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One-with-Many Design:Introduction
David A. Kenny
June 11, 2013
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What You Should Know
Dyad Definitions Nonindependence
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This Webinar
Terminology Analysis
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Definition
One person is linked to a unique set of many partners, and these partners are not necessarily linked to each other.
Example: Patients with a physician. Sometimes called a nested design.
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Examples People report how jealous they felt in each
of their past relationships (Hindy & Schwarz, 1994).
A person’s personality is evaluated by several of his or her friends (Vazire & Gosling, 2004).
Persons describe the drinking behavior of their friends (Mohr, Averna, Kenny, & Del Boca, 2001).
Persons report on the truthfulness of their everyday interactions with different partners (DePaulo & Kashy, 1998).
Egocentric networks of friends (O’Malley et al., 2012)
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The One-with-Many Provider-Patient Data
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Terminology
People Focal person (the one) Partners (the many)
Source of Data Focal persons (1PMT) Partners (MP1T) Both (reciprocal design: 1PMT &
MP1T)
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Distinguishability
Distinguishable: Partners have different role relationships to the focal person (e.g., mother the focal person and partners are father, older child, and younger child).
Indistinguishable: Partners are interchangeable (e.g., patients with providers)
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Distinguishable case: Partners can be distinguished by roles
e.g., family members (Mother, Father, Sibling) Typically assume equal # of partners per focal
person
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Indistinguishable case: All partners have the same role with the focal person
e.g., students with teachers or provider with patients
no need to assume an equal number of partners
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Nonindependence in the Nonreciprocal Design: Definition
Two partners with the same focal person are more similar than two partners with different focal persons.
Because similarity almost always occurs in this design, nonindependence can be modeled by a variance.
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Nonindependence in Nonreciprocal Design
Different from the standard design Meaning depends on data source
Focal Person Focal person sees partners or behaves
with partners in the same way. Called actor variance
Partners: Partner Variance Partners see or behave with the focal
person in the same way. Called partner variance
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1PMT: Focal person provides data with respect to the partners
Source of nonindependence: Actor effect: tendency to see all partners in
the same way
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MP1T: Partners provide data
Source of nonindependence: Partner effect - tendency of all partners to see
the focal person in the same way
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Analysis Strategies• Multilevel analysis
• Indistinguishable partners• Many partners• Different numbers of partners per focal
person• Confirmatory factor analysis
• Distinguishable partners• Few partners• Same number of partners per focal person
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Multilevel Analyses
Each record a partner Levels
Lower level: partnerUpper level: focal person
Random intercepts model (nonindependence)
Lower level effects can be random
Data Analytic Approach for the Non-Reciprocal One-with-Many Design
FocalID PartID DV
1 1 6
1 2 5
1 3 5
2 1 3
2 2 2
2 3 4
2 4 3
3 1 7
3 2 8
Estimate a basic multilevel model in which There are no fixed effects with a random intercept.
Yij = b0j + eij
b0j = a0 + dj
Note the focal person is Level 2 and partners Level 1.
MIXED outcome /FIXED = /PRINT = SOLUTION TESTCOV /RANDOM INTERCEPT | SUBJECT(focalid) COVTYPE(VC) .
Could add predictors
here.
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SPSS Output
Covariance Parameters
Fixed EffectsEstimates of Fixed Effectsa
6.934020 .228724 21.066 30.316 .000 6.458453 7.409587ParameterIntercept
Estimate Std. Error df t Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound
95% Confidence Interval
Dependent Variable: DV.a.
Estimates of Covariance Parametersa
1.212359 .189978 6.382 .000 .891758 1.648222
.790917 .336679 2.349 .019 .343391 1.821681
ParameterResidual
VarianceIntercept [subject= FOCALID]
Estimate Std. Error Wald Z Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound
95% Confidence Interval
Dependent Variable: DVa.
So the actor variance is .791, and ICC is .791/(.791+1.212) = .395
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Reciprocal One-with-Many Design
Sources of nonindependence More complex…
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Sources of Nonindependence in the Reciprocal Design
Individual-level effects for the focal person: Actor & Partner variances Actor-Partner correlation
Relationship effects Dyadic reciprocity corelation
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Data Analytic Approach for Estimating Variances & Covariances: The Reciprocal Design
Data Structure: Two records for each dyad; outcome is the same variable for focal person and partner.
Variables to be created:
role = 1 if data from focal person; -1 if from partner focalcode = 1 if data from focal person; 0 if from
partnerpartcode = 1 if data from partner; 0 if from the
focal person
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Data Analytic Approach for Estimating Variances & Covariances: The Reciprocal Design
A fairly complex multilevel model…
MIXED outcome BY role WITH focalcode partcode /FIXED = focalcode partcode | NOINT /PRINT = SOLUTION TESTCOV /RANDOM focalcode partcode |
SUBJECT(focalid) covtype(UNR) /REPEATED = role | SUBJECT(focalid*dyadid)
COVTYPE(UNR).
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Example
Taken from Chapter 10 of Kenny, Kashy, & Cook (2006).
Focal person: mothers Partners: father and two children Outcome: how anxious the person feels
with the other Distinguishability of partners is ignored.
.
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Output: Fixed Effects
The estimates show the intercept is the mean of the ratings made by the mother (focalcode estimate is 1.808). The partcode estimate indicates the average outcome score across partners of the mother which is smaller than mothers’ anxiety. This difference is statistically significant.
Estimates of Fixed Effectsa
Parameter
Estimate Std. Error df t Sig.
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
focalcode 1.807695 .040989 207.000 44.102 .000 1.726886 1.888505
partcode 1.698269 .034249 207.000 49.587 .000 1.630748 1.765790
a. Dependent Variable: outcome.
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The relationship variance for the partners is .549. (Role = -1) and for mothers (Role = 1) is .423.
The correlation of the two relationship effects is .24: If the mother is particularly anxious with a particular family member, that member is particularly anxious with the mother.
Var(1) (focalcode is the first listed random variable) is the actor variance of mothers and is .208.
Var(2) is the partner variance for mothers (how much anxiety she tends to elicit across family members) and is .061. (p = .012; p values for variances in SPSS are cut in half).
Estimates of Covariance Parametersa
Parameter
Estimate Std. Error Wald Z Sig.
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Repeated Measures Var(1) .549234 .038083 14.422 .000 .479444 .629184
Var(2) .423155 .029341 14.422 .000 .369385 .484753
Corr(2,1) .239029 .046228 5.171 .000 .146585 .327334
focalcode + partcode
[subject = focalid]
Var(1) .208409 .035715 5.835 .000 .148952 .291601
Var(2) .060898 .027134 2.244 .025 .025430 .145838
Corr(2,1) .698818 .170996 4.087 .000 .206931 .908699
a. Dependent Variable: outcome.
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Output: Nonindependence
The ICC for actor is .208/(.208+.423) = .330 and the ICC for partner is .061/(.061+.549) = .100.
The actor partner correlation is .699, so if mothers are anxious with family members, they are anxious with her.
Conclusion
http://davidakenny.net/doc/onewithmanyrecip.pdf
Thanks to Deborah Kashy
Reading: Chapter 10 in Dyadic Data Analysis by Kenny, Kashy, and Cook
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