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Open Access: The revolution in academic publishing
Henry HagedornEditor, Journal of Insect Science
Department of Entomology and
Office of Scholarly Communication and PublicationUniversity of Wisconsin
A large department will produce 500 to 1000 papers a year.
How much do you think it cost to do the research for these papers?
The federal government spends about 40 billion dollars each year to support scientific research. Not counting the billions added by states and foundations.
Who do you think owns these papers?
In 2004 the US produced 256,000 scientific papers out of a total world production of 743,000 papers.
Publishers !
NotAuthorsGranting agenciesInstitutions
How did this happen?
Granting agencies (NSF, NIH, etc)
Research institutions (state and federal)
Scholars
Data Manuscripts
Commercial publishers
EditorsReviewers
Copyright
Readers
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
What do you lose when you sign a copyright agreementwith a publisher:
Control over dissemination of your work and access by readers:
What do you not lose:
The “underlying ideas, systems or factual information”
you cannot: •make copies for a class• distribute it to colleagues• put it on your website or in a repository.• And readers have to pay for access to it
The tale of the idiot and the publisher
Suber
ACRL data
Granting agencies (NSF, NIH, etc)
Research institutions (state and federal)
Scholars
Data Manuscripts
Commercial publishers
EditorsReviewers
Copyright
Readers
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
“Intermediaries that erect price and permission barriers
between authors and readers serve neither, harm both,
and enrich only themselves.”
Peter Suber, SPARC
In response Cornell University Library cancelled 162 Elsevier journals valued at $250,000
Increase in average cost per journal title in various subject areas
Ave. cost/title 2004 % increase in cost 2000-2004Agriculture $ 714 38Art & Architecture 136 26Astronomy 1,602 39Biology 1,377 38Business & Econ 614 49Chemistry 2,695 35Education 371 49History 166 44Law 222 41Music 106 33Physics 2,543 36 Psychology 446 46Sociology 422 54
Total number of scholarly journals ~50,000 (50% online)Number of journals covered by ISI 8,500 (17%)
Number of journals published by large commercial publishers
Reed/Elsevier 1800Springer/Kluwer 1350Taylor & Francis 800Blackwell 600Wiley 400Lippencott 270
Total 5220
Faust, Hector Berlioz, Los Angeles Opera, September 2003Paul Groves, Samuel Ramey, Denyce Graves
Open access
Digital format
Available online
Free to user
Author copyright
Open Access increases
VisibilityUsageCitationsFull text searchability
It’s about career building
Comparing journals in Ecology
Granting agencies (NSF, NIH, etc.)
Research institutions
Scholars
Data Manuscripts
EditorsReviewers
Open Access JournalCopyright
Readers
Free
What can the author do with the copyright?
If you have the copy right you can allow:
Break down the barriers that bar access !
Unrestricted readingDownloading of PDF by readersDistribution of PDF to colleaguesFull text searching LinkingPreservation in repositories
You can retain copyright even when publishing in commercial journals
By adding an AUTHOR’S ADDENDUM to a publisher’s copyright agreement
A model addendum is at
It retains your rights to reproduce and distribute your paperTo prepare derivative works - reviews To authorize others to use it for non-commercial use
It also requires that the publisher provide a PDF of the paper
www.arl.org/sparc/author/
Open Access journals can be free because
Giving the author copyright removes legal barriers to free distribution
The author does not expect to be paid
The internet permits free distribution
Improved software reduces the cost of formatting papers
Granting agencies (NSF, NIH, etc.)
Research institutions
Scholars
Data Manuscripts
EditorsReviewers
Open Access JournalCopyright
Readers
Free
G. Eisenbach. 2006. Citation advantage of open access articles. PLoS Biology 4(5):e157
Citation record of three journals
NatureImpact factor 29Ave citation 17177%>500%<10
EcologyImpact factor 4.5Ave citation 2712%>5022%<10
GeneImpact factor 2.6Ave citation 142%>5056%<10
Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
How you can help
Choose open access journals for your papers
Retain your copyright
Don’t do reviews for commercial journals
Decline invitations to join their editorial boards
Become an editor; start an open access journal
Put your papers in the university repository
You can make your existing publications open accessby putting them in a university repository
List of publishers that allow deposition in a repository:
www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php
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