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“���ÜÜÜ���ÜÜÜ” fff���úúúææ梢¢���xxx���ôôô���XXX���ªªª
áÙ�◦,�ËE,êô�,SÞ�ÙS¡p{�âW¡Y
{wihwang, bkchun,dsryu}@pearl.cs.pusan.ac.kr, hgcho@pusan.ac.kr
An Automated Procedure for Word Balloon Placement in Cinema Comics
Won-Il Hwang◦, Bong-Kyung Chun, Dong-Sung Ryu and Hwan-Gue Cho
Department of Computer Engineering, Pusan National University
Abstract
�Ü®�ùPì: �\ùCX�ùAÃõj¥ L�qt:¿�PÌ��3C����êõÖ3;µ �q²Ð½�°.�®µý�Ü®�ùüPì: �\ù|Å �MùÙÛúIs�³ 3 vÇ $# Óù |Å¢ ÙÛ�ú �S©t,��� �êõ �[:÷¿ ýC � ;µ©u°.�Ü�ß��� ,�x,�Eíß�#Y�ù�ÜLî�vÇ�ª�ú� ���A��\�ð�ùÙ�: AÃõ;µ©u°."&,�xù$84� ]��ÂPõ;µ ���¿,¤�ô4Ì;µúæ©��¿t(reading order)�0ô�x��[G��xY ]��[GõL² �:<¢æX��Xüqb¢°.Æf[�t�ü%¡�\�t8;ý$8��Ü:ºÞúæ¢�ª�|�t�x�ô�X�ªúCK¢°.CK¢�ªù�ê�t�<ú �X£ : �& PÌ � "�> �² �X(Point-Feature Label Placement)�ª� �� �°.Z¢,Æf[�t��x�X�v�#�ü}��õe� �æ¢�[: e�¥½õCK �°. “Love Actually”, “U �8r”#�°j¢�Ü$8�ú�Ì �ì¹¢@Y,CK¢�ª��x�X@Y�P��½�z÷¿�X¢,Yüp©¾3ÙT¥�{�,úN½�}°.
1 tttÁÁÁ
{�â���ß�ª÷¿C�ýPì: �\�úÃ8,ìC® �Í îP L ·� °. ��, P]�# $8� ?�AÃõ vÇ � ,ù \¾& �ù �Sú �Å¿ £ <� I¦�, �: [>�têîñ:��G °.� ¢�î¿/��� $8ú �S $# f� � #� �ªú PÌ �üPì:÷¿vÇ � NPR(Non-Photorealistic Rendering,� NPR)Ûb�¢�u�ß�&�Øq�L�°.
�Ü� NPRÛb�t �$ ¡� ôK �uüq £ Ûb�6, ìfß�t °j 3 ÿÌüL �q {�â ���ßõ �u � M� �� P���3ê Z¾¢ ���°. ScottMcCloud� 9t “Understanding Comics” [1]® “ReinventingComics” [2]�t���: �Ü��ÆuS®°j¢"½�ª,�ýL�P;µêu¿t�îÌ��©z< L�°.�Ü�Y$ýô��#�Eíß�,�ýL�x#ú�Ì � ]��AúÖ3vÇ£½�°.� t¿,�Ü�PÌü�"½îY®u�Å��ú°ô���:Ì 8 �: Q8�t$8ú�© �ÚêÓ�ý°.
�Ü® �ù ü%¡ �\ú �ôÜý �ª÷¿ �Üþ÷¿ºÞ �,ù\¾&�y¿ÏsC�°.�Ü�A��\�¢Aý���t ]�ô: Ó���#è���ö,�ý
L��: Å� �ý«�vÇ �æ©°j¢�Ü:�ª�úPÌ¢°.�$Âv: �ª÷¿����Ó��úvÇ � æ¢ ß��� Y $8� Ûæ�õ vÇ � æ¢�EîY,�ýL�ýõ;µ �æ¢�x��°.�Üõ�Üþ÷¿�ô÷¿ºÞ �æ©t��¢°j¢�Ü:�ª�ú�ôÜ ��u��Å °.
�;Ùâ �ù �u��� �Ü� ��� &y�� "���©t�u ��Ú,Pì: �\ú8\Ü ��Ü:�\÷¿ºÞ �b�®(cartooning)�u [3, 4, 5]®A��\�t���ô: Ó��úvÇ ��u [6, 7, 8]��sõ�Ø}°.
�Ü $8�t ]� �� ÂP ;µú æ¢ �x� [¢�uõU_Ã8 Comic Chat[9]�î�¢�u�°.��u� âV�Üý6�¿���[¢�u¿�x�X�[© s�ú L �÷#,$8�t �xú �Xõ æ¢ ���0¿U&¢°.0�t,�xúæ¢���0¿U& �M��Ü®�ù�\�t�:Ì �q·°.Z¢,���t���®�x��[GõL² �ML,³¿&�x��� �� ¿t(reading order)�ú L²¢ �X �ª÷¿�X@Y�ìCP���ÿ�Ü®ò��#6, �: Q8�t^�M°.
Æf[�t�ü%¡�\�t8;ý$8��xú�
X �æ©�ê�t�<ú�X£:�&PÌ �"�>�²�X(Point-Feature Label Placement) [10, 11]�ª���¢�x�ô�X�ªúCK¢°.CK ��ªù�³G¿u�ý°.�¥«³G�"�>�²�X�ªúÝ$ ��x�����¿tõ�T 8t©¾ ]�æXèÅ�,�°.�¥«³G��x�X@Y�XÌ��ߥ3Ã�êÀ �æ©Æf[�tCK¢�x�X@Y e� ¥½� 0� �x�� æXõ SA � ,�°.CK¢�ªù�x����¿t[G<�I¦��xY ]��[Gõ¥ÍL² �:[�P���ÿ�Ü®üæ¢�X@Yõê; 6, �: Q8�t�;�uðýC^°.Æ f[� u�ù °üY �°. $9, 2$�t� �� A�
�\�t �x �Xõ æ¢ [Cõ A� L, 3$�t� Æf[�tCK¢"�>�²�X�ªúÝ$¢�x�X�ªú,�ýL 4$�t� ]� ½^Y �ù �xú æ¢?Ýú��¢°.�ó, 5$�t�°j¢�Ü$8��t��x�X@YõU_ÃL,�÷¿ 6$�t@Á�³óYC�©tf¢°.
2 ���xxx���XXX[[[CCCAAA���
NPRÛb�t f�ü� ÂÙÛ� [C�ù �[: �uð�P���[��¢s[: :³��©@Y�e�ý°.�x �X [Cê vuÜý �u� A�üq �� MI@Yõ e� � ,ù \¾& «°Ä°. ��, ¡�ôK �Ü��ù �x��� �� ¿t(reading order)õ î� 8t©¾ ]sæ�:< 3�x�ú�X ��Y�ú��µ°. � ¢ [å: �Yú ��÷¿ �, �x �X[CõA� L,�x�X�zè��b ��Y��x�X@YQA¥½�©tz<¢°.
2.1 $$$888uuu���ÅÅÅ���
�x�X�zù$8úu� ���( ])®�x,�ýL $8� EG #� AÃõ ù¿ �Øq�°. 0�t �xú�X �æ©t�$84�u�Å��ú<Ý&A�£ �Å� �°. �� 1ù $8ú u� � Å��ú Ã�u°. $9, oi� õ �x� �î� "A ��õ �y¢°. ri� /[:÷¿ �x �X è �u� ü� oi 4� ÷S>(reference point)ú�y �, ]�vy��Óù³¿&��#��æX�þ½�°.;�$8�t�E�y�¿ÙâsÅ�� oiõ8; �
NLý�Y�õuÇ©nùêu�ù�y��U&¢°.0�t, Æ f[�t� $8� sÅ u� Å� oi® ri� �y�výf[�#�¿��ú�Ì �uú½�°L�A¢°.��� �� oi�� |î� ci = (xi, yi) #� �xbi� £¾ý°. ��, �� ��è ��b£ �Yù I¦6,"A¢EÍ�¢ � #�\��x����£¾ü�ꢰ.�¢EÍ����� bi�° riõ8� �÷S>Y©¾�x� 1:1��[Gõî� êÀ 8ý°.�ýL��� bi 4���x�;µ£4Ì�©¾ �ÂP di�j¥ý°.�, bi® di� [G� Map(di) = bi¿ #Í7 ½ �°(v 1).ÂP di�¿t�è�¿t�0�@Aü�Ú,��
�x�Xè|Å¢CcS&�ý°.�, di+1� diðè�:÷¿°ü�#®b �ÂP�ý°.
(a)�³�\
b1
o1
r1
c1
b2
r2
o2c2
(b)�³�\�u�Å�vÇ
Figure 1:�x�Xõæ¢$8�u�Å�
di SCRIPT WORDS Map(di)d1 LUFFY is going to do some- b2
thing funny again.d2 Ha Ha Ha ! Go for it. b1
d3 Let’s see what you’re gonna b1
do!
Table 1:ÂP di®s �x bi�¥½[G, Map(di) = bi.
2.2 ���xxx���XXXõõõææ梢¢������::: ���YYY
�xùíß!Íé� ]�ÂP#f�ú���: Íé÷¿ë��3;µ ��£úº¾ °.�ý�è��¿t� 0� ò»¿ ;µü� ,Y� µý íß!� ë�� �¿tõ xØ � ��°. ��: [$� EÍ, ë�� [$ú�ú:æ�tI�¿,�ýL¿Å�t¡ôÅ¿t¿��°. �x 4� ÂPõ ¤�ò3 ;µ � æ©t� �®�ù �x��� �� ¿t(reading order)� �3 �X �,�|Å °.$8 4 �x�� �¦ú bi�L �A L, bi� �� ¿
tõ RO(bi)¿A� �(RO(bi)��ù�x�$9�qb ü� �x� ý°).�ýL �� 2�t Ã� ,Y ��biõ� ó�/�¢�½eP���ú Zone(bi)�L �.�Æ:÷¿æ�tI��ýL_�tÍ¿�xú��°L�A£ :,�x�� æX� 0� RO(bi)õ @A � �Yù°üY�°.
1. bi�|î_v ci� bj�|î_v cjðmùEÍ
• xi� xjð�÷8 RO(bi)� RO(bj)ð�°.
• xi� xjð ¾L, ci� Zone(bj)ð m÷8RO(bi)� RO(bj)ð�°.
• xi� xjð ¾L, ci� Zone(bj)� j¥ü8RO(bi)� RO(bj)ð¾°.
2. bi�|î_v ci� bj�|î_v cjð0ùEÍ
• xi� xjð �L, ci� Zone(bj)� j¥ü8RO(bi)� RO(bj)ð�°.
• xi� xjð �L, ci� Zone(bj)ð 0÷8RO(bi)� RO(bj)ð¾°.
• xi� xjð¾8 RO(bi)� RO(bj)ð¾°.
�� 2ùXtz<¢�Y�0��x��æX�0ôROúÃ�u°.
c1
c2
c3
c4
Zone(b2)RO(b1) = 1
Zone(b4)
RO(b2) = 2
RO(b4) = 4
RO(b3) = 3
Figure 2:�Ü�t�x���¿t��
�x�X�zè�x�����¿tõ�Å��Y½�8�:÷¿°üY�Y�ú�T �b¢°.��Y�ùüêÀ��Kb 9��,�½:÷¿$8��x�Xõ æ¢ W�� :ú EÍ ÙÛ:÷¿ æ�þ ½ �� �Y�°.
1. bi ∩ bj = φ: �x�ùt¿BX�M�°.
2. bi ∩ oj = φ: ?��xù���÷S>(��:÷¿vy��)ú�ý�M�°.
2.3 ���xxx���XXX@@@YYYeee���¥¥¥½½½
�x�X���ØqP��õ:³ �,ù\¾&s[: [C�°. NPRÛb� �u ��� s[: �³� � � :[� vuú A $#, � e� �uú �Í� q·°.Æ f[�t� �x �X� �Æ: "�ú L²¢ �X QA ¥½õ CK¢°. ¤�ô �x �Xõ æ©t� °ü�����Y����Kb¢°.
1. �x-��[G: bi�� ¢ oi�÷S> ri��²3�Xüqb¢°.
2. �x-�x YG: bi� � ¢ °ô �x bj® %ý�Xüqb¢°.
�¥«�Yù?��Ü�tW�:÷¿���L��,÷¿�x�©¾ ]�«��æX �,� �: Q8�t ��� °. � ¥« �Yù �î W�� 0� îô:÷¿:Ìü��Y÷¿$84��xú�îÄ3�X£½��W��?Û �MùEÍ��@Y�¾3�³úyX� M�°. �, � ¥« �YY � ¥« �Yú ?� �� ü� �� Å�� �|Xõ :Ì£ ½ �êÀ QA ¥½õ A�£�Å��°.� ¢>�úL² ��x�XQA¥½õA� 8°üY�°.
Qlayout({bi}) = k1 · L1 − k2 · L2
L1ù t¿ °ô �� oi� £¾ý ?� �x bj���P�� $ý� ¦�°. L2� ri® ci® P�� $ý ¦�°.k1Y k2� L1Y L2 P�� �Íú S< � æ¢ \½ �¿ k1 + k2 = 1ú �T¢°.�� 3� ô�¢ $8� t¿ °ô�X@Y®��0ôQlayout({bi})úÃ�u°.v 2�Qlayout({bi})úu �YA�tGS ��Ù�ú\�& Ã�u°. Qlayout({bi})� Á½À @Y� ^ù ,��:[��� 3 (b)� (a)ð�X��ü}°L£½�°.
o1
r1
o2
r2
r3
o3
o2
c1
c2c3
l1l1
l2
(a)QLayout({bi}) = 753.4
o1
r1
o2
r2
r3
o3
o2
c1 c2c3
l1 l1
l2
(b) QLayout({bi}) = 1358.5
Figure 3: ô�¢ $8�t �x� °ô �X @Y �.QLayout({bi}�mù (b)� (a)ð^ù@YõÃ�u°.
�x�X[C�/[:÷¿/:Üý(Z�/:��«Ï)�x�Xõu ��ª�°.Æf[�t��[CõOBL(Optimal Balloon Layout))��< 6, OBLù°üY��A�ý°.Input: {< oi, ri >}, {dj} : �E÷¿ÙâÛýý���Y?
Distance Figure 3 (a) Figure 3 (b)d(c1, r1) 77.36 89.00d(c2, r2) 101.98 91.59d(c3, r3) 87.00 109.60d(c1, c2) 123.01 234.11d(c1, c3) 252.24 411.20d(c2, c3) 134.62 179.04
L1 1019.74 1648.70L2 266.34 290.19
Qlayout({bi}) 753.40 1358.51
Table 2:�x�X�zú½±¢óQA¥½@Yüp
� oi�£¾ý�´�ÂP���¦Output: bi =< ci(xi, yi) > : RO()õ �T 8tQlayout({bi})ú/¿ ��x���XæX
3 ���xxx���XXXõõõææ梢¢���ôôôÜÜÜ���ªªª
3.1 """���>>>���²²²���XXX
"�> �² �X(Point-Feature Label Placement,� PFLP)��ê#°�q����ë�úm��æ©"�>sæ�íß! �²ú �XèÅ� [Cõ ¢° [10, 11]. PFLP[C� íß! �²� �Xõ /:Ü � [C¿ f�£ ½ ��Ú,�õæ©üú��(search space)Y@:¥½(objectivefunction)���Q8�©tA�üqb¢°.üüüúúú������ùsq�K��"�>�©íß!�²úæ
XèÅ� æ¢ óà æX�L £ ½ �°.�� 4ù #� "�>�©íß!�²ú�XèÅ�æ¢;Í: �Ó��óÃæXõÃ�u°.@@@::: ¥¥¥½½½� íß! �² �X @Y� � ú ³\ èÅ�
æ©üú��(�²óÃæX�)�©£¾£\Â: �|XúS;¢°. ��,�²�@Y�� ùP�� �: Q8��³ú����:[�@:¥½õA� �,ù \¾& q²Ï [C�°. 0�t @: ¥½� °üY �ù ��: � �� Å�õ �Æ: e� "¿ � A� ü, PFLPNLý��PÌü�Ìê�0�e�"ÂõºE �PÌ¢°.
• íß!�²Y$8����: Å�®�BX�콕 �� 4�tÃ�s�;Í: óÃæX�Íx¿æ
�� 4�t��²�óÃæX��½Xù\Â: �|Xõy¢°.½X�0ù�²æX�½X�mù�²æXðæXxAè\æÍx¿æõ��3ý°.�, PFLP�\Â: ½X�¦ú/ÂZ�/�Ü �æ¢�"�>�óÃæXõü�[C�L£½�°.³,xØýóÃæX�ù°ô"�>�xØýóÃæX�YBX�MêÀ©b¢°.
Æ f[�t ©@ L� � �x �X [C(Word Bal-loon Placement,� WBP)ê æ�t z<¢ PFLP[C¿ f
Figure 4:"�>� ¢ ;Í: �Ó �� óà �² æX�¦ [10]
�£ ½ �°. �� 5�t Ã�s� ,�¤, ]� ÷S> rk®©¾�x� &: æX�ù"�>Y�"�>� &: �² æX�¿ �s 8 PFLP[C® ô� °.�Ü�t �x� ©¾ ]Y %ý FqK ¡ �x Úýõ���EÍêU& ��,� ¢EÍ�è�:÷¿ë"¥ú Ã�v ½ ��� �ë� Q8�t� ^� G °. 0�t����x�©¾ ]�÷S>��«�æX �,ú¤�ô�X@Y¿�£½�°.� ¢"�ú��÷¿ �WBP� PFLPõ�Ì �°üY��A�ý°.
• sq�K��÷S> rk®��� rk�©t� ¢æX�� �½õ Nk�L 8,��� &: �x æX�º½ Pk,i�°(1≤ k ≤K�L, 1≤ i ≤ Nk).
• ��� Pk,i�©¾æX\�t�°ô�x(bk)�U&Z�Ù&õ#Í4� 1Z� 0�ú��°.
• #� �xù ©¾ rk� óà æX | ��è ¢ V��æX �b¢°.
Nk∑
i=1
Pk,i = 1, for 1 ≤ k ≤ K
• t¿°ô�x��óÃæX�P��BX�óÃæX��EÍ�û�úQ�L �ú:,t¿°ô�x�ùBX�MIbý°:
��� BX3 ü� óà æX� © Prq,sq + Pr′q,s′q≤
1, 1 ≤ q ≤ Q�°.
• @: ¥½� Qlayout({bi})� /Â� ü3 � ,�°.ÌÀ@:¥½�Ì#ù�X@Yõu3¢°.
�� 5� �³¢ �²� NLý�ú �Ì � WBP[Cõ©@ � �õ Ã�u°. �� X�t z<¢ �® �� � Pk,i �¦|� Qlayout({bi})õ/¿ 8tI��S&ú�T � Pk,i = 1��¦úu �,�°.
P1,1 + P1,2 + P1,3 + P1,4 = 1,...
P4,1 + P4,2 + P4,3 + P4,4 = 1, and
P1,2 + P3,4 ≤ 1, P3,4 + P4,1 ≤ 1,P3,2 + P2,1 ≤ 1, P3,3 + P2,1 ≤ 1,
...P2,4 + P4,2 ≤ 1, P2,3 + P4,2 ≤ 1
�� 5(a)��³�y�® rkõÃ�s6,��� rk�¢Pk,iõ u � ³G� �� 5(b)�t Ã�sL,/[@Y� �
r2
r3
r4
r1
(a)������© rk�æXõA¢°.
r2
r3
r4
r1
P1,1P1,2
P1,3P1,4
P3,1 P3,2
P3,3P3,4
P2,1 P2,2
P2,3P2,4
P4,1 P4,2
P4,3P4,4
(b)� rk�¢�xóÃæXõf�¢°.
r2
r3
r4
r1
P1,1
P3,1
P2,2
P4,4
(c)�x�X@Y
Figure 5:�²�NLý�ú�Ì¢�x�XYA
� 5(c)�t Ã�u°. � ��t rk� ©¾ �xù bk�L,RO(bk)� k�L �A �. �, RO(bk) < RO(bk+1)�°. �� 5® �� rk� æX� sq� EÍ,qE PFLPNLý�ú:Ì Ì�ê �x��� �� ¿t Cc S&ú �T �G¢°. �� rk� æX� LAüq �� :[� bk� æX£½�����Ccú��:[�°.� t¿,�Ü�$8Y�� rk�æX�yýA�ý�\�EÍ, PFLPNLý�ú�x�X[C�:Ì �æ©t��x�����¿tõî� �æ¢�ª�8���Å °.
3.2 ���xxx���XXXõõõææ梢¢ÝÝÝ$$$ýýý"""���>>>���²²²���XXX���ªªª
Æ f[�t� �x �Xõ æ© Ý$ý "�> �² �X(Extended Point-Feature Label Placement,� EPFLP)�ª� ��¢ �>: �ª(heuristic algorithm)ú CK¢°. �õæ©�� 6(a)�t®��Ý$ý�xóÃ��(EPk,i)úA� �°. EPk,i� RO(bk)õ�Å8t bkõ�X£½�êÀ8�: ��úCW¢°.�� PFLP®�µýWBP�t��x�����¿t��Í|Å¢CcS&��:[
�°. bk� X�t z<¢ Pk,i® �� ¢ æX� LAü� ,� I¦� EPk,i ��ú 0� �ô � �Xþ ½ �°. ��6(a)�t���P���ù EPk,iõ#Í6°.Æf[�tCK � EPFLP����x�XNLý�
ù � ³G¿ u�ý°.� ¥« ³G�t� EPFLPú :Ì � RO(bk)õî� 8t��� bkõ rk�æXèÇ°.�¥«³G�t��x�X@YQA¥½ Qlayout({bi})õ�Ì � Qlayout({bi})�/¿üêÀ bk�æXõÃA¢°. Qlayout()�Á½À©¾���÷S>��²L,°ô�x�Y%ýFq��:[�ð��ߥ3à °.�¥«³G�©��&NIÃ8°üY�°.
1. � rk� ¢ EPk,i��ú f�¢ ó, RO(bk)� ¿t��3� rk��x bk��X�zú½±¢°. (rk��xù bk�L, bk� reading order RO(bk)� k�°.)
2. r1��$0ù RO()ú���:[�Ý$óÃæX�� EP1úA£: RO()õL² �M�°.
3. EP1úA¢ó,�� 6(b)®�� b1úæXèÇ°.
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References
[1] Scott McCloud.Understanding comics: The invisible art.Kitchen Sink Press, 1999.
[2] Scott McCloud.Reinventing comics: How imagination andtechnology are revolutionizing an art form. Perennial, 2000.
[3] Doug DeCarlo and Anthony Santella. Stylization and ab-straction of photographs.ACM Transactions on Graphics,21(3):769–776, 2002.
[4] Aseem Agarwala, Aaron Hertzmann, David H. Salesin, andSteven M. Seitz. Keyframe-based tracking for rotoscopingand animation. InProceedings of SIGGRAPH 2004, pages584–591. ACM Press, 2004.
[5] Jue Wang, Yingqing Xu, Heung-Yeung Shum, andMichael F. Cohen. Video tooning.ACM Transactions onGraphics, 23(3):574–583, 2004.
[6] Maic Masuch, Stefan Schlechtweg, and Ronny Schulz.Speedlines: Depicting motion in motionless pictures. In
Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 1999, Computer Graphics Pro-ceedings, Annual Conference Series, page 277. ACM,ACM Press / ACM SIGGRAPH, 1999.
[7] Christian Hanl, Michael Haller, and Jeremiah Diephuis.Non-photorealistic rendering techniques for motion in com-puter games.Computers in Entertainment, 2(4):11, 2004.
[8] W. I. Hwang et al. Cinema comics: Cartoon generationfrom video stream. InProceedings of GRAPP 2006, pages299–304, 2006.
[9] David Kurlander, Tim Skelly, and David Salesin. Comicchat. InProceedings of SIGGRAPH 1996, pages 225–236.ACM Press, 1996.
[10] Jon Christensen, Joe Marks, and Stuart Shieber. An empir-ical study of algorithms for point-feature label placement.ACM Transactions on Graphics, 14(3):203–232, 1995.
[11] Shawn Edmondson, Jon Christensen, Joe Marks, and StuartShieber. A general cartographic labeling algorithm.Carto-graphica, 33(4):13–23, 1997.
[12] Planetwide Games. Comic book creator, 2005.
[13] Dorin Comaniciu and Peter Meer. Mean shift: A robustapproach toward feature space analysis.IEEE Transac-tion Pattern Analysis Machine Intelligence, 24(5):603–619,2002.
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