&K@G&

PBCQ<G& PCBQ& FM<& G<EBQRB=>F>B@& BP& BC?K@>E& =BO>G=& =DEM& K=& P>=M& ZK=F<& K@G& D@<KF<@& PBBGH& .>FC>PL>@?&

^KEF<C>KS&RKCF>EDOKCOL&Nitrosomonas sp.&EB@N<CF&FM<&FBY>E&KQQB@>KS&D=>@?&>F&K=&K@&<@<C?L&=BDCE<&FB&@>FC>F<&

].'$`_& `& K@BFM<C&EBQRBD@G& FBY>E& FB& P>=M& `&^L&D=>@?&BYL?<@& >@&K@&BY>GKF>B@&RCBE<==H&)M<&@>FC>F<& >=& FM<@&

dD>E[OL&BY>G>a<G&^L&K@BFM<C&FLR<&BP&@>FC>PL>@?&^KEF<C>KS&@KQ<OL&Nitrobacter sp.&FB&PBCQ&@>FCKF<&].'A`_S&FM<&

RC<P<CC<G&PBCQ&BP&@>FCB?<@&PBC&ROK@F&DRFK[<&]VB=BCGBS&+K==<CS&f&4K[BELS&#::c_H&

XM<@&P>=M&KC<&>@>F>KOOL&>@FCBGDE<G&>@FB&K@&KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<QS&FM<&KQQB@>K&O<N<O=&>@&FM<&ZKF<C&>@EC<K=<&

PBC&FM<&P>C=F&Z<<[&BC&=BS&KPF<C&ZM>EM&FM<L&^<?>@&FB&G<EC<K=<&ZM>O<&@>FC>F<&O<N<O=&C>=<H&'@E<&FZB&Z<<[=&FB&

$%&GKL=&MKN<&RK==<GS& FM<&@>FC>F<& O<N<O=&Z>OO& PKOO&K=&Z<OOS&ZM>O<&@>FCKF<& O<N<O=& >@EC<K=<H&-F& PBDC&Z<<[=&BC&

^<FZ<<@&$%&K@G&A%&GKL=S& FM<&@>FCB?<@&EBQRBD@G=&Z>OO& C<OKF>N<OL& =FK^>O>a<& >@&EB@E<@FCKF>B@H& & />?DC<&#A&

^<OBZ&=MBZ=&K&?CKRM>EKO&C<RC<=<@FKF>B@&BP&FM<&KEF>B@&BP&@>FC>PL>@?&^KEF<C>K&>@&FM<&@>FCB?<@&ELEO<H&

Figure 13: A not‐to‐scale graphical representation of the nitrogen cycle resulting from the addition of fish to an aquaponic fish tank (Nelson, 2008).

-@&KEF>N<&Q>ECB^>KO&RBRDOKF>B@&=MBDOG&^<&<=FK^O>=M<G&>@&FM<&^>BP>OF<C&^<PBC<&P>=M&KC<&KGG<G&FB&FM<&=L=F<QH&

XM<@& P>=M& KC<& KOC<KGL& RC<=<@F& >@& FM<& KdDKRB@>E& P>=M& FK@[S& C<`=FBE[>@?&Z>FM& @<Z& P>=M& =MBDOG& @<N<C& ^<&

GB@<&KF&R<K[&O<N<O=&BP&KQQB@>K&BC&@>FC>F<&].<O=B@S&$%%c_H&

.>FC>PL>@?&^KEF<C>K&@<<G&BYL?<@&PBC&FM<>C&Q<FK^BO>E&RCBE<==<=S&FM<C<PBC<&FM<&^>BP>OF<C&Q<G>K&FMKF&FM<L&KC<&

MBD=<G&>@&@<<G=&FB&^<&RBCBD=&K@G&Z<OO&K<CKF<GH&)M<L&KO=B&C<dD>C<&K&E<CFK>@&RU&CK@?<H&)M>=&>=&PCBQ&RU&e&

FB&c&].<O=B@S&$%%c_S&ZM<C<&FM<&R<CPBCQK@E<&BP&FM<&Q>ECB^<=&>@&BY>G>a>@?&D@ZK@F<G&EBQRBD@G=&^<?>@=&

FB&G<EC<K=<&^<OBZ&K&RU&BP&bHcH&&)M<&BRF>QKO&EB@N<C=>B@&BP&FBY>E&FB&@B@&FBY>E&EBQRBD@G=&BEEDC=&KF&$;&m1&

].<O=B@S&$%%c_H&

4<OKF>N<&KQ

BD@F&]@

&=EKO<_&

/>=M&<@F<C& &&&&&'@<&Z<<[& &&&&&&)ZB&Z<<[=& &&&&&&&&)MC<<&Z<<[=& &&&&&&&&&&&/BDC&X<<[=&=L=F<Q&

-QQB@>K&

.>FC>F<&

.>FCKF<&

.>CB=BQB@K=&=RH&

.>FCB^KEF<C&=RH&

)M<&Q>ECB^>KO& RBRDOKF>B@=& PBD@G& >@& KdDKRB@>E& =L=F<Q=& KC<& N>CFDKOOL& @<N<C& RKFMB?<@>EH& )M<& RKFMB?<@=&

FMKF&KC<&EKCC><G&^L&ZKCQ`^OBBG<G&K@>QKO=&K@G&ZM>EM&MKN<&C<E<@FOL&EC<KF<G&@DQ<CBD=&DR=<F=&>@&FM<&PBBG&

>@GD=FCL&GD<& FB&EB@FKQ>@KF>B@& >@& PBBG&RCBE<==>@?&K@G&RKE[K?>@?&ROK@F=&KC<&@BF&RC<=<@F& >@& P>=M&BC& P>=M&

ZK=F<& ].<O=B@S&$%%c_D) V/CBQ& FM<&R<C=R<EF>N<&BP& PBBG& =KP<FL& >@& KdDKRB@>E& =L=F<Q=S& FM<C<& =<<Q=& FB&^<&

QDEM& O<==& O>[<O>MBBG& BP& EB@FKQ>@KF>B@& BP& N<?<FK^O<& K@G& BFM<C& KdDKRB@>E& ECBR=S& K@G& P>=MS& Z>FM&

RKFMB?<@>E&^KEF<C>K&BP&GBQ<=F>E&K@>QKO&BC>?>@S&K@G&Z>FM&Q>ECB=EBR>E&RKCK=>F<=&=DEM&K=&Cyclospora sp. BP&

MDQK@&BC>?>@S& K@G&Cryptosporidium sp.& BP& GBQ<=F>E& K@>QKO&BC>?>@S& >@& KdDKRB@>E& =L=F<Q=S& <=R<E>KOOL& >@&

>@GBBC&=L=F<Q=S&EBQRKC<G&Z>FM&FM<&RBF<@F>KO&BP&=DEM&EB@FKQ>@KF>B@&>@&FM<&FCKG>F>B@KO&P><OG&Q<FMBG=&BP&

gro9ing)(047)4ro1(DW&]1MKOQ<C=S&$%%!_&

4. The Design

)M<&G<=>?@&RCBE<==&NKC><=&?C<KFOL&PCBQ&K@G&>=&M>?MOL&G<R<@G<@F&B@&FM<&@KFDC<&BP&FM<&RCBJ<EF&K@G&MBZ&>F&

EKQ<&K^BDFS&FM<&R<C=B@&BC&R<BRO<&ZMB&<@EBD@F<C&FM<&@<<G&FB&G<=>?@&=BQ<FM>@?&K@G&FM<&=>FDKF>B@&FM<L&

P>@G&FM<Q=<ON<=&>@H&& & &5<=R>F<&FM>=&NKCL>@?&@KFDC<S&K& PCKQ<ZBC[&PBC&FM<&G<=>?@&RCBE<==&EK@&^<&RDF&PBCFM&

FMKF&<@EBQRK==<=&=BQ<&[<L&<O<Q<@F=&EBQQB@OL&<@EBD@F<C<GH&&

Problem Identification:

'@&K&?OB^KO&=EKO<S&FM<&RCB^O<Q&FMKF&FM>=&RCBJ<EF&KGGC<==<=&>=&PBBG&=<EDC>FLS&K=&=FKF<G&RC<N>BD=OLH&& &'@&K&

QDEM& =QKOO<C& =EKO<S& FM<& RCB^O<Q& FMKF& ZK=& ^<>@?& KGGC<==<G& ^L& FM<& RCBJ<EF& ZK=& FM<& >@<PP>E><@EL& K@G&

D@=E><@F>P>E&KRRCBKEM&FMKF&ZK=&<@EBD@F<C<G&ZM>O<&^<>@?&<YRB=<G&FB&KdDKRB@>E=&>@&0KC^KGB=H&&&

Analysis and Research:

7RB@& C<FDC@>@?& PCBQ& 0KC^KGB=S& FM<& KdDKRB@>E=& =L=F<Q=& FMKF& Z<C<& @BZ& =BQ<ZMKF& PKQ>O>KCS& Z<C<&

K@KOL=<G&Z>FM& C<@<Z<G& =ECDF>@LH& & *F&ZK=& <N>G<@F& FMKF& FM<& =L=F<Q& EBDOG& ^<& >QRCBN<G& K@G& FM<C<&Z<C<&

=D=R>E>B@=&FBZKCG=&ZMKF&Q>?MF&KEM><N<& FM>=& >QRCBN<Q<@FH& & & 8BQ<& C<=<KCEMS&^BFM& PBCQKO&K@G& >@PBCQKO&

MKG&KOC<KGL&^<<@&EB@GDEF<GS&^DF& FB&KEEBQRO>=M&FM<&B^J<EF>N<&BP&BRF>Q>a>@?&FM<&=L=F<QS&K&=>?@>P>EK@FOL&

QBC<&G<FK>O<G&O>F<CKFDC<&C<N><Z&ZK=&EB@GDEF<GH&&&(KCKQ<F<C=&=DEM&K=&FM<&P<<G>@?&CKF<&CKF>BS&P>=M&=FBE[>@?&

G<@=>F><=S&=L=F<Q&K<CKF>B@S&K@G&FM<&=>a>@?&BP&FM<&=L=F<Q&KOB@?&Z>FM&FM<&MKCN<=F>@?&BP&P>=M&K@G&N<?<FK^O<=&

Z<C<&<YROBC<GS&K@G&=<N<CKO&<YR<CF=&Z<C<&EB@=DOF<GS&>@EODG>@?&5CH&WKQ<=&4K[BELS&ZMB&>=&EB@=>G<C<G&FM<&

ZBCOG'(& PBC<QB=F& <YR<CF& >@& FM<& BRF>Q>aKF>B@& BP& PBBG& RCBGDEF>B@& PCBQ& KdDKRB@>E& =L=F<Q=& K@G& ZMB&

F<KEM<=&KF&FM<&7@>N<C=>FL&BP&FM<&I>C?>@&*=OK@G=S&K=&Z<OO&K=&=<N<CKO&RCBP<==BC=&>@&FM<&+ET>OO&7@>N<C=>FL&(OK@F&

8E><@E<&5<RKCFQ<@FH&&&

Specification:

8KF>=P><G&FMKF&=DPP>E><@F&C<=<KCEM&ZK=&GB@<S&[<L&RKCKQ<F<C=S&=DEM&K=&FM<&B@<=&G>=ED==<G&RC<N>BD=OLS&Z<C<&

>G<@F>P><G&Z>FM>@&FM<&=EBR<&BP&FM<&RCBJ<EF<G&G<=>?@H&&&5<E>=>B@=&Z<C<&QKG<&>@&C<?KCG=&FB&FM<&dDKO>FKF>N<&

K@G&dDK@F>FKF>N<&@KFDC<&BP&FM<=<&RKCKQ<F<C=S&ZM>EM&Z>OO&^<&G>=ED==<G&>@&=D^=<dD<@F&=<EF>B@=H&&&

Presentation:

)M<&RC<=<@F&C<RBCF&>=&FM<&PCD>F&BP&QB@FM=&BP&OK^BDCS&ZM<C<^L&KOO&FM<&>G<K=S&G<E>=>B@S&K@G&ZBC[&KC<&^<>@?&

QK@>P<=F<G&>@&K&P>@KO&G<=>?@H&&&

4.1 System Stocking Density

4.1.1 Growing Area

)M<&?CBZ>@?&KC<K&>=&FM<&=FKCF>@?&RB>@F&PBC&K&=L=F<Q&G<=>?@&^<EKD=<&BFM<C&RKCKQ<F<C=&KC<&^K=<G&B@&FM<&

KC<K&BN<C&ZM>EM&ROK@F=&EK@&^<&?CBZ@H&-&?CBZ>@?&KC<K&BP&b&Q$&ZK=&EMB=<@&PBC&FM<&G<=>?@&KC^>FCKC>OLS&Z>FM&

G>Q<@=>B@=& BP& $& Q& >@& Z>GFM& ^L& A& Q& >@& O<@?FMH& & *F& ZK=& EMB=<@& ^<EKD=<& >F& ZK=& FMBD?MF& FB& ^<& K@&

KRRCBRC>KF<OL&=>a<G&KC<K&PBC&PKQ>O><=&FB&QK>@FK>@&>@&K&^KE[LKCGH&&

4.1.2 Basil, Okra and Coconut Husk

0K=>O& K@G&B[CK&Z<C<& EMB=<@& K=& FM<& ECBR=& >@& FM<& =L=F<Q=&G<=>?@H& & )M<L&Z<C<& EMB=<@& KC^>FCKC>OL& =>QROL&

^<EKD=<&>F&ZK=&[@BZ@&FMKF&FM<L&Z<C<&KRRCBRC>KF<&PBC&FCBR>EKO&EO>QKF<=&K@G&FM<C<&ZK=&K&OKC?<&KQBD@F&BP&

KNK>OK^O<&O>F<CKFDC<&PCBQ&RC<N>BD=&KdDKRB@>E=&K@G&MLGCBRB@>E=&=FDG><=H& &1BEB@DF&MD=[&ZK=&EMB=<@&GD<&

FB&>F=&KNK>OK^>O>FL&K@G&RC<N>BD=&D=<&>@&FM<&=L=F<Q=&>@&0KC^KGB=H&

4.1.2.1 Okra

'[CK&>=&K@&K@@DKO&FCBR>EKO&N<?<FK^O<&ZM>EM&>=&EDOF>NKF<G&>@&FM<&8BDFM<C@&7@>F<G&8FKF<=S&FM<&1KC>^^<K@&K@G&

-PC>EKH&)M<&PCD>F=&]R>EFDC<&>@&/>?DC<&#!&^<OBZ_&KC<&MKCN<=F<G&ZM<@&>QQKFDC<&K@G&<KF<@&K=&K&N<?<FK^O<H&

)M<&ROK@F&GB<=&@BF&?CBZ&>@&EBBO&KC<K=&BC&M>?M&KOF>FDG<=S&^DF& >F& >=&<YFC<Q<OL&M<KF&K@G&GCBD?MF&C<=>=FK@F&

K@G&>=&FM<C<PBC<&?CBZ@&>@&QK@L&EBD@FC><=&Z>FM&G>PP>EDOF&?CBZ>@?&EB@G>F>B@=&]8>B@>FS&#:c#_H& &'[CK&ROK@F=&

EK@&?CBZ@&FB&^<&BN<C&!&P<<F&FKOO&BC&EK@&^<&FBRR<G&K@G&?CBZ@&=MBCF<C&K@G&Z>G<CH&&)M<&ROK@F&EK@&=DCN>N<&

^<FZ<<@& F<QR<CKFDC<=&BP&$%%&M&A%& m1&K@G&RU& O<N<O=&BP&^<FZ<<@&bH;&K@G&eH;H& & &(KOKFK^>O>FL&BP& FM<& PCD>F&

G<EC<K=<=& >P& FM<&ROK@F& >=& O<PF& FB& ?CBZ& FB&QKFDC>FLS&ZM>EM& FK[<=& K^BDF&:%&GKL=& ]TKCG<@>@?\&-^BDFHEBQS&

$%#%_H&&

Figure 14: Harvested okra pods (Pesto: Salt and Pepper Blog)

4.1.2.2 Basil

0K=>O&>=&B@<&BP&FM<&QB=F&RBRDOKC&M<C^=&>@&FM<&=R>E<&EK^>@<F=&BP&.BCFM&K@G&8BDFM&-Q<C>EK&K=&Z<OO&K=&FM<&

1KC>^^<K@H&*F&>=&=BOG&PC<=M`EDF&]/>?DC<&#;_&#n&)&rie&)in)?ot7)(01er:#rGet()#n&)=#r:er('):#rGet(D)X<er)QB)

G>PP<C<@F&EDOF>NKC=&KC<&[@BZ@S&^DF&FM<&QB=F&EBQQ<CE>KO&EDOF>NKC&^<OB@?=&FB&FM<&=R<E><=&O. basilicumH&0K=>O&

>=&@BF&JD=F&D=<G&PBC&EDO>@KCL&@<<G=h&>F&EK@&KO=B&^<&D=<G&K=&K@&BC@KQ<@FKO&M<C^S&K@G&FM<&<YFCKEF=&KC<&D=<G&

>@&FCKG>F>B@KO&Q<G>E>@<=&K@G&<==<@F>KO&B>O=H&&)M<&CK@?<&BP&KN<CK?<&F<QR<CKFDC<=&FMKF&^K=>O&EK@&=DCN>N<&>@&>=&

^<FZ<<@&$%&M&$!&m1&K@G&FM<&RC<P<CC<G&RU&CK@?<&>=&;H;&FB&eH%&]TKCG<@>@?\&-^BDFHEBQS&$%#%_H&

Figure 15: Freshly‐cut basil leaves (Okra Varieties: Diet, Desert and Dogs Blog)

4.1.2.3 Coconut Husk

)M>=&=L=F<Q&>=&B@<&FMKF&>=&Q<G>K&^K=<GS&K=&BRRB=<G&FB&K&CKPF&BC&./)&=L=F<QS&ZM>EM&D=<&@BFM>@?&FB&=DRRBCF&

FM<&CBBF&=FCDEFDC<&BP&FM<&ROK@F=H&&&)M<&?CBZ&Q<G>K&EK@&^<&FMBD?MF&BP&K=&K&G>C<EF&=FCDEFDCKO&C<ROKE<Q<@F&

PBC&=B>OH&

)M<&=L=F<Q&G<=>?@&D=<=&EBEB@DF&MD=[&K=&Q<G>KH&&&)M<&EMB>E<&BP&EBEB@DF&MD=[&>=&=BQ<ZMKF&D@BCFMBGBY&K=&

QB=F& Q<G>K& =L=F<Q=& DF>O>a<& =K@GS& ?CKN<OS& R<CO>F<S& BC& <YRK@G<G& EOKL& R<^^O<=H& & 1BEB@DF& MD=[& >=& D=<G&

^<EKD=<&>F&>=&K&C<KG>OL&KNK>OK^O<&K@G&EM<KR&QKF<C>KO&FMKF&EK@&^<&PBD@G&KOO&BN<C&FM<&1KC>^^<K@H&&*F&KO=B&>=&

<K=><C&FB&QK@>RDOKF<&K=&>F&>=&QDEM&O>?MF<C&FMK@&>F=&KOF<C@KF>N<=H&&&

Figure 16: Coconut husk fibres (Block, 2009) Figure 17: Coconut husk chips (Loren, 2010)

*@&C<KO>FLS&^<EKD=<&FM<&EBEB@DF&MD=[&>=&BC?K@>E&>@&BC>?>@S&K=&>F&G<?CKG<=&>F&Z>OO&EB@FC>^DF<&@DFC>F>B@KOOL&FB&

FM<&=L=F<QH& & &)M>=&KOOBZ=&PBC&K^D@GK@F&Q>ECB^>KO&EBQQD@>F><=&FB&<Y>=F& >@&FM<&?CBZ@&^<GS&ZM>EM& >=&KO=B&

KEF>@?&K=&K&^>BP>OF<CH&&UD=[&EBQ<=&>@&FM<&PBCQ&BP&EM>RR<G&R><E<=S&ZM>EM&NKCL&>@&=>a<S&K@G&P>^CBD=&=FK@G=H&&

)M<&NKC>KF>B@&BP&FM<&Q<G>K&=>a<=&K@G&PBCQ=S&KOB@?&Z>FM&>F=&?CKGDKO&G<?CKGKF>B@S&C<=DOF=&>@&K&NKC>KF>B@&BP&

t7e) :#teri#+'() 1oro(it;D) ) ) Y#ter) :o<e() t7ro0g7) FM<& Q<G>K& dD>F<& <K=>OLS& MBZ<N<C& K=& FM<& QKF<C>KO&

G<?CKG<=S& =BQ<&K@K<CB^>E& aB@<=&QKL& PBCQH& & &-<CKF>@?& FM<&?CBZ&^<G&M<OR=&Z>FM& FM>=&K=R<EFS&MBZ<N<CS&

^<EKD=<&FM<&=BO>G&ZK=F<&PCBQ&FM<&P>=M&FK@[&>=&FCK@=P<CC<G&FB&FM<&Q<G>KS&K=&>F&K@G&FM<&MD=[&G<?CKG<S&FM<&

=L=F<Q&Z>OO&?CKGDKOOL&EOB?&K@G&FM<&Q<G>K&Z>OO&@<<G&FB&^<&C<ROKE<G&<N<CL&P<Z&L<KC=H&&

4.1.3 Component Ratios

)M<& P<<G& EB@N<C=>B@& CKF>BS& P<<G& CKF<& CKF>BS& K@G& EC>F>EKO& =FK@G>@?& ECBR& KC<& EB`G<R<@G<@F& RKCKQ<F<C=S&

Q<K@>@?&FMKF&FM<L&KC<&O>@[<GS&K@G&KOF<C>@?&B@<S&Z>OO&@<E<==>FKF<&EMK@?<=&>@&FM<&BFM<C&FZBH&& &)M>=&G<=>?@&

D=<=&NKOD<=&PBC&FM<=<&RKCKQ<F<C=&^K=<G&B@&C<=<KCEM&GB@<&^L&5CH&WKQ<=&4K[BEL&KF&FM<&7@>N<C=>FL&BP&FM<&

I>C?>@&*=OK@G=&K@G&ZM>EM&KC<&Z>G<OL&D=<G&KCBD@G&FM<&ZBCOG&>@&KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<Q=H&&-&P<<G>@?&CKF<&CKF>B&BP&

$;&?"Q$&R<C&GKLS&K&EB@N<C=>B@&CKF>B&]/14_&BP&#HeS&K@G&K&EC>F>EKO&=FK@G>@?&ECBR&BP&b%&[?"QA&KC<&D=<GH&

4.1.4 Feed Rate Ratio and Annual Fish Feed Mass.

-&P<<G&CKF<&CKF>B&BP&$;&?"Q$&?CBZ&^<G&KC<K&R<C&GKL&>=&D=<GH&&)M<&7I*&=L=F<Q&D=<=&FM<&K@KOB?BD=&CKF>B&BP&

#%%&?"Q$&R<C&GKL&PBC&K&POBKF>@?&CKPF&=L=F<QS&ZM>EM&MK=&PBDC&F>Q<=&FM<&KQBD@F&BP&ZKF<CH&&&7=>@?&FM>=&P<<G&

CKF<&CKF>BS&Z<&KC<&K^O<&FB&EKOEDOKF<&FM<&K@@DKO&KQBD@F&BP&P>=M&P<<G&D=<G&>@&FM<&=L=F<Q\&&

!""#$% &''( )'*+,- = 25 +.2 / ( /365 (01 / 6 .2

+1234'( / 1 5+

1000 + = 54.75 5+/0'$1&

4.1.5 Feed Conversion Ratio

-& P<<G& EB@N<C=>B@& CKF>B& ]/14_&BP&#He& >=&D=<GS&Q<K@>@?& FMKF& PBC&<N<CL& [>OB?CKQ&BP& P>=M&^>BQK==& ?CBZFM&

G<=>C<GS&#He&[?&BP&P<<G&>=&@<<G<GH&&&-&/14&BP&#He&EBCC<=RB@G=&FB&K&P<<G>@?&CKF<&<PP>E><@EL&BP&%H;:&]#He`#_S&

Q<K@>@?&FMKF&PBC&<N<CL&[?&BP&P>=M&P<<G&D=<GS&%H;:&[?&BP&P>=M&^>BQK==&>=&RCBGDE<GH&&

4.1.6 Fish Biomass Production

7=>@?& FM<& P<<G>@?& CKF<& <PP>E><@EL& K@G& FM<& KQBD@F& BP& P>=M& P<<G& D=<G& >@& FM<& =L=F<QS& t7e) (;(te:'() net)

^>BQK==&RCBGDEF>B@&>=&EKOEDOKF<G&K=&PBOOBZ=\&&

!""#$% 6*2.$77 812(#9-*2" = 54.75 5+ :*7, :''(01 / 0.59 5+ 4*2.$775+ :*7, :''( = 32.3 5+ 4*2.$77&

/>@KOOLS& FB& KCC>N<& KF& FM<& @DQ^<C&BP& P>=M& FM<& =L=F<Q&Z>OO& ^<& K^O<& FB& RCBGDE<& >@& K& L<KCS&Z<& D=<& FM<& @<F&

^>BQK==&?K>@&<KEM&P>=M&Z>OO&<YR<C><@E<H&&/>@?<CO>@?=&Z>OO&<@F<C&FM<&=L=F<Q&KF&$%&?&K@G&Z>OO&^<&MKCN<=F<G&KF&

K&QKC[<F&Z<>?MF&BP&!;%&?S&Q<K@>@?&FM<C<&>=&K&@<F&Z<>?MF&?K>@&BP&%H!A%&[?"P>=MH&

;#.4'1 2: &*7, <'1 0'$1 = 32.3 5+ 2: 4*2.$770.430 5+ 4*2.$77/:*7, = 75.1 = 76 :*7,&

4.1.7 Fish Stocking and Harvest

8FBE[>@?&G<@=>FL&>@&K&P>=M&FK@[&>=&Q<K=DC<G&>@&D@>F=&BP&P>=M&^>BQK==&R<C&NBODQ<&BP&ZKF<Ch&[>OB?CKQ=&R<C&

Q<F<C&ED^<G&>@&BDC&EK=<H&&)M<&=FBE[>@?&G<@=>FL&>=&K@&>QRBCFK@F&K=R<EF&PBC&P>=M&?CBZFM&PBC&=<N<CKO&C<K=B@=H&&

XKF<C&dDKO>FL&G<EC<K=<=&RCBRBCF>B@KOOL&ZM<@&=FBE[>@?&G<@=>F><=&KC<& >@EC<K=<GS& >@&RKCF&GD<& FB&K&M>?M<C&

RCBGDEF>B@&BP&ZK=F<S&>@EC<K=>@?&FM<&O<N<O=&BP&RBF<@F>KOOL&FBY>E&=D^=FK@E<=S&=DEM&K=&KQQB@>K&K@G&@>FC>F<H&&

-@BFM<C& C<K=B@& P>=M& M<KOFM& >=& EBQRCBQ>=<G& ZM<@& =FBE[>@?& G<@=>F><=& KC<& >@EC<K=<G& >=& ^<EKD=<& M>?M<C&

=FBE[>@?& G<@=>F><=& C<=DOF& >@&QBC<& EB@=DQRF>B@& BP& BYL?<@& K@G& K& OKE[& BP& BYL?<@& Z>OO& C<=DOF& >@& =FD@F<G&

?CBZFM& K@G& C<GDE<G& P>=M& M<KOFMH& & 7@G<C=FBE[>@?& FM<& =L=F<Q& MBZ<N<C& Z>OO& C<=DOF& >@& K& OBZ<C& P<<G&

EB@N<C=>B@&CKF>B&K@G&C<GDE<&FM<&<PP>E><@EL&BP&FM<&=L=F<QH&&&&&

4.1.7.1 Critical Standing Crop

)M<&EC>F>EKO&=FK@G>@?&ECBR&>=&FM<&QKY>QDQ&^>BQK==&BP&P>=M&K&=L=F<Q&EK@&=DRRBCF&Z>FMBDF&C<=FC>EF>@?&P>=M&

?CBZFMH&&&&'R<CKF>@?&K&=L=F<Q&@<KC&>F=&EC>F>EKO&=FK@G>@?&ECBR&D=<=&=RKE<&<PP>E><@FOLS&QKY>Q>a<=&RCBGDEF>B@&

K@G&C<GDE<=&NKC>KF>B@& >@& FM<&GK>OL& P<<G& >@RDF& FB&FM<&=L=F<QS&ZM>EM& >=&K@& >QRBCFK@F& PKEFBC& >@&=>a>@?&FM<&

?CBZ>@?&KC<K&]4K[BELS&+K==<CS&f&VB=BCGBS&$%%b_H&&&&

-&EC>F>EKO& =FK@G>@?&ECBR&BP&b%&[?"QA& >=&D=<G& >@& FM>=&G<=>?@H& & & )M>=& >=&K&?<@<CKOOL&KEE<RF<G&NKOD<&KQB@?&

KdDKRB@>E& =L=F<Q=& K@GS& K=& RC<N>BD=OL& G>=ED==<GS& EBCC<OKF<=& FB& FM<& G<=>C<G& P<<G& CKF<& CKF>B& K@G& P<<G&

EB@N<C=>B@&CKF>BH&&&

4.1.7.2 Fish Harvesting Multiple Rearing Tanks

)B& [<<R& FM<& =FBE[>@?& G<@=>FL& >@& BDC& =L=F<Q& @<KC& FM<& EC>F>EKO& =FK@G>@?& ECBRS& K& QDOF>RO<& C<KC>@?& FK@[&

Q<FMBG&Z>OO&^<&<QROBL<GH&&&7@G<C&FM>=&=L=F<QS&=<N<CKO&K?<=&BP&P>=M&Z>OO&^<&CK>=<G&=>QDOFK@<BD=OLH&&&&)M<&

G<=>?@&Z>OO&MKN<&PBDC&G>PP<C<@F&EBMBCF=&BP&P>=MH&& &-=&RC<N>BD=OL&Q<@F>B@<GS&FM<&P>=M&P>@?<CO>@?=&Z>OO&<@F<C&

FM<&=L=F<Q&KF&$%&?&K@G&Z>OO&^<&MKCN<=F<G&KF&!;%&?H&&)M>=&?CBZFM&FK[<=&KRRCBY>QKF<OL&#e%&GKL=S&Q<K@>@?&

FMKF&P>=M&Z>OO&^<&CK>=<G&>@&<KEM&EBMBCF&!$&GKL=S&BC&=>Y&Z<<[=S&&KRKCF&]#e%"!&p&!$H;&GKL=_H&&9N<CL&=>Y&Z<<[=S&

FM<& OKC?<=F&EBMBCF&Z>OO&^<&MKCN<=F<GS&K@G&FM<&=QKOO<=F&EBMBCF&Z>OO&^<&C<=FBE[<GH& &)M<&@DQ^<C&BP&P>=M& >@&

<KEM&EBMBCF&>=&PBD@G&>@&FM<&PBOOBZ>@?&ZKL\&&

;#.4'1 2: :*7, <'1 ,$1='7- = 76 :*7,0'$1 / 6 3''57,$1='7- /1 0'$152 3''57 = 8.77 = 9 :*7,/,$1='7-&

)M<&NBODQ<=&BP&ZKF<C&@<<G<G&PBC&FM<&G<=>C<G&=FBE[>@?&G<@=>FL&Z<C<&EKOEDOKF<G&KF&FM<&<@G&BP&FM<&!$&GKL&

R<C>BGS&ZM<@&<KEM&EBMBCF&>=&KF&>F=&M<KN><=FH&&)K^O<&!&=DQQKC>a<=&FM>=&>@PBCQKF>B@H&&

Table 4: Mass of fish in each cohort at the end of each six week period and volume of water required per cohort at maximum stocking density

1BMBCF& />@KO&QK=="P>=M&][?_& )BFKO&QK==&][?_& 8FBE[>@?&5<@=>FL&][?"V_& IBODQ<&BP&XKF<C&]V_&

#& %H%e& %HbA& %H%b& #%H;&

$& %H#e%& #H;A& %H%b& $;H;&

A& %HA%%& $He%& %H%b& !;H%&

!& %H!;%& !H%;& %H%b& beH;&

)BFKO&IBODQ<&BP&)K@[& #!cH;&

UBZ<N<CS& >@& FM<& ^<?>@@>@?& BP& FM<& C<KC>@?& R<C>BG& FM<& =FBE[>@?& G<@=>FL& >=& dD>F<& K& ^>F& O<==S& K=& )K^O<& ;&

G<QB@=FCKF<=H&&

Table 5: Stocking densities of each cohort at the beginning of each six week cycle

&& *@>F>KO&X<>?MF"/>=M&]?_& .<F&X<>?MF&][?_& 1BMBCF&XKF<C&IBODQ<&]V_& 5<@=>FL&][?"V_&

1BMBCF&#& $%& %H#c& #%H;& %H%#e#!A&

1BMBCF&$&& e%& %HbA& $;H;& %H%$!e%b&

1BMBCF&A& #e%& #H;A& !;& %H%A!&

1BMBCF&!& A%%& $He& beH;& %H%!&

)BFKO&

;H%!& #!cH;& %H%AA:A:&

4.1.8 Plant Stocking and Harvest

U>?M<C&ROK@F&G<@=>F><=&BPF<@&Q<K@&FMKF&FM<&L><OG&R<C&ROK@F&Z>OO&^<&OBZ<C&ZM>O<&RCBGDE>@?&K&M>?M<C&L><OG&

R<C&KC<KH&&&(OK@F&G<@=>F><=&D=<G&PBC&B[CK&K@G&^K=>O&MKN<&OKC?<&NKC>KF>B@H&&0K=<G&B@&<YR<C><@E<S&K&G<@=>FL&BP&

#$&ROK@F="Q$&Z>OO&^<&D=<G&PBC&^BFM&^K=>O&K@G&B[CKH&&)M>=&>=&^<O><N<G&FB&^<&B@&FM<&OBZ<C&<@G&BP&KEE<RFK^O<&

CK@?<=&PBC&^K=>O&K@G&B@&FM<&M>?M<C&<@G&PBC&B[CKH&&)M<&b&Q$&?CBZ>@?&KC<K&Z>OO&^<&=RO>F&<N<@OL&^<FZ<<@&FM<&

FZB&ROK@F& =R<E><=&Z>FM& A&Q$& ^<>@?& D=<G& FB& ?CBZ&Ab&B[CK& ROK@F=& K@G& FM<& BFM<C& A&Q$& ?CBZ>@?& Ab& ^K=>O&

ROK@F=H& & &0K=<G&B@&RC<N>BD=&MLGCBRB@>E&K@G&KdDKRB@>E&=FDG><=S& >F& >=&K==DQ<G&^K=>O&EK@&^<&MKCN<=F<G&#$&

F>Q<=&K&L<KC&K@G&B[CK&A&F>Q<=&K&L<KCH&&

.DFC><@F&C<dD>C<Q<@F=&Z>OO&^<&QBC<&EB@=>=F<@F& >@&FM<&?CBZ&^<G&>P&=FK??<C<G&MKCN<=F>@?&F<EM@>dD<=&KC<&

D=<GS&Z>FM&?CBDR=&BP&ROK@F=&^<>@?&=>QDOFK@<BD=OL&EDOF>NKF<G&KF&G>PP<C<@F&R<C>BG=&>@&FM<>C&O>P<&ELEO<H&&&)M<&

PBOOBZ>@?&EKOEDOKF>B@=&KC<&D=<G&FB&G<F<CQ>@<&MKCN<=F>@?&=EM<GDO<=\&&

6$7*% >$1='7- = 36 <%$"-7 / 12 ,$1='7-70'$1 / 0'$152 3''57 = 8.3 = 9 <%$"-7/3''5&

?51$ >$1='7- = 36 <%$"-7 / 4 ,$1='7-70'$1 / 0'$152 3''57 = 2.8 = 3 <%$"-7/3''5&

)M<&EB@P>?DCKF>B@&BP&ROK@F=& >@& FM<&?CBZ&^<G&EBDOG&FK[<&=<N<CKO& PBCQ=H& & &)M<&<K=><=F& >=&K&=>QRO<&#$&Y&b&

EB@P>?DCKF>B@S&Z>FM&<KEM&ROK@F&^<>@?&=<RKCKF<G&^L&%H$A&Q&B@&FM<&OB@?&KY>=&K@G&%H$:&Q&B@&FM<&=MBCF&KY>=H&&

)M<&PBOOBZ>@?&G>K?CKQ&RCBN>G<=&K&=EM<QKF>E&BP&FM<&?CBZ&^<GH&&&)M<&MKCN<=F>@?&=EM<GDO<&>=&C<RC<=<@F<G&^L&

^BY<=&KCBD@G&FM<&ROK@F=S&B[CK&ROK@F=&>@&?CBDR=&BP&FMC<<&K@G&^K=>O&ROK@F=&>@&?CBDR=&BP&@>@<H&&

Figure 18: Crop planting distribution and harvest schedule

4.2 Water Flow Rate

)M<&CKF<&BP&ZKF<C&FDC@BN<C&=MBDOG&^<&G<=>?@<G&FB&<@=DC<&?BBG&ZKF<C&dDKO>FLH&&XKF<C&=MBDOG&^<&RK==<G&

FMCBD?M&FM<&MLGCBRB@>E&?CBZ&Q<G>K&<@BD?M&F>Q<=&R<C&GKL& FB&^<&KG<dDKF<OL&P>OF<C<G&K@G&FM<C<PBC<&FB&

<@=DC<& KRRCBRC>KF<& C<QBNKO& BP& ZK=F<& EBQRBD@G=& FMKF& KC<& FBY>E& FB& P>=MH& & 9YE<==>N<OL& M>?M& POBZ& CKF<=S&

MBZ<N<C&Z>OO& C<GDE<& FB& FBB& ?C<KF& BP& K@& <YF<@F& FM<& KQBD@F& BP& F>Q<& FBY>E&ZK=F<=& >@& P>=M& FK@[& <PPOD<@F&

=R<@G&>@&EB@FKEF&Z>FM&Q>ECB^<=&>@&FM<&^>BP>OF<CH&)M>=&Z>OO&EKD=<&=BQ<&BP&FM<=<&EBQRBD@G=&FB&^<&POD=M<G&

^KE[&>@FB&FM<&P>=M&FK@[&^<PBC<&FM<L&KC<&EB@N<CF<G&FB&=KP<C&PBCQ=&BC&K==>Q>OKF<G&^L&FM<&MLGCBRB@>E&ROK@F=H&

*@& K& ^KE[LKCG`=>a<G& Q<G>K`P>OO<G& KdDKRB@>E& =L=F<QS& FM<& ZKF<C& POBZ& CKF<& ]6Z_& =MBDOG& ^<& =DEM& FMKF& K&

NBODQ<&BP&ZKF<C&<dDKO&FB&FM<&P>=M&FK@[&NBODQ<&?B<=&FMCBD?M&FM<&^>BP>OF<C&FZ>E<&>@&K@&MBDCH&

*@&FM>=&G<=>?@S&FM<&NBODQ<&BP&ZKF<C&>@&FM<&P>=M&FK@[&>=&#;%&VH&)M>=&ZBDOG&FM<C<PBC<&EBCC<=RB@G&FB&K&A%%&

V"MC&BC&%HA%&QA"MC&POBZ&CKF<H&

)MD=S&&&&&@A = B.CB DC EFG &

&*@EC<K=>@?& ZKF<C& POBZ& CKF<=& F<@G=& FB& >@EC<K=<& FM<& C<QBNKO& BP& 0'5;S& )88S& .UA`.& K@G& .'$

`& `& .S& ZM>O<&

G<EC<K=>@?&POBZ&CKF<&>@EC<K=<=&FM<&C<QBNKO&BP&()')S&.'A`&`&.&]9@GDFS&WD=BMS&-O>S&XK@`.>[S&f&UK==K@S&$%%:_H&&

XKF<C& POBZ& CKF<=& QKL& @<<G& FB& ^<& KGJD=F<G& >P& ZKF<C& dDKO>FL& F<=F=& =MBZ& FMKF& ?C<KF<C& C<QBNKO& BP& K@L&

@DFC><@F=& >=& C<dD>C<G& FB& Q<<F& ZKF<C& dDKO>FL& C<dD>C<Q<@F=& PBC& FM<& F>OKR>KH& & )M<C<& QKL& KOZKL=& ^<& K&

EBQRCBQ>=<&^<FZ<<@&P>=M&FK@[&ZKF<C&dDKO>FL&K@G&BRF>QKO&@DFC><@F&G<O>N<CL&FB&FM<&ROK@F&ECBR=H&

4.2.1 Hydraulic Loading Rate

)M<& MLGCKDO>E& OBKG>@?& CKF<& ]UV4_& BP& FM<& P>=M& FK@[& <PPOD<@F& B@FB& FM<& =DCPKE<& BP& FM<& ?CBZ& Q<G>K& Z>OO&

G<F<CQ>@<&FM<&CKF<&KF&ZM>EM&P>=M&ZK=F<ZKF<C&<@F<C=&FM<&EBEB@DF&MD=[&?CBZ&Q<G>DQH&&-OFMBD?M&MLGCKDO>E&

OBKG>@?& CKF<=& MKN<& =MBZ@& FB& MKN<& @B& =>?@>P>EK@F& <PP<EF& B@& P>=M& RCBGDEF>B@& R<CPBCQK@E<S& FM<& =R<E>P>E&

?CBZFM&CKF<=&BP&P>=M&BC&FM<&<PP>E><@EL&Z>FM&ZM>EM&P>=M&DF>O>a<&PBBG&PBC&^>BQK==&?CBZFM&]P<<G&EB@N<C=>B@&

CKF>B_S& C<=<KCEM&<YR<C>Q<@F=& >@&+KOKL=>K&MKN<& EB@EODG<G& FMKF&ROK@F& ?CBZFM& >=& =>?@>P>EK@FOL& KPP<EF<G&^L&

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4.2.2 Hydraulic Retention Time

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4.3 System Components

4.3.1 System Configuration

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Figure 19: Flow chart of general system components arrangement (Adapted from: Figure 2 ‐ Optimum arrangement of aquaponic system components (Rakocy, Masser, & Losordo, 2006))

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Figure 20: Aquaponic system side view (grow bed, fish rearing tank, sump tank and water distribution pipes) with heights in centimetres.

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Figure 21: Aquaponic system top view (grow bed, fish rearing tank, sump tank and water distribution pipes)

Figure 22: Aquaponic system isometric view (all components)

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4.3.2 Fish Tank

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Figure 23: 3D Isometric view of fish tank design

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Figure 24: Top view of fish rearing tank with dimensions and cohort spacing with dimensions in meters

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Figure 25: Cohort‐separating screens with dimensions in meters

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Figure 26: Side view of fish tank with dimensions in meters

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4.3.3 Grow Bed

Figure 27: 3D isometric view of grow bed

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Figure 28: Top view of grow bed with Figure 29: Side view of grow bed with dimensions in meters dimensions in meters (not to scale)

4.3.4 Sump Tank

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PODEFDKF>B@=&BEEDC&>@&FM<&=DQR&FK@[&K@G&@BF&FM<&P>=M&FK@[H&&&*F&>=&FM<&B@OL&ROKE<&>@&FM<&=L=F<Q&ZM<C<&ZKF<C&

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@<E<==>FKF<=& MKN>@?& K& G<<R& FK@[& >@& C<OKF>B@& FB& FM<& G>=FK@E<& FMKF&ZKF<C&QD=F& ^<& O>PF<GS& K=& BRRB=<G& FB&

MKN>@?&K&FK@[&Z>FM&K&OKC?<C&G>KQ<F<CH&&&)M<&=DQR&FK@[&>=&KO=B&K&?BBG&ROKE<&FB&KGJD=F&M<&RU&BP&FM<&=L=F<Q&

^L&KGG>@?&K@&KE>G&BC&^K=<H&

Figure 30: 3D view of sump tank Figure 31: Sump tank with dimensions in meters &

4.3.5 Aeration System

-@& K<CKF>B@& =L=F<Q&Z>OO& ^<& RDF& >@& ROKE<& >@& BCG<C& FB&QK>@FK>@& KG<dDKF<& BYL?<@& O<N<O=& FMCBD?MBDF& FM<&

=L=F<QH&&&)M<&ZKF<C&F<=F=&R<CPBCQ<G&B@&FM<&^KE[LKCG&KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<Q&>@&0KC^KGB=&=MBZ<G&EB@=>=F<@FOL&

OBZ&G>==BON<G&BYL?<@&O<N<O=&`&PKC&^<OBZ&KEE<RFK^O<&EB@E<@FCKF>B@=&PBC&FM<&M<KOFM&BP&FM<&P>=MS&ROK@F=&K@G&

^KEF<C>KH&)M<&?CKGDKO&EBQRKEF>B@&BP&?CBZ&^<G&Q<G>K&]K@G& >F=&G<EBQRB=>F>B@& >P&FM<&Q<G>K& >=&BC?K@>E& >@&

@KFDC<_& >@&Q<G>K`P>OO<G& KdDKRB@>E& =L=F<Q=& EBQ^>@<G&Z>FM& >F=& EB@=FK@F& =D^Q<C?<@E<& >@&ZKF<C& EC<KF<=&

K@K<CB^>E&aB@<=&>@&FM<&?CBZ&^<G&ZM>EM&>@F<CP<C<&Z>FM&FM<&K<CB^>E&KEF>N>F><=&BP&FM<&@>FC>PL>@?&^KEF<C>K&K@G&

RBF<@F>KOOL&EKD=<=&FM<&G<=FCDEF>B@&BP&ROK@F&CBBF=H&&

*@&FM<&=L=F<Q=&BP&FM<&0II-S&FM<C<&ZK=&@B&K<CKF>B@&BFM<C&FMK@&ZMKF&ZK=&B^FK>@<G&^L&ZKF<C&=R>OO>@?&PCBQ&

B@<&EBQRB@<@F&BP&FM<&=L=F<Q&>@FB&K@BFM<C&GD<&FB&K&M<>?MF&G>PP<C<@E<H&&*@&FMB=<&=L=F<Q=S&FM<&B@OL&POD>G&

QBN<Q<@F&ZK=&FMKF&BP&ZKF<C&^<>@?&RDQR<G&PCBQ&FM<&P>=M&FK@[&B@FB&FM<&MLGCBRB@>E&?CBZ&^<G&^L&K&ZKF<C&

RDQR&K@G&PKOO>@?&^KE[&>@FB&FM<&P>=M&FK@[&^L&?CKN>FLH&

4.3.5.1 Air Pump

*@& FM>=& G<=>?@S& K@& K>C& RDQR&Z>OO& ^<& D=<G& >@=F<KG& BP& K&ZKF<C& RDQRH& & )M<& K>C& RDQR&Z>OO& D=<&QDEM& O<==&

<@<C?L&FMK@&FM<&ZKF<C&RDQR&RC<N>BD=OL&D=<G& ].<O=B@S&$%%c_M&K^BDF&q&BP&FM<&<@<C?L& >@& FM>=&G<=>?@S& >@&

EBQRKC>=B@& FB& FM<& =L=F<Q& >@& 0KC^KGB=H& & -<CKF>B@&Z>OO& ^<& RCBN>G<G& PBC& FM<& P>=M& FK@[&ZKF<CS& FM<&ZKF<C&

^<>@?&KRRO><G&FB&FM<&?CBZ&^<G&K@G&PBC&FM<&?CBZ&^<G&Q<G>DQ&>F=<OPH&)M<&EBQRC<==<G&K>C&EBQ>@?&BDF&BP&

FM<& K>C& RDQR&Z>OO& ^<& G>=FC>^DF<G& FB& =DRROL& K>C& FB& FM<& PBOOBZ>@?& EBQRB@<@F=& ^L& K^BDF& ;%& PF& BP& CD^^<C&

=>O>EB@<&FD^>@?&K@G&FM<&POBZ&FB&FM<&>@G>N>GDKO&EBQRB@<@F=&Z>OO&^<&EB@FCBOO<G&^L&K>C&NKON<=\&

#_ ->CO>PF&$_ ->C&G>PPD=<C=&>@&FM<&P>=M&FK@[&A_ ->C&G>=FC>^DF>B@&?C>G&>@&FM<&?CBZ&^<G&

4.3.5.2 Airlift

)M<&RC>QKCL& RDCRB=<& BP& FM<& K>C& ^OBZ<C&Z>OO& ^<& FB& GC>N<& FM<& K>C& O>PF& RDQR>@?& =L=F<Q& FMKF&Z>OO& E>CEDOKF<&

ZKF<C&FMCBD?M&FM<&=L=F<QH&&&8<EB@GKCL&RDCRB=<=&Z>OO&^<&FB&K<CKF<&ZKF<C&>@&FM<&P>=M&FK@[&K@G&=DRROL&K>C&FB&

FM<&?CBZ&^<G&Q<G>KH&

->C&O>PF&RDQR=&KC<&>@@BNKF>N<&K@G&<K=>OL&G<=>?@<GH&&&&)M<L&KC<&K&OBZ&EB=F&KOF<C@KF>N<&FB&K&ZKF<C&RDQR&K@G&

FM<L&QK@K?<&FB&O>PF&ZKF<C&K@G&K<CKF<&>F&KF&FM<&=KQ<&F>Q<&].<O=B@S&$%%c_H&->CO>PF&RDQR=&KC<&[@BZ@&Z<OO&

KQB@?& KdDKEDOFDC>=F=H& & )M<& ^K=>E& RC>@E>RO<& BP& K@& K>CO>PF& >=& FM<& >@J<EF>B@& BP& K>C& >@FB& FM<& ^BFFBQ& BP& K&

=D^Q<C?<G&ZKF<C&R>R<S&PCBQ&ZM<C<&FM<&K>C&^D^^O<=&Z>OO&C>=<&FB&FM<&FBRS&O>PF>@?&Z>FM&FM<Q&FM<&ZKF<C&>@&FM<&

=D^Q<C?<G&R>R<H&&)M<&>@EC<K=<G&BYL?<@&O<N<O&BP&FM<&ZKF<C&>@&FM<&R>R<&QK[<=&>F&O<==&G<@=<&FMK@&FM<&ZKF<C&

>@& FM<& =DCCBD@G>@?& FK@[H& )MD=& FM>=& K<CKF<G& ZKF<C& Z>OO& C>=<& ^L& ^DBLK@ELS& EC<KF>@?& K& @<F& DRZKCG=&

G>=ROKE<Q<@F&BP&ZKF<C& ]XDCF=S&+E.<>OOS&f&'N<CMDOF=S&#::!_H& &)M>=& O>PF>@?&BP&ZKF<C&^L&EBQRC<==<G&K>C& >=&

N<CL& OBZ&>@&<@<C?L&C<dD>C<Q<@F=H&)M<&B@OL&<@<C?L&@<<G<G&>=&PBC&KEE<O<CKF>B@&K@G&FB&BN<CEBQ<&PC>EF>B@&

].<O=B@S&$%%c_H&)M<&G>K?CKQ&>@&/>?DC<&A$&>OOD=FCKF<=&FM<&=>QRO<&RC<Q>=<&BP&FM<&=L=F<QH&&

&Figure 32: Conceptual diagram of an air lift pump (dela‐Cruz, 1982)

->C&O>PF&RDQR=&ZBC[&N<CL&Z<OO&ZM<@&FM<&M<>?MF&FMKF&FM<&ZKF<C&MK=&FB&^<&O>PF<G&>=&=QKOO&>@&EBQRKC>=B@&FB&

FM<&M<>?MF&BP&=D^Q<C?<@E<&]M#"MQ&nn&M="MQ_H&&&&)M<&K>CO>PF&RDQR&>=&OBEKF<G&>@&FM<&=DQR&FK@[&K@G&FM<&M<>?MF&

G>PP<C<@E<=& ^<FZ<<@& FM<& FMC<<& EBQRB@<@F=h& FM<& =DQR& FK@[S& P>=M& FK@[S& K@G& ?CBZ& ^<GS& Z<C<& >@& RKCF&

G<=>?@<G& FB&Q>@>Q>a<& FM<&M<>?MF&@<E<==KCL& FB&RDQR&ZKF<C& PCBQ& FM<& =DQR& FK@[& FB& FM<& P>=M& FK@[H& & & )B&

QK>@FK>@& FM<&<PP>E><@EL&BP& FM<&K>CO>PFS& FM<&ZKF<C&R>R<& =MBDOG&@BF& <YE<<G&A& >@EM<=& >@&G>KQ<F<C& ].<O=B@S&

$%%c_H&&*@&FM>=&G<=>?@S&ZKF<C&R>R>@?&>=&$&>@EM<=&>@&G>KQ<F<CH&

)M<&N<CF>EKO&KCCK@?<Q<@F&BP& FM<&M<>?MF&BP&ZKF<C& >@& FM<&=DQR&FK@[&K@G&FM<&M<>?MF&BP& FM<& O>PF& ]PCBQ&FM<&

=DQR& FK@[& ZKF<C& O<N<O& FB& FM<& FBR& BP& FM<& P>=M& FK@[_& >=& R>EFDC<G& >@& />?DC<& AAH& & )M<=<& M<>?MF=& EK@& ^<&

EBQRKC<G& FB& FM<& N<CF>EKO& KCCK@?<Q<@F& BP& FM<& C<=F& BP& FM<& =L=F<Q& >@& />?DC<& $%& D@G<C& 8L=F<Q&

1B@P>?DCKF>B@H&

XM<C<\&

M#&p&U<>?MF&BP&FM<&ZKF<C&O>PF&

MQ&p&)BFKO&M<>?MF&

M=&p&&U<>?MF&BP&=D^Q<C?<@E<&

Figure 33: Heights of submergence and lift for airlift pump calculations

)M<&CKF>B&BP&FM<=<&M<>?MF=S&C<P<CC<G&FB&K=&FM<&=D^Q<C?<@E<&CKF>B&>=&>QRBCFK@F&>@&EKOEDOKF>@?&FM<&POBZ&BP&K>C&

C<dD>C<G&^L&FM<&RDQR&FB&O>PF&ZKF<C&KF&K&E<CFK>@&POBZ&CKF<H&&)M<&=D^Q<C?<@E<&CKF>B&>=&?>N<@&^L\&

4.3.5.2.1 Air Flow Requirement

)M<&G<=>C<G&ZKF<C&POBZ&CKF<&BP&FM<&=L=F<Q&>=&%HA%&QA"MC&K=&G<F<CQ>@<G&RC<N>BD=OLH&&)ZB&Q<FMBG=&Z<C<&

D=<G&FB&EKOEDOKF<&FM<&K>C&POBZ&CKF<&C<dD>C<G&FB&QBN<&ZKF<C&KF&%HA%&QA"MCH&&)M<&P>C=F&D=>@?&FM<&PBOOBZ>@?&

PBCQDOK&]VK`X@>EaK[S&/CK@EB>=S&8EC>N<@<CS&2K=FC>@K[>=S&f&.LEMK=S&#:::_\&&

`$ = `3 (a3 b a3$7)&(a3$7 b a$)

+ `$.*"

XM<C<&\&

`$ &p&K>C&POBZ&CKF<&

`$.*" &p&Q>@>QDQ&K>C& CKF<&FB&B^FK>@&ZKF<C& O>PF&KF&EMB=<@&R>R<&G>KQ<F<C&K@G&=D^Q<C?<@E<&CKF>B& ]#HA;#&QA"MCS&PCBQ&)K^O<&#&]VK`X@>EaK[S&/CK@EB>=S&8EC>N<@<CS&2K=FC>@K[>=S&f&.LEMK=S&#:::__&

`3 &p&ZKF<C&POBZ&CKF<&]%HA%&QA"MC_&

a3 &p&G<@=>FL&BP&ZKF<C&]#%%%&[?"QA_&

a$ &p&G<@=>FL&BP&K>C&]#H$&[?"QA_&

$7 p&=D^Q<C?<@E<&CKF>B&]%He#_&

&&p&G>Q<@=>B@O<==&EB<PP>E><@F&K==DQ>@?&@<?O>?>^O<&OB==<=&]#_&

T>N<=h&

`$ = 0.3 m

3hr (1000

kgm3 b 1000

5+m3 / 0.6)

1(1000 5+m3 / 0.6b 1.25+m3)

+ 1.351 m3

hr = 1.551 m3

-&=<EB@G&Q<FMBG&ZK=&D=<G&FB&P>@G&FM<&K>CPOBZ&CKF<&K=&Z<OO&PBC&N<C>P>EKF>B@&RDCRB=<=H&&&)M>=&Q<FMBG&D=<G&

K@& <YE<O& =RC<KG=M<<F& F<QROKF<& PCBQ& K@& K>CO>PF& RDQR& EBQRK@L& Z<^=>F<& FB& >@RDF& [<L& RKCKQ<F<C=& ]=<<&

)K^O<& #A& >@&-RR<@G>Y&5_H& & )M>=&Q<FMBG&RCBGDE<G& K& =O>?MFOL& M>?M<C& K>CPOBZ& CKF<&KF& $H%e&QA"MCS& ^DF& FM<&

@DQ^<C=&Z<C<&=DPP>E><@FOL&EOB=<H&&

U>`0OBZ&78-&*@E&MK=&K&O>@<&BP&K>C&^OBZ<C=&PBC&G>PP<C<@F&D=<=H&&)M<&^OBZ<C&FMKF&Z>OO&^<&D=<G&>@&FM>=&=L=F<Q&>=&

FM<& U>`0OBZ& U(& !%H& & -RR<@G>Y& 5& =MBZ=& FM<& R<CPBCQK@E<& EMKCF& PBC& FM<& ^OBZ<CH& & & -F& FM<& ?>N<@& ZKF<C&

RC<==DC<&BP&KRRCBY>QKF<OL&#H;&R=>&]#%eEQ&ZKF<C&M<>?MF_h&

P = Ls / sg2.31 = 107 cm / 12.31 / 1 in

2.54 cm / 1 ft12 in = 1.52 psi&

&FM<&RDQR&MK=&K&EKRKE>FL&BP&$H:&QA"MC&K>CH&&)M>=&K>CPOBZ&CKF<&Z>OO&=DPP>E><@FOL&=DRROL&FM<&K>CO>PF&RDQR&K@G&

MKN<&<@BD?M&EKRKE>FL&FB&K<CKF<&FM<&P>=M&FK@[&K@G&?CBZ&^<G&K=&Z<OOH&&&&

)M<&RDQR&Z>OO&^<&RB=>F>B@<G&BDF=>G<&BP&FM<&=DQR&FK@[&Z>FM&B@<&K>C&G>=FC>^DF>B@&FD^<&O<KN>@?&>FH&&)M<&FD^<&

Z>OO&FM<@&=RO>F&>@&FB&FMC<<&FD^<=S&FZB&^<>@?&BP&=QKOO<C&G>KQ<F<C=&K@G&P<<G>@?&FM<&P>=M&FK@[&K@G&?CBZ&^<G=S&

K@G&K&FM>CG&QK>@&FD^<&FMKF&P<<G=&FM<&K>C&O>PF&RDQRH&&&)M<&RC>QKCL&K>C&G>=FC>^DF>B@&FD^<&>=&=RO>F&B@E<&QBC<&

K@G&>@=<CF<G&>@FB&FZB&=LQQ<FC>EKO&MBO<=&GC>OO<G&KF&FM<&=KQ<&M<>?MF&>@FB&FM<&=>G<=&BP&FM<&=DQR&FK@[&ZKF<C&

R>R<&K=&EOB=<& FB&FM<&^BFFBQ&K=&RB==>^O<H& & &)M<&=DQR&FK@[&ZKF<C&R>R<& >=&EDF&KF&K@&K@?O<& ]=<<& />?DC<&AA&

K^BN<_&FB&KOOBZ&PBC&O<==&FDC^DO<@F&ZKF<C&POBZ&>@FB&FM<&R>R<H&/>?DC<A!&=MBZ=&FM<&EB@P>?DCKF>B@&BP&FM<&K>C&

G>=FC>^DF>B@&=L=F<Q&>@&?C<<@H&

Figure 34: A 3D line model of the aeration system within the aquaponic system

4.3.5.3 Fish Tank Aeration

)M<&=>O>EB@<&CD^^<C&K>C&G>=FC>^DF>B@&FD^<&FMKF&K<CKF<=&FM<&P>=M&FK@[&>=&PDCFM<C&G>N>G<G&>@FB&PBDC&K@G&<KEM&BP&

FM<& PBDC& FD^<=& KC<& ROKE<G&N<CF>EKOOL& >@FB& B@<& EBMBCF& =<EF>B@& BP& FM<& FK@[& PBC& <N<@& K>C& G>=FC>^DF>B@& ]=<<&

/>?DC<&AA_H& &->C& POBZ& FB& FM<& P>=M& FK@[&Z>OO& ^<& EB@FCBOO<G&^L&K& NKON<&B@& FM<&QK>@& FK@[& FD^<&K@G& EK@& ^<&

>@EC<K=<G&BN<C&FM<&b`Z<<[&?CBZ>@?&R<C>BG&BP&FM<&P>=MH& &)B&G>PPD=<&FM<&K>C&EBQ>@?&BDF&BP&FM<&FD^<=&K@G&

QKY>Q>a<&K<CKF>B@&BP&FM<&ZKF<CS&K>C&=FB@<=&KC<&KFFKEM<G&FB&FM<&^BFFBQ&BP&<KEM&FM>@&=>O>EB@<&CD^^<C&K>C&

FD^<&K=&>@&/>?DC<=&A;&K@G&AbH&&

Figure 35: Air stones attached to tubing Figure 36: Air stones diffuse air

->C& =FB@<=& EC<KF<& Q>ECB^D^^O<=& BP& K>C& K=& FM<& POBZ& BP& K>C& RK==<=& FMCBD?M& FM<Q& K@G& KC<& FM<& QB=F&

>@<YR<@=>N<&Q<FMBG&BP&G>PPD=>@?&K>C&>@&K&P>=M&FK@[&].<O=B@S&$%%c_H&

4.3.5.4 Grow Bed Aeration

)M<&=>O>EB@<&CD^^<C&K>C&FD^<&P<<G>@?&FM<&?CBZ&^<G&Z>OO&^<&ROKE<G&Z>FM>@&FM<&?CBZ&^<G&Q<G>K&$%&EQ&^<OBZ&

FM<&=DCPKE<&BP& FM<&EBEB@DF&MD=[H& &)M<&R<CPBCKF<G& FD^<&Z>OO&Z>@G& FMCBD?MBDF& FM<&?CBZ&^<G& FB& RCBN>G<&

<N<@&K<CKF>B@&BP&FM<&Q<G>K&K@G&FM<&ROK@F&CBBF=&]=<<&/>?DC<=&Ae&K@G&Ac&^<OBZ_H&&->C&POBZ&FB&FM<&?CBZ&^<G&

Z>OO&^<&EB@FCBOO<G&^L&K&NKON<&K@G&EK@&^<&>@EC<K=<G&K=&FM<&EBEB@DF&MD=[&EBQRKEF=&BN<C&F>Q<&BC&G<EC<K=<G&

ZM<@&FM<&EBQRKEF<G&MD=[&>=&C<ROKE<G&BEEK=>B@KOOL&^L&@<Z&MD=[H&

Figure 37: Side view of aeration system showing level of Figure 38: Top view of aeration system showing even aeration tube placement at 20 cm below grow bed surface distribution of winding perforated air tube

5. Other Considerations

5.1 Temperature Regulation

/BCFD@KF<OLS& FM<& EO>QKF<& >@& 0KC^KGB=& KOOBZ=& PBC& L<KC`CBD@G& RCBGDEF>B@& >@& K& ^KE[LKCG& KdDKRB@>E& PBBG&

RCBGDEF>B@&=L=F<QH&&)>OKR>K&^<>@?&K&FCBR>EKO&P>=M&P>@G=&KN<CK?<&F<QR<CKFDC<=&>@&FM<&=BDFM&1KC>^^<K@&dD>F<&

PKNBDCK^O<&FB&?CBZFM&K@G&M<KOFMH&&-N<CK?<&GK>OL&F<QR<CKFDC<=&PBC&<KEM&QB@FM&BP&FM<&L<KC&KC<&ROBFF<G&>@&

/>?DC<&!%& >@&-RR<@G>Y&-H& &-N<CK?<&GK>OL& OBZ&F<QR<CKFDC<=&GB&@BF&D=DKOOL&?B&^<OBZ&$#&m1H& &-=&GKLF>Q<&

F<QR<CKFDC<=S& RKCF>EDOKCOL& GDC>@?& FM<& GCL& =<K=B@& EK@& ?<F& dD>F<& M>?M& ]i& A$& m1_S& K& Q>@>QKO& G<?C<<& BP&

F<QR<CKFDC<&EB@FCBO&PBC&FM<&ZKF<C&>@&FM<&=L=F<Q&Z>OO&^<&@<<G<GH&

)>OKR>K&RC<P<C&F<QR<CKFDC<=&BP&$;H;`$bHb&m1S&^KEF<C>K&R<CPBCQ&@DFC><@F&EB@N<C=>B@=&^<=F&KF&i&$;&m1&K@G&

KdDKRB@>E& ROK@F=& ?CBZ& ^<=F& KF& i& $#& m1H& & -=& K& EBQRCBQ>=<S& KN<CK?<& F<QR<CKFDC<=& BP& FM<&ZKF<C& >@& K@&

KdDKRB@>E&=L=F<Q&=MBDOG&^<&QK>@FK>@<G&KF&KCBD@G&$$H$&M&$AHA&m1&].<O=B@&4H&VHS&$%%c_H&

XM<@& EMBB=>@?& FM<& OBEKF>B@& BP& FM<& ^KE[LKCG& KdDKRB@>E& =L=F<QS& EKC<& =MBDOG& ^<& QKG<& FB& ROKE<& FM<&

EBQRB@<@F=& EB@FK>@>@?& JD=F&ZKF<C& ]P>=M& FK@[&K@G& =DQR& FK@[_& >@& K=&QDEM& =MKG<&K=&RB==>^O<S&ZM>O<& FM<&

?CBZ&^<G&=MBDOG&^<&ROKE<G& >@&K& OBEKF>B@& FMKF&Z>OO&KOOBZ& >F& FB& C<E<>N<&K=&QDEM&=D@&K=&RB==>^O<H& & *@& FM>=&

G<=>?@S&FM<&=DQR&FK@[&>=&KOQB=F&#&Q&D@G<C?CBD@G&ZM>EM&Z>OO&M<OR&[<<R&FM<&ZKF<C&>@&FM<&=L=F<Q&EBBO<C&^L&

RC<N<@F>@?&>F&PCBQ&M<KF>@?&FBB&QDEM&GDC>@?&FM<&GKLH&)M<&=DQR&FK@[&K@G&FM<&P>=M&FK@[&EK@&^<&=M<OF<C<G&

PBC&=MKG<&^DF&@BF&EBN<C<G&EBQRO<F<OL&FB&KNB>G&C<GDEF>B@&BP&ZKF<C&K<CKF>B@H&

5.2 pH Regulation

)M<&KE>G`RCBGDE>@?&@>FC>PL>@?&KEF>N>F><=&BP& FM<&^KEF<C>K& >@& FM<&EBEB@DF&MD=[&Q<G>DQ&F<@G& FB& OBZ<C& FM<&

ZKF<C&RU&K=&>F&RK==<=&FMCBD?M&FM<&^>BP>OF<CS&ZM>EM&>=&@BF&>G<KO&PBC&FM<&P>=MH&0K=<&=MBDOG&^<&KGG<G&>@&FM<&

=DQR&FK@[&K@G&@BF&>@&FM<&P>=M&FK@[&K=&FB&KNB>G&RU&=MBE[=&>@&FM<&P>=MH&&&

)M<&RU&=MBDOG&^<&QK>@FK>@<G&EOB=<&FB&e&K@G&FM>=&EK@&^<&KEM><N<G&Z>FM&FM<&KGG>F>B@=&BP&^K=<=&=DEM&K=&

EKOE>DQ& MLGCBY>G<& ]1K]'U_$_& K@G& RBFK==>DQ& MLGCBY>G<& ]2'U_H& )M<=<& ^K=<=& =MBDOG& ^<& KRRO><G& =<N<CKO&

F>Q<=&Z<<[OL&B@&K@&KOF<C@KF>@?&^K=>=H&)M<&PC<dD<@EL&Z>FM&ZM>EM&FM<L&KC<&FB&^<&KGG<G&EK@&^<&G<F<CQ>@<G&

^L& QB@>FBC>@?& ZKF<C& RU& FB& =<<& MBZ& dD>E[OL& >F& EMK@?<=H& )M<& KQBD@F& BP& ^K=<& FB& ^<& KGG<G& EK@& ^<&

G<F<CQ>@<G&^L&R<CPBCQ>@?&KE>G`^K=<&F>FCKF>B@=&B@&FM<&P>=M&FK@[&ZKF<C&K@G&=<<>@?&ZMKF&dDK@F>FL&BP&^K=<&

Z>OO&RCBGDE<&FM<&G<=>C<G&>@EC<K=<&>@&RUH&&)M<=<&F<=F=&KC<&RCBN>G<G&>@&ZKF<C&dDKO>FL&F<=F>@?&[>F=&KNK>OK^O<&

PBC&=KO<&PCBQ&KdDKEDOFDCKO&=DRROL&EBQRK@><=H&

'@<&^K=<&FMKF&=MBDOG&@<N<C&^<&D=<G&PBC&RU&EB@FCBO&>@&FM<=<&=L=F<Q=&>=&=BG>DQ&^>EKC^B@KF<&].KU1'A_&K=&

K&M>?M&EB@E<@FCKF>B@&BP&=BG>DQ&>B@&].Ko_&>@&FM<&RC<=<@E<&BP&EMOBC>G<&>B@=&]1O`_&PBCQ=&=KOF&].K1O_H&&8BG>DQ&

EB@E<@FCKF>B@=&K^BN<&;%&Q?"V&KC<&FBY>E&FB&P>=M&K@G&FM<L&>@F<CP<C<&Z>FM&FM<&DRFK[<&BP&=<N<CKO&@DFC><@F=&^L&

ROK@F=& ]4K[BELS&+K==<CS&f&VB=BCGBS&$%%b_H&)M<&<YRB=DC<&BP&^KE[LKCG&KdDKRB@>E& =L=F<Q=& FB&0KC^KG>K@&

CK>@=FBCQ=&Z>OO&KO=B&KEF&K=&K&=BDCE<&BP&G>ODF>B@&BP&KEEDQDOKF>@?&EBQRBD@G=H&

5.3 Water Quality Testing and Debris Control

-GG>F>B@KO& QK@K?<Q<@F& C<EBQQ<@GKF>B@=& PBC& FM<& QK>@F<@K@E<& BP& BN<CKOO& =L=F<Q& M<KOFM& >@EODG<&

EO<K@O>@<==&]>@&BCG<C&FB&C<GDE<&FM<&C>=[&BP&RKFMB?<@&>@FCBGDEF>B@&FB&FM<&=L=F<Q_&K@G&C<?DOKC&DR[<<R&BP&

=L=F<Q& EBQRB@<@F=H& & ->C& G>PPD=>B@& FD^<=& >@& FM<& P>=M& FK@[& =MBDOG& ^<& C<?DOKCOL& EO<K@<G& FB& C<QBN<&

KEEDQDOKF<G&^>BP>OQ=&K@G&K>C&=FB@<=& =MBDOG&^<&BEEK=>B@KOOL& C<ROKE<G& >P& FM<L&^<EBQ<&EOB??<G&PCBQ&FM<&

BDF=>G<&^L&^>BP>OQ=H& &1BEB@DF&MD=[&=MBDOG&^<&C<ROKE<G&Z>FM&K@&KFF<QRF&KF&Q>@>QKO&G>=FDC^K@E<&FB&FM<&

ROK@F&ECBR=&>P&ZKF<COB??>@?&>@&FM<&?CBZ&^<G&>=&B^=<CN<GH&)M<&QB=F&>QRBCFK@F&>@G>EKFBC&BP&BN<CKOO&=L=F<Q&

M<KOFM& >=& FM<&dDKO>FL&BP& FM<&ZKF<C& >@& FM<& P>=M&FK@[H& & *F& >=&M>?MOL& C<EBQQ<@G<G&FMKF& FM<& >@=FKOOKF>B@&BP&K&

^KE[LKCG& KdDKRB@>E& PBBG& RCBGDEF>B@& =L=F<Q& ^<& KEEBQRK@><G& ^L& FM<& KEdD>=>F>B@& BP& K& ZKF<C& dDKO>FL&

F<=F>@?&[>F&FMKF&KOOBZ=&PBC&FM<&C<?DOKC&Q<K=DC<Q<@F&BP&FM<&PBOOBZ>@?&EC>F>EKO&RKCKQ<F<C=h&RUS&RMB=RMKF<=S&

@>FCB?<@&]>@&FM<&PBCQ=&BP&@>FC>F<S&@>FCKF<S&KQQB@>K_S&F<QR<CKFDC<S&G>==BON<G&BYL?<@&K@G&=KO>@>FLH&

5<^C>=&KEEDQDOKF>B@&>@&FM<&P>=M&FK@[&K@G&=DQR&FK@[&EK@&@<?KF>N<OL&>QRKEF&ZKF<C&dDKO>FL&K@G&=MBDOG&^<&

C<GDE<G& ^L& FM<& D=<& BP& =EC<<@=& BC& @<FF>@?& ROKE<G& B@& FBR& BP& ^BFM& FK@[=H& & 8EKN<@?<C& P>=M& FMKF& GB& @BF&

>@F<CP<C<&Z>FM& F>OKR>K& EDOF>NKF>B@& EK@& ^<& [<RF& >@& FM<& P>=M& FK@[& FB& EB@=DQ<& <YE<==& P>=M& PBBG& K@G& BFM<C&

BC?K@>E&G<^C>=&FMKF&EBOO<EF=&B@&FM<&^BFFBQ&BN<C&F>Q<H&

6. Cost Benefit Analysis

6.1 Costs

)B&K==<==&FM<&N>K^>O>FL&BP&MBD=>@?&K&=L=F<QS&K&EB=F&^<@F&K@KOL=>=&ZK=&R<CPBCQ<GH&&&1B=F&^<@F&K@KOL=<=&

KC<&D=<PDO&FBBO=&PBC&G<F<CQ>@>@?&FM<&P>@K@E>KO&P<K=>^>O>FL&BP&K&N<@FDC<H&&)M<&EB=F&BP&KOO&>@RDF=&FB&FM<&=L=F<Q&

KC<&FKOO><G&K@G&Z<>?M<G&K?K>@=F&FM<&NKOD<&B=)t7e)(;(te:'()o0t10t(D)))Hn)t7i(&EK=<S&FM<C<&KC<&=<N<CKO&>@RDF=S&

>@EODG>@?&>@>F>KO&QKF<C>KO&EB=F=S&<O<EFC>E>FLS&K@G&P>=M&P<<GH&&&)M<&BDFRDF=&KC<&>@&FM<&PBCQ&BP&N<?<FK^O<&K@G&

F>OKR>K&RCBGDEF>B@H&&&+K@L&K==DQRF>B@=&QD=F&^<&QKG<&>@&BCG<C&FB&QK[<&C<K=B@K^O<&<=F>QKF>B@=&PBC&QK@L&

BP&FM<&>@RDF=&K@G&BDFRDF=H&&&&-&FMBCBD?M&<YROK@KF>B@&BP&FM<&=L=F<Q&EBQRB@<@F=&Z>OO&^<&<YROBC<G&>@&FM>=&

=<EF>B@H& & 0<EKD=<& K@& >@>F>KO& G<=>?@& FBB[& ROKE<& >@& 0KC^KGB=& K@G& FM<& BRF>Q>a<G& G<=>?@& >=& PBC& FCBR>EKO&

1KC>^^<K@&EO>QKF<=S&RC>E<=&Z>OO&^<&G>=ROKL<G&>@&^BFM&1K@KG>K@&K@G&0KC^KG>K@&GBOOKC=H&

6.1.1 Initial Material Costs Table 6: Initial costs of backyard aquaponic system

Materials 1B=F&]058&l_& 1B=F&]1.5&l_&U5(9&TCBZ&0<G&& e:;H%%& A:eH;%&U5(9&/>=M&)K@[& $!%H%%& #$%H%%&U5(9&8DQR&)K@[& $$%H%%& ##%H%%&(DQR& ;ecH%%& $c:H%%&5>=FC>^DF>B@&.<FZBC[& $e%H%%& #A;H%%&->C&5>PPD=>B@&UB=<& #;%H%%& e;H%%&1>@G<C&0OBE[=&]#%_& ;%H%%& $;H%%&->C&8FB@<& #%H%%& ;H%%&->C&IKON<=& $%H%%& #%H%%&9YF<@=>B@&1BCG& ;%H%%& $;H%%&TCBZ&+<G>K&& #;H%%& eH;%&8<<GO>@?=& $%H%%& #%H%%&)>OKR>K&P>=M& c%H%%& !%H%%&Total 2,498.00 1,249.00

Assumptions and notes:

! TCBZ&^<G=&BP&FM<&<YKEF&G>Q<@=>B@=&EBDOG&@BF&^<&PBD@G&K@G&RC>E<GS&=B&PBC&RC>E>@?&RDCRB=<=S&FM<&

RC>E<&BP&FMC<<&$&Q$&?CBZ&^<G=&Z<C<&D=<GH&&

! #%& E>@G<C& ^OBE[=& KF& l$H;%"<K& Z<C<& D=<G& >@& ROKE<& BP& =FK@G=& FB& KGJD=F& FM<& O<N<O=& BP& FM<&

EBQRB@<@F=H&

! ;%&PF&BP&K>C&MB=<&ZK=&D=<G&KF&K&RC>E<&BP&l#H;%"PFH&&

! TCBZ>@?& Q<G>K& ]EBEB@DF& MD=[_& ZK=& RC>E<G& KF& K& EB=F& BP& lA%"FB@@<H& & #& FB@@<& BEEDR><=&

KRRCBY>QKF<OL&eHA&QAH&&

! e$&8<<GO>@?=&Z<C<&D=<G&KF&K&EB=F&BP&KRRCBY>QKF<OL&l%H#;"=<<GO>@?H&&

! )>OKR>K&P>@?<CO>@?=&Z<C<&RDCEMK=<G&KF&KRRCBY>QKF<OL&l#H%%"P>=MH&&

*F& =MBDOG&^<&@BF<G&FMKF&BN<C&;%g&BP& >@>F>KO& =<F&DR&EB=F=&KC<&GD<&FB&FM<&?CBZ&^<GS& P>=M&FK@[S&K@G&=DQR&

FK@[H&&&)M<=<&EB=F=&EBDOG&^<&?C<KFOL&C<GDE<G&^L&K&?CBZ<C&Z>FM&K&O>FFO<&>@?<@D>FLH&&&)M<&?CBZ&^<GS&KF&K&EB=F&

BP&lA:eS&>=&FM<&=>@?O<&^>??<=F&<YR<@=<&BP&FM<&=L=F<QS&MBZ<N<C&FM>=&EB=F&>=&QB=FOL&KFFC>^DF<G&FB&FM<&M>?M&

EB=F&BP&PK^C>EKF>@?&FM<&QBDOG&FB&QK[<&FM<&^<GH&&&)M<&B@OL&@<E<==>FL&BP&FM<&^<G&>=&FMKF&>F&^<&K^O<&FB&MBOG&

FM<&?CBZ&Q<G>K&FMKF&FM<&ROK@F=&?CBZ&>@&K@G&FMKF&FM<&ZKF<C&@BF&O<K[&BDF&BP&>FH&&&)M>=&FLR<&BP&=FCDEFDC<&EK@&

<K=>OL&^<&EB@=FCDEF<G&^L&EC<KF>@?&K@&KC<K&^BCG<C<G&^L&ZKOO=&QKG<& PCBQ&E>@G<C&^OBE[=&BC& <N<@&=B>O& PBC&

<YKQRO<H& & )M<& KC<K& ZBDOG& FM<@& MKN<& FB& ^<& O>@<G& Z>FM& K@& >QR<CQ<K^O<& RBOL<FMLO<@<& O>@<CS& ZM>EM&

?<@<CKOOL&C<FK>O=& PBC&KCBD@G&l;"Q$H& &-&b&Q$&^L&%HA&Q&G<<R&?CBZ&KC<K&EBDOG&^<& O>@<G&PBC& O<==&FMK@&l!%H&&&

8>Q>OKC&OB?>E&EBDOG&^<&D=<G&PBC&FM<&=DQR&FK@[H&)M<&FKnG'()on+;)&e(ign)47#r#4teri(ti4)i(&FMKF&>F=&G<RFM&^<&K=&

OKC?<& K=& RB==>^O<& EBQRKC<G& FB& FM<& M<>?MF& FMKF& FM<&ZKF<C& >=& O>PF<G& FB& FM<& P>=M& FK@[H& & -& MBO<& GD?& >@& FM<&

?CBD@G&EBDOG&<N<@&^<& O>@<G&Z>FM&FM<&RBOL<FMLO<@<& O>@<CH& &(BOL<FMLO<@<& O>@<C& >=&MBZ<N<C&G>=EBDCK?<G& >@&

P>=M&FK@[&D=<&^<EKD=<&P>=M&F<@G&FB&^>F<&MBO<=&EKD=>@?&O<K[=&>@&FM<&FK@[H&&*P&O>@<C&>=&D=<G&>@&FM<&?CBZ&KC<KS&

EKC<&>=&@<<G<G&FB&<@=DC<&FMKF&FM<&=<KO&^<FZ<<@&FM<&O>@<C&K@G&<PPOD<@F&R>R<&>=&F>?MF&FB&KNB>G&O<K[=&K=&ZKF<C&

<Y>F=&FM<&?CBZ&^<G&KC<KH&&

6.1.2 Annual Costs

-@&KGG>F>B@KO&>@RDF&FB&FM<&=L=F<Q&>=&FM<&EB=F&BP&<O<EFC>E>FL&D=<G&FB&CD@&FM<&K>C&^OBZ<C&FMKF&E>CEDOKF<=&FM<&

ZKF<C&FMCBD?MBDF&FM<&=L=F<Q&K@G&K<CKF<=&FM<&P>=M&FK@[&K@G&?CBZ&^<GH&&&)M<&EB=F&BP&<O<EFC>E>FL&>=&K==DQ<G&

FB& ^<& l%H$#"[XMS&ZM>EM& PKOO=& >@& O>@<&Z>FM&ZMKF& 0KC^KGB=& V>?MF&f& (BZ<C& EMKC?<=& ]0KC^KGB=& V>?MF& K@G&

(BZ<C_H& &)M<&U>`0OBZ&U(&!%&10:1'()RBZ<C&EB@=DQRF>B@&>=&CKF<G&KF&%Hc&KQR=S&D=>@?&#$%&I&]%H%:b&[X_H&

)M<&K@@DKO&<O<EFC>E>FL&EB=F=&FM<@&^<EBQ<\&&

!""#$% c%'9-1*9*-0 d27-: $0.215), /8760 ,101 / 0.096 5) = $ V\Q.QB/UOTF

)M<&P>@KO&K@@DKO&EB=F&PBC&FM<&=L=F<Q&>=&FM<&P>=M&P<<G&?>N<@&FB&FM<&F>OKR>K&<KEM&GKLH&&-&P>=M&P<<G&CKF<&CKF>B&BP&

$;& ?"Q$G& >=& D=<G& >@&Q<G>K& P>OO<G& =L=F<Q=& K@G& >F& >=& K==DQ<G& FMKF& K& $$H;& [?& ^K?& BP& P>=M& P<<G& EBDOG& ^<&

RDCEMK=<G&PBC&KRRCBY>QKF<OL&l$bH&&)M<&EB=F&BP&K@@DKO&P>=M&P<<G&D=<G&>=&K=&PBOOBZ=\&&

!""#$% &*7, &''( d27-: 0.025 5+.2 / ($0 /6.2

+123 4'( /365 ($070'$1 / 4$+

22.5 5+ /$264$+ = $QC.R\ /UOTF

6.2 Outputs

6.2.1 Fish Production

)M<C<&KC<&cHbe&P>=M&MKCN<=F=&R<C&L<KCh&B@<&<N<CL&b&Z<<[=H&&&/BC&=>QRO>E>FLS&Z<&K==DQ<&FMKF&FM<C<&Z>OO&^<&:&

MKCN<=F=H& & X>FM& :& P>=M& >@& <KEM& MKCN<=FS& K& FBFKO& BP& c#& P>=M& Z>OO& ^<& RCBGDE<G& K@@DKOOL& ^L& FM<& =L=F<QH&&

+B@<FKCL&NKOD<=&PBC&F>OKR>K&P>=M&Z<C<&K=E<CFK>@<G&^L&=DCN<L>@?&OBEKO&=DR<CQKC[<F=&>@&0KC^KGB=H&&XMBO<&

P>=M&RC>E<=S&K=&BRRB=<G&FB&P>OO<F&RC>E<=S&Z<C<&D=<Gh&l#%"[?H& & &UKCN<=F&Z<>?MF&R<C& P>=M& >=&RC<G>EF<G&FB&^<&

%H!;%&[?H&&)M<&NKOD<&BP&K@@DKO&P>=M&RCBGDEF>B@&Z>OO&FM<C<PBC<&^<&K=&PBOOBZ=\&

e$%#' 2: &*7, 812(#9-*2" = 9 ,$='7-70'$1 / 9 :*7, ,$1='7- /

0.450 5+:*7, / $105+ = $364.50/0'$1&

6.2.2 Vegetable Production

)B&<=F>QKF<&N<?<FK^O<&RCBGDEF>B@&>F&ZK=&K==DQ<G&FMKF&K&ROK@F&G<@=>FL&BP&#$&ROK@F="Q$&Z>OO&^<&D=<GH&&)M>=&

>=&K@&<QR>C>EKO&P>?DC<&G<F<CQ>@<G&PCBQ&RCKEF>EKO&<YR<C><@E<&Z>FM&KdDKRB@>E=H&&&&/BC&FM<&=K[<&BP&FM<&EB=F&

^<@F&<Y<CE>=<S&>F&>=&K==DQ<G&FMKF&K&=L=F<Q&D=<=&MKOP&BP&>F=&KC<K&FB&?CBZ&B[CK&K@G&FM<&BFM<C&MKOP&FB&?CBZ&

^K=>OH&&*@&C<KO>FLS&=L=F<Q=&EK@&^<&D=<G&FB&?CBZ&K&@DQ^<C&BP&G>PP<C<@F&ECBR=S&KOO&Z>FM&G>PP<C<@F&L><OG=&K@G&

QKC[<F&RC>E<=S&^DF&PBC&FM<&=K[<&BP&=>QRO>E>FLS&K@G&^<EKD=<&BP&FM<&>@PBCQKF>B@&KNK>OK^O<S&B[CK&K@G&^K=>O&KC<&

D=<G&K=&C<RC<=<@FKF>N<&ECBR=H&&&-?K>@S&RC>E<=&PBC&B[CK&K@G&^K=>O&Z<C<&G<F<CQ>@<G&^L&OBB[>@?&KF&0KC^KG>K@&

=DR<CQKC[<F&RC>E<=&K@G&Z<C<&PBD@G&FB&^<&l&AH!%"[?&PBC&B[CK&K@G&l&$bHe;"[?&PBC&^K=>OH&&-&?CBZ>@?&KC<K&BP&

b&Q$&Z>OO&^<&K==DQ<G&FB&MBOG&Ab&^K=>O&ROK@F=&K@G&Ab&B[CK&ROK@F=H&&&(<C&ROK@F&P>@KO&RCBGDEF>B@&NKOD<=S&ZM>EM&

Z<C<& FK[<@& =ro:)IrD) Z#:e() [D) K#Go4;'()9orG)9it7) #/0#1oni4() #t) t7e)Jni<er(it;) o=) t7e) *irgi@& *=OK@G=S&

Z<C<& PBD@G& FB&^<&B@&KN<CK?<&e%%&?& PBC&B[CK&K@G&$;%&?& PBC&^K=>OH& &-EEBCG>@?& FB& FM<&7I*& =FDGLS&B[CK& >=&

MKCN<=F<G&B@E<&<N<CL&A&QB@FM=&K@G&^K=>OS&B@E<&K&QB@FMH&)K^O<&e&=DQQKC>a<=&FM<&K@@DKO&P>@K@E>KO&?K>@=&

PCBQ&FM<&FZB&ECBR=H&

Table 7: Summary of annual outputs from okra and basil

Crop # of Plants Harvests/Year Weight/Plant

(kg) Total Weight

(kg) Market Price

($BDS) Annual Value

($CND) Annual Value

($BDS)

'[CK& AbH%%& !H%%& %He%& #%%Hc%& AH!%& A!$He$& bc;H!!&0K=>O& AbH%%& #$H%%& %H$;& #%cH%%& $bHe;& $cc:H%%& ;eecH%%&&

)M<&OKC?<&G>PP<C<@E<&^<FZ<<@&FM<&NKOD<=&BP&FM<&FZB&ECBR=&G<QB@=FCKF<=&MBZ&QDEM&QBC<&RCBP>FK^O<&>F&>=&

FB&?CBZ&M<C^=&K@G&O<KPL&?C<<@&N<?<FK^O<=&K=&BRRB=<G&FB&PCD>F>@?&ECBR=S&K=&RC<N>BD=OL&G>=ED==<GH&&

6.3 Summary of Analysis

)K^O<=&c&FB&#%&=DQQKC>a<&FM<&EB=F&^<@F&K@KOL=>=H&&&

Table 8: Summary of first year costs and outputs 1st Year Inputs Cost (BDS) Cost (CND) Outputs Value (BDS) Value (CND)

8FKCFDR&+KF<C>KO=& $!:cH%%& #$!:H%%& '[CK& #Ae%Hcc& bc;H!!&

9O<EFC>E>FL& A;AH$%& #ebHb%& 0K=>O& ##;;b& ;eec&

/>=M&/BBG& #$bH;!& bAHce& )>OKR>K& e$:& Ab!H;&

Total 2977.74 1489.87 13655.88 6827.94

Table 9: Summary of second year costs and outputs 2nd Year Inputs Cost (BDS) Cost (CND) Outputs Value (BDS) Value (CND)

9O<EFC>E>FL& A;AH$%& #ebHb%& '[CK& #Ae%Hcc& bc;H!!&

/>=M&/BBG& #$bH;!& bAHce& 0K=>O& ##;;b& ;eec&

&& && && )>OKR>K& e$:& Ab!H;&

Total 479.74 240.47 13655.88 6827.94

Table 10: Summary of profits for the first two years (CBP>F=&& 058& 1.5&

#=F&3<KC& #%becH#!& ;AAcH!e&

$@G&3<KC& #A#ebH#!& b;ceH!e&

)M<=<&FK^O<=&=MBZ&FM<&G>=F>@EF>B@&^<FZ<<@&FM<&P>C=F&K@G&=<EB@G&L<KC&BP&RCBGDEF>B@&^<EKD=<&>@>F>KO&=FKCF`

DR&EB=F=S&ZM>EM&KC<&dD>F<&=>?@>P>EK@FS&KC<&B@OL&>@EDCC<G&>@&FM<&P>C=F&L<KCH&&&/BC&FM>=&C<K=B@S&P>@K@E>KO&?K>@=&

=D^=<dD<@F&FB&FM<&P>C=F&L<KC&]lb;ceH!e_&KC<&=>?@>P>EK@FOL&M>?M<C&FMK@&FMB=<&<YR<C><@E<G&>@&FM<&>@>F>KO&L<KC&

BP&RCBGDEF>B@&]l;AAcH!e_H&&

-F&FM>=&RB>@F&>F&=MBDOG&^<&C<>F<CKF<G&MBZ&QDEM&FM>=&K@KOL=>=&C<O><=&B@&FM<&=FKF<G&K==DQRF>B@=H&&&&0K=>O& >=&

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=>QROL& D=<& FM<& =L=F<Q& FB& RCBGDE<& PBBG& PBC& FM<>C& BZ@& EB@=DQRF>B@S& @BF&QDEM& BP& FM<& KC<K&ZBDOG& ^<&

G<NBF<G&FB&M<C^=S&ZM>EM&KC<&QDEM&QBC<&RCBP>FK^O<H&& &(OK@F>@?&G<@=>F><=S&RCBGDEF>B@&ROK@F&Z<>?MF=S&K@G&

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=L=F<Q&KRR<KC=&FB&^<&dD>F<&P>@K@E>KOOL&ZBCFMZM>O<H&&

7. Conclusions

4<`<YKQ>@>@?&BDC&B^J<EF>N<&RCBN>G<=&K&?BBG& PCKQ<ZBC[& FB&EB@EODG<& FM<&RCBJ<EFH&&& 8FKCF>@?& FM<&RCBJ<EF&

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G<E>=>B@=&Z<C<& >@<N>FK^OL& EBQRKC<G& FB& FM<& PKQ>O>KC& =L=F<Q=& FMKF& MKG& ^<<@& <@EBD@F<C<G& >@& 0KC^KGB=H&&

)M<& P>@KO& G<=>?@& >@EODG<G& <O<Q<@F=& FMKF& Z<C<& @BF& EB@=>G<C<G& >@& RC<N>BD=& =L=F<Q=S&QB=F& @BFK^OL& FM<&

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E>CEDOKF<& FM<&ZKF<CH& & &-@G& P>@KOOLS& FM<& =<dD<@F>KO&MKCN<=F>@?&BP&^BFM& FM<& P>=M&K@G&ROK@F=& >=&<YR<EF<G& FB&

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/BBG& =<EDC>FL& RB=<=& K& N<CL& C<KO& K@G& =<C>BD=& FMC<KF& >@& FM<&ZBCOG& FBGKLH&&&XMKF&QK[<=& KdDKRB@>E& PBBG&

RCBGDEF>B@&=B&KFFCKEF>N<& >=& >F=&K^>O>FL& FB&KGGC<==& FM<=<& >==D<=&BP& C<=BDCE<&EB@=<CNKF>B@&K@G&KEE<==& FB&K&

C<O>K^O<& K@G&dDKO>FL& PBBG& =BDCE<H&&& *@& KGG>F>B@& FB& FM>=S& FM<& =>QRO>E>FL& BP& K@& KdDKRB@>E& =L=F<Q&QK[<=& >F&

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0KC^KGB=& >=& FM<& QB=F& G<N<OBR<G& BP& FM<& 1KC>^^<K@& @KF>B@=& K@G& FM<& dDKO>FL& BP& O>N>@?& >=& ?<@<CKOOL&

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=>?@>P>EK@FOL& >QRKEF&FM<& O>N<=&BP& PKQ>O><=H&& *F&MK=&^<<@&=MBZ@&F>Q<&K@G&K?K>@&FMKF& >F&EK@&^<&K&RCBP>FK^O<&

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EB@=E>BD=@<==H&&

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]$%%A_H&4<FC><N<G&-RC>O&eS&$%#%S&PCBQ&$%%A&*@F<C@KF>B@KO&3<KC&BP&/C<=MZKF<C\&MFFR\""ZZZHZKF<CL<KC$%%AHBC?&

]$%#%_H&4<FC><N<G&-RC>O&eS&$%#%S&PCBQ&XBCOG&/BBG&(CB?CKQQ<\&ZZZHZPRHBC?&

About Hydroponics: Get up and GrowH&]$%%e_H&4<FC><N<G&-RC>O&#%S&$%#%S&PCBQ&T<F&DR&K@G&TCBZ&X<^&8>F<\&MFFR\""ZZZH?<FDRK@G?CBZH><"KEKFKOB?"K^BDFsMLGCBRB@>E=HMFQO&

Aquaculture resourcesH&]$%#%_H&4<FC><N<G&-RC>O&:S&$%#%S&PCBQ&/BBG&K@G&-?C>EDOFDC<&'C?K@>aKF>B@&X<^&=>F<\&MFFR\""ZZZHPKBHBC?"P>=M<CL"FBR>E"#A;A%"<@&

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0K>O[<LS&+HS&f&.K=CS&WH&]$%%%_H&/CBQ&0CBZ@P><OG=&FB&TC<<@P><OG=\&(CBGDE>@?&/BBG&>@&.BCFM&-Q<C>EK@&1>F><=H&Community Food Security News&S&#`cH&

Barbados Vital StatisticH&]$%%e_H&4<FC><N<G&-RC>O&#!S&$%#%S&PCBQ&0KC^KGB=&1<@FCKO&0K@[&\&MFFR\""ZZZHE<@FCKO^K@[HBC?H^^"EBD@FCLs>@PBH=MFQO&

0OBE[S&VH&]$%%:S&+KCEM&$_H&Coconut Fibers Replace Synthetic Polyester Fibers in CarsH&4<FC><N<G&+KCEM&A%S&$%#%S&PCBQ&9O<RMK@F\&MFFR\""ZZZH<O<RMK@FJBDC@KOHEBQ"$%%:"%A"EBEB@DF`P>^<C=`C<ROKE<`=L@FM<F>E`RBOL<=F<C`P>^<C=`>@`EKC="&

1-4*1'+H&]$%%:_H&The Caribbean CommunityH&4<FC><N<G&-RC>O&eS&$%#%S&PCBQ&)M<&1KC>^^<K@&1BQQD@>FL&8<EC<FKC>KF\&MFFR\""ZZZHEKC>EBQHBC?"J=R"EBQQD@>FL"EBQQD@>FLs>@G<YHJ=RrQ<@DpEBQQD@>FL&

1<@FCKO&*@F<OO>?<@E<&-?<@ELS&7H&8H&]$%#%S&+KCEM&#c_H&Central America and Caribbean: BarbadosH&4<FC><N<G&-RC>O&eS&$%#%S&PCBQ&)M<&XBCOG&/KEF&0BB[\&MFFR=\""ZZZHE>KH?BN"O>^CKCL"RD^O>EKF>B@="FM<`ZBCOG`PKEF^BB["?<B="^^HMFQO&

1MKOQ<C=S&TH&-H&]$%%!_H&-dDKRB@>E=&K@G&/BBG&8KP<FLH&Crop Diversification Center, Alberta, Canada&S&#`##!H&

1BOBQ^B&6DKO>FL&1B>C&(CBGDEF=H&]$%#%_H&Coco Peat (Coir Pith)H&4<FC><N<G&-RC>O&cS&$%#%S&PCBQ&1BOBQ^B&6DKO>FL&1B>C&(CBGDEF=\&MFFR\""ZZZHEBEB@DFEB>C=C>OK@[KHEBQ"RCBGDEF=sMBCF>HMFQO&

1B@=>G>@<S&+H&]$%%eS&-D?`8<RF_H&(OK@F&ECBR=&FB&EO<K@&DR&KdDKEDOFDC<&ZK=F<H&ECOS Magazine&S&RH&A!H&

G<OK`1CDaS&1H&]#:c$_H&Report of Consultation/Seminar on Coastal Fishpond Engineering.&8DCK^KLKS&*@GB@<=>K\&/>=M<C><=&K@G&-dDKEDOFDC<&5<RKCFQ<@F&]/-'_H&

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9KCFM)C<@G=H&]$%%A_H&Agriculture and Food ‐ BarbadosH&4<FC><N<G&+KCEM&$bS&$%#%S&PCBQ&9KCFM)C<@G=&1BD@FCL&(CBP>O<=\&MFFR\""<KCFMFC<@G=HZC>HBC?"RGPsO>^CKCL"ER"K?CsEBDs%;$HRGP&

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9@GDFS&-HS&WD=BMS&-HS&-O>S&.HS&XK@`.>[S&XHS&f&UK==K@S&-H&]$%%:_H&9PP<EF&BP&POBZ&CKF<&B@&ZKF<C&dDKO>FL&RKCKQ<F<C=&K@G&ROK@F&?CBZFM&BP&ZKF<C&=R>@KEM&]*RBQB<K&KdDKF>EK_&>@&K@&KdDKRB@>E&C<E>CEDOKF>@?&=L=F<QH&Desalination and Water Treatment&S&#:`$cH&

/-'H&]$%%%_H&BarbadosH&4<FC><N<G&-RC>O&AS&$%#%S&PCBQ&-dDK=FKF\&MFFR\""ZZZHPKBHBC?"@C"ZKF<C"KdDK=FKF"EBD@FC><="^KC^KGB=">@G<YH=FQ&

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Gardening: About.comH&]$%#%_H&4<FC><N<G&-RC>O&#$S&$%#%S&PCBQ&-^BDFHEBQ\&MFFR\""?KCG<@>@?HK^BDFHEBQ"BG"N<?<FK^O<="R"'[CKHMFQ&

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Growing Arrangements: Sara's Aquaponic AdventureH&]$%%c_H&4<FC><N<G&-RC>O&#%S&$%#%S&PCBQ&8KCKt=&-DKRB@>E&-GN<@FDC<&X<^&8>F<\&MFFR\""ZZZHRMBFB=^L=EHEBQ"-dDKRB@>E="8KCK=s-dDKRB@>Es0OB?"9@FC><="$%%c"!"$!sTCBZ>@?s-CCK@?<Q<@F=sssHMFQO&

UKQRZKL<S&THS&.<OS&9HS&f&*@?BQ^<S&VH&]$%%:_H&The role of urban agriculture in addressing household poverty and food security: the case of Zambia.&*@G>K\&TOB^KO&5<N<OBRQ<@F&.<FZBC[H&

U<CQ>@>BS&4H&4H&]#:cc_H&History of Aquaculture.&+K@>OK\&-89-."7.5("/-'H&

UBQ<CS&/H&]#::c_H&A Rapid Assessment of Agriculture in Barbados.&0C>G?<FBZ@\&0KC^KGB=&.KF>B@KO&0>BG>N<C=>FL&8FCKF<?L&K@G&-EF>B@&(OK@H&

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UD?M<LS&)H&]$%%;_H&-dDKRB@>E=&PBC&5<N<OBR>@?&1BD@FC><=H&Aquaponics Journal, Issue 38&S&RRH&#b`#cH&

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Hydroponics: Andrew SmithH&]$%%b_H&4<FC><N<G&-RC>O&#%S&$%#%S&PCBQ&-@GC<Z&8Q>FM&X<^&8>F<\&MFFR\""K=Q>FMH>GHKD">@G<YHMFQO&

**1-H&]$%%:_H&2008 Annual Report: IICA‐Barbados' contribution to agriculture and the development of the rural communities in the Americas.&1B=FK&4>EK\&*@F<C`-Q<C>EK@&*@=F>FDF<&PBC&FM<&1BBR<CKF>B@&B@&-?C>EDOFDC<H&

VK`X@>EaK[S&/HS&/CK@EB>=S&(HS&8EC>N<@<CS&'HS&2K=FC>@K[>=S&9H&THS&f&.LEMK=S&8H&TH&]#:::_H&)M<&9PP>E><@EL&BP&8MBCF&->CO>PF&(DQR=&'R<CKF>@?&KF&VBZ&8D^Q<C?<@E<&4KF>B=H&The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Volume 77, Issue 1&S&A`#%H&

VBC<@H&]$%#%S&+KCEM&A#_H&CocochipsH&4<FC><N<G&-RC>O&$S&$%#%S&PCBQ&1K=K&G<&OK=&'CdD>G<K=\&MFFR\""ZZZHBCdD>G<K=HEBQ"?CBZ>@?"RBFF>@?"EBEBEM>R=HJR?&

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.<O=B@S&4H&VH&]$%%c_H&Aquaponic Food Production ‐ Raising fish and plants for food and profit.&+B@F<OOBS&X*\&.<O=B@&K@G&(KG<S&*@EH&

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4>EM<S&+HS&f&TKCO>@?S&5H&]$%%AS&-D?D=F_H&/<<G>@?&)>OKR>K&>@&*@F<@=>N<&4<E>CEDOKF>@?&8L=F<Q=H&North Central Regional Aquaculture Center, Fact Sheet Series #114&S&RRH&#`!H&

8BQQKS&4H&]$%%cS&WD@<&!_H&Vibrantly Colored PlantsH&4<FC><N<G&-RC>O&:S&$%#%S&PCBQ&/O>E[C\&MFFR\""ZZZHPO>E[CHEBQ"RMBFB="#!!%;%;cu.%c"$;;#ee!#%:"&

8RKG<S&WH&8H&]$%%:_H&I>OOK?<&-dDKRB@>E=H&Aquaponics Journal&H&

8F<N<S&1H&]$%%eS&8DQQ<C_H&7R&FM<&TKCG<@&(KFM&`&)M<&.>FCB?<@&1LEO<H&Backyard Aquaponics&S&RRH&b`eH&

8D>F=S&0H&]$%#%_H&-EE<==&FB&(<C=B@KO&-?C>EDOFDC<H&The Aquaponics Guidebook, Volume 1, 2nd Edition&S&RRH&#`#$H&

)M<&T<L=<C&(DQRH&]$%#%_H&Geyser PumpH&4<FC><N<G&+KCEM&$;S&$%#%S&PCBQ&)M<&T<L=<C&(DQR\&MFFR\""K>CO>PFRDQRHEBQ"&

The World BankH&]$%#%_H&4<FC><N<G&-RC>O&eS&$%#%S&PCBQ&-?C>EDOFDC<&K@G&4DCKO&5<N<OBRQ<@F\&MFFR\""Z<^HZBCOG^K@[HBC?&

)BFKOOL&0KC^KGB=H&]$%#%_H&Barbados TourismH&4<FC><N<G&-RC>O&bS&$%#%S&PCBQ&)BFKOOL&0KC^KGB=&`&0C<EKO&*@EH\&MFFR\""ZZZHFBFKOOL^KC^KGB=HEBQ"^KC^KGB="0D=>@<=="9EB@BQL")BDC>=Q"&

Types of Hydroponics Systems: Dave's Hydroponics ExperimentH&]$%#%_H&4<FC><N<G&-RC>O&#%S&$%#%S&PCBQ&5KN<t=&ULGCBRB@>E=&9YR<C>Q<@F\&MFFR\""ZZZHG^EBDCFHEBHD["MLGCBRB@>E="8L=F<Qg$%sFLR<=HMFQO&

7.H&]$%%!_H&Freshwater Country Profile ‐ BarbadosH&4<FC><N<G&-RC>O&eS&$%#%S&PCBQ&/C<=MZKF<C$%%!&`&0KC^KGB=\&MFFR\""ZZZHD@HBC?"<=K"K?<@GK$#"@KFO>@PB"EBD@FC"^KC^KGB="PC<=MZKF<CHRGP&

What is Aquaponics: The Fish FarmH&]$%#%_H&4<FC><N<G&-RC>O&#%S&$%#%S&PCBQ&)M<&/>=M&/KCQ\&MFFR\""ZZZHKdDKQ>=FHEBQ"MLGCBRB@>E="&

X>O=B@S&TH&]$%#%_H&Aquaponics Network Australia H&4<FC><N<G&-RC>O&#%S&$%#%S&PCBQ&0D>OG>@?TC<<@\&MFFR\""ZZZH^D>OG>@??C<<@HEBQ"KDFM">QK?<HEPQr>QK?<.KQQK?<="#c%$"CKPFHJR?fP>O<.KQ<p#c%$%#KHYQO&

XDCF=S&XH&-HS&+E.<>OOS&8H&THS&f&'N<CMDOF=S&5H&TH&]#::!_H&(<CPBCQK@E<&K@G&G<=>?@&EMKCKEF<C>=F>E=&BP&K>CO>PF&RDQR=&PBC&P><OG&KRRO>EKF>B@=H&World Aquaculture 25(4)&S&;#`;;H&

,kNBG=[kS&-HS&f&5BOOLS&5H&]$%%:_H&A Comparison of Small Scale Farming in Barbados, Dominica, and Trinidad and Tobago.&8K@&WDK@\&-==BE>KF>B@&PBC&*@F<C@KF>B@KO&-?C>EDOFDCKO&K@G&9YF<@=>B@&9GDEKF>B@&]-*-99_H&

Appendices

Appendix A: Barbados Background Information &

Figure 39: Location of Barbados in the Caribbean (From: http://www.travelguide2barbados.com/p1_maps.php)

Figure 40: Barbados Climate Graph (Metric) (From: http://www.climatetemp.info/barbados/)

Appendix B: Water Quality Experiment Results from Barbados System &Table 11: Summary of results on water quality in BVAA aquaponic fish tank

Parameter Range found in fish tank Optimal range Temperature $eH%;`$:HeA&m1& $e`$:&m1&pH eHAc`eHb;& bHc`:&Salinity %HAe`%H!A&(87&]RRF_& n&#%&RRF&](87_&PO4

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Figure 41: Dissolved oxygen concentrations over test period

Figure 42: Fish tank temperature over test period

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Dissolved Oxygen Concentration in Aquaponic Fish Tank

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Temperature in Aquaponic Fish Tank

Figure 43: Fish tank pH over test period

Figure 44: Fish tank salinity over test period

Figure 45: Nitrate concentrations over test period

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pH in Aquaponic Fish Tank

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Figure 46: Ammonia concentrations over test period

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Ammonia Concentration in Aquaponic Fish Tank

Appendix C: Fish Growth Estimations Table 12: Fish Growth Estimations (based on SRAC‐282: Tank Culture of Tilapia

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Appendix D: Air Pump Specifications

Figure 47: Performance chart for Hi‐Blow HP 40 pump

Table 13: Alternate method for air flow calculations (The Geyser Pump, 2010)

Pumping rate 1,904 gallon/day

Pipe diameter 2.00 inch submergence 3.5 ft lift 4.9 ft

cross-sectional area of pipe 0.022 ft2

Pipe volume 0.08 ft3 Pipe volume 7.48 gallon Vl (Flow rate) 1 GPM A (Pipe area) 0.022 ft2 L (Lift) 4.9 ft D (Pipe diameter) 2 inch Lf (density of fluid) 100 S (submergence) 3.51 ft Lg (Gas density) 0.0765 Value of Ordinate 24,697 2.47E+04 Value of Abscissa 100<Y<10,225 3.55 10,225<Y<73,637 3.42 73,637<Y<117,690 3.34 117,690<Y<123.645 0.00 123,645<Y<128,308 0.00 128,308<Y<99,018 3.21

Graph reading 3.42

Vg (Gas flow) 1.22 ft3/min

Pressure 1.52 psi &

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