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8/6/2019 Open Linux
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XP Linux
Primary Extended (Logical)
40 GB Hard disk
C:// 10 GB
D:// 10 GB
E:// 10 GB
------------
/ 8GB
/boot 200-512 MB
Swap Ram*2
-------------
hda primary master
hdb primary slave
hdc secondary master
hdd secondary slave
----------------
0 Sector size = 512 bytesIPL = 446 bytes
FAT32 FAT32 FAT32 Ext3 Ext3 swap
/dev/hda /dev/hda1 /dev/hda2 /dev/hda3 /dev/hda6/dev/hda5/dev/hda4
C:// D:// E:// /boot X/dev/hda5/0 Sector (MBR)
Partition Table
GRUB
NTLDR
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1:- Linux file system
/ bin All commandswhich are used by normal users
/ sbin All commandswhich are used by supper user
/ boot Linux kernel ( vmlinuz , initrd ) Grub directory
/ etc System conf files
/ var Server data logsMail proxy cache
/ dev All devicesname stored in / dev
/ usr All gui toolsinstalled in / usr
/ proc System informations( picture of RAM )
/ home User'shome dir's
/ tmp Temporaryfiles
/ media Auto mounted devicesmount point in / media
/ boot / etc / usr / var / home / tmp / dev / proc / media
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2:--Concept of swap
/ / boot
Ext3 Ext3 swap
[Ram 256MB]
Linux os image size 300MB Remaining os image in swap
44MB
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3:-- Basic commonds
For changing directory / to /etc
One step back /etc to /
Go to previous working directory
Go to current login user home directory
Show the contents of /etc in single color
Show the contents of /etc in different colors with nature of contents
create a folder on root partition
Create a folder in /disk
Create multiple folder in multiple directories with single command
Create multiple folder in same directory
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Copy a file in directory
Copy a file from /disk/file and paste it in /disk/dir/
Copy a directory with r option
Copy a file from /disk/file and paste it in /etc with myfile name
Remove a file
Remove a file with forcefully option
Remove a directory with out r option and you face will an error
Remove a directory with r option
Remove a directory with forcefully option
Move /etc/dir1 to /disk/ with different name
Rename the folder name mydir to dir
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Rename the file name with myfile
Read a file on terminal
Read a file page by page with less command
Read a file page by page with more command
Read first ten lines of grub.conf
Read last ten lings of grub.conf
Read first 12 lines with n option
Read last 11 lines with n option
Copy the contents of /etc/grub.conf in /disk/file
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Append the contents /etc/mtab in /etc/file
Merging tow commands with pipe sign output of the first command is input of second command
Count the total lines of squid.conf
Show only spool words in squid.conf
Flush the contents of file
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4:- User Management
Adding user with graphical utility
Show the properties of fiaz user
Add tow uses ishaq and umar with different command with default properties
Assigning password to ishaq
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Add a group
Customizing users properties at the time of creating user
[u uid ] [-g primary group] [-G secondary group] [ -c comments] [ -d home directory path ] [-s login shell ]
Modify user properties with usermod command
Delete a user saleem with his home directory
Delete a group corvit
All usersinformation stored in / etc/ passwd everyuser have a seven column line in thisfile
1-user name [ user authenticate at the time of login from the first column of / etc/ passwd ]
2-password required [ x meansusersmust requiredpasswordif remove thisx user canlogin without password
]
3-uid [ 500 first user id 0 to 499 idsare reserved0 for root user and remainingfor servicesusers]
4-gid [ every user relate with any group which storedin / etc/ group]
5-comments [full name but it is not compulsoryonly for information ]
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6-home directory path [ linuxfile system isread only for normal user only hishome directory iswith full
permission for normal user
7-login shell (/ bin/ bash, / bin/sh, / bin/ tsh, / sbin/ nologin) everyuser requireda shell for login without shell user
can never login at machine
All groups stored in this file
User password stored in this file
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5:- Help
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6:- Permission
Gui permission method...
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Three types of permission read write and execute, Ever file and folder have three relations owner group and
others
[ Read = r write = w execute = x ] [ owner = u group = g other = o ]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1= nature of object [d=dir -=file L=link]
2= first three permission for owner [ rwx]
3= second three permissionfor group members[ r-x]
4= thirdthree permissionfor others[r-x]
5= number of inodes contain bythisdirectory
6= owner of directory
7= groupof directory
8= size of directory
9= creatingdate of object
10=name of object
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Changingpermission = give write permission to other on/ disk
Give read write and execute permissionfor group on / disk
Assigningread writ and execute permissionto user, group and other with single command
Assigningdifferent permission with different commands which separate with semicolon
Usingnumber system =----- [ Read = 4 ] [ Write = 2 ] [ Execute = 1 ]
rwx=7
r-x=5
---=0
Assigningfull permission to owner and no permissionfor group and others
Assigningfull permissionfor owner and group nopermission for other
Assigningfull permission to all
Assigning full permission for owner and read, and execute for group and others
Assigning no permission for all
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Assigning sticky bit permission for other
Assigning suid permission for owner
Assigning sgid permission for group
7:-Archivingand Compression
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8:-Partition
Fdisk utility use to manage hard disk
Help
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Starting cylinder
Print partition table
Add new partitionSize in Mb
Print partition table
New partition size 500MB
Write and quite
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This command sink and updating kernel real table with fdisk utility you can check this table cat /proc/partitions
Make file system ext3 on /dev/hdc6
Create a folder for mount point
Mount device name on /windisk folder
Show Linux mounted partitions size and usage percentage
Boot time Linux file system mount from /etc/fstab
Device name Mount point File system Mounting option
Auto dump
Order of
fsck utility
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Umounting partition
Assigning a label [work] to device name
Show device name label
Mounting device label on /windisk
/ dev/ hdc6 or LABEL=work
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10:- RPM ( Redhat package manager )Query about zsh package from installed rpm database
Removing zsh package
Again query after removing zsh package
For installing new rpms first mount your DVD in /media
Copy the contents of DVD in /var/ftp/pub
Installing zsh package
Information about installed zsh package
Show the path where zsh is installed
Query all installed rpms
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Query all installed rpms but show only those which have bind word in there name
Query to squid.conf what is your package name
Query about information of uninstalled zsh package
Query the list of files and directories which zsh will be create after installing
Fresh installation of zsh package with new version ( old version of zsh must be installed before using Fvh )
Update zsh package with new version of zsh ( Uvh can work as ivh )
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11:- Network Configuration
Show ip address and MAC of eth1
Show physical connectivity
Enable eth1
Disable eth1
Opening gui tool for configuring ip configuration
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Restarting network service
Dns address stored this file
Mac, ip and more information about eth1 in this file
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Check your machine name
Reconfigure your machine name
Permanent store your machine name in this file
Check your route way
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12:- Disk Quota
Quota is mounting option before applying quota on any partition first mount this partition with quota option
Add mounting option in /etc/fstab because our file system mounting from /etc/fstab
After adding usrquota option remount the partition
Show all mounted partitions mount points and mounting options
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13:- ACL
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14:- Crontab
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15:- SWAP(Partition & file)
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SWAPPartition
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/ dev/ hdc7 swap swap defaults 0 0
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/ etc/ rc.d/ rc.sysinit
1: set kernel parametersin / etc/ sysctl.conf
2: load system maps
3: Enablesswap partition
4: Setshostname
5: Root file system check and remount
6: Active Raid and LVM devices
7: Enable disk quota
Run levels:--
# ls/ etc/ rc.d/
Rc0.d [halt or shutdown ]
Rc1.d [ emergency mode or single user mode without password ]
Rc2.d [ Multi user mode without nfsservice ]
Rc3.d [ Full multi user mode ]
Rc4.d [ unused ]
Rc5.d [ X11 ]
Rc6.d [ Reboot ]
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17:- Raid [redundant array independent disk]
0striping 1Mirroring 5Strip set with parity bit
Hard disk 2-32 2-2 3-32
Failure support 0 1 1
Size loss 0% 50% =1 hard disk
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18:- LVM (logical volume manager)
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19:-YUM
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On client
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