Observing the Universe by Going Underground

Observing the Universe by Going Underground

ZOOMING OUTby

ZOOMING INHAIM HARARI

Years of Physicsat the

Weizmann Institute of Science

May 12th, 2004

50

“ZOOMING IN”

Matter

Chemical Elements

Atoms

~100

~1001890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

1954

2004

GalaxiesStarsLife

NOWNOW13.7G yr

~100M yr

300K yr

3 min

10-43 sec

10-25 sec

10-11 sec

10-6 sec

1 sec

102 sec

1013 sec

1016 sec

1017 sec

“ZO

OM

ING

OU

T”

Atoms

“ZOOMING IN” Into theATOM

Matter

Chemical Elements

Atoms

Nucleus

~100

~100

~100

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

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2004

Radioactive -Decay

e-

A1 A2 + e-

“ZOOMING IN” Into theATOM

Matter

Chemical Elements

Atoms

Nucleus

e

~100

~100

~100

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

1954

2004

Systematics: “Periodic Table” Mendeleyev

Collisions and InteractionsChemistry

“Smashing” ExperimentsRutherford

Radioactive -Decay

e-

e-

e-

e-

N1 N2 + e-

Radioactive -Decay

e-

e-

e-

e-

N1 N2 + e- +

“ZOOMING IN” Into theNUCLEUS

Matter

Chemical Elements

Atoms

Nucleus

p, n

e

~100

~100

~100

~ 4

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

1954

2004

Radioactive -Decay

np

np

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

n p + e- +

Light Nuclei

Heavy Nuclei

Atoms

GalaxiesStarsLife

NOWNOW13.7G yr

~100M yr

300K yr

3 min

10-43 sec

10-25 sec

10-11 sec

10-6 sec

1 sec

102 sec

1013 sec

1016 sec

1017 sec

“ZO

OM

ING

OU

T”

Antiparticles

pne

pne

Equal Numbers of Particles and Antiparticles?Why p and e Have Equal and Opposite Charge?

THE BIG BANG

Only -decay Can Convert n pNuclear Reactions: The Dream of the AlchemistsMass Converted to Energy

Energy of the SunCreation of Heavy Elements

“ZOOMING IN” Into thePROTON & NEUTRON

Matter

Chemical Elements

Atoms

Nucleus

p, n

…

Antiparticles

e

~100

~100

~100

~ 4

1890

1900

1910

1920

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1950

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1970

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2000

2010

1954

2004

Hadrons ~100

e

-e-

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

Baryons

Ele

ctri

c C

harg

e+2

+1

0

-1

“Strangeness”

0 -1 -2 -3

p

n

Baryons

Ele

ctri

c C

harg

e+2

+1

0

-1

“Strangeness”

0 -1 -2 -3

Mesons

Ele

ctri

c C

harg

e

+1

0

-1

“Strangeness”

-1 0 +1

p

n

Baryons

Ele

ctri

c C

harg

e+2

+1

0

-1

“Strangeness”

0 -1 -2 -3

Mesons

Ele

ctri

c C

harg

e

+1

0

-1

“Strangeness”

-1 0 +1

p

n

u

d s

0 -1

23

13

+

_

Quarks

Mesons

Ele

ctri

c C

harg

e

+1

0

-1

“Strangeness”

-1 0 +1

Ele

ctri

c C

harg

e+2

+1

0

-1

“Strangeness”

uuu

uud

udd

ddd

uus

uds

dds

uss

dss sss

0 -1 -2 -3

p

n

u

d s

0 -1

23

13

+

_

Quarks

Baryons

Mesons

Ele

ctri

c C

harg

e

+1

0

-1

“Strangeness”

-1 0 +1

Ele

ctri

c C

harg

e+2

+1

0

-1

“Strangeness”

uuu

uud

udd

ddd

uus

uds

dds

uss

dss sss

0 -1 -2 -3

p

n

u

d s

0 -1

23

13

+

_

s d

u

+1 0

13

23

+

_

Quarks Anti-Quarks

Baryons

Baryons

Ele

ctri

c C

harg

e+2

+1

0

-1

“Strangeness”

uuu

uud

udd

ddd

uus

uds

dds

uss

dss sss

0 -1 -2 -3

u

d s

0 -1

23

13

+

_

p

n

Mesons

Ele

ctri

c C

harg

e

+1

0

-1

“Strangeness”

us

ds

ud

uuddss

du

sd

su

-1 0 +1

s d

u

+1 0

13

23

+

_

Quarks Anti-Quarks

“ZOOMING IN” Into thePROTON & NEUTRON

Matter

Chemical Elements

Atoms

Nucleus

HadronsQuarks

p, n

…

Antiparticles

e

~100

~100

~100

~ 4

~100

~ 7

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

1954

2004

u

sd

e

-e-

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

eLeptons Quarks

Leptons Quarks

u

sd

e

-e-

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

Baryon-Mesons CollisionsTime

B1

M1 M2

B2

B*

Baryon-Mesons Collisions

B1

M1 M2

B2

B*

Time

B1

M1 M2

B2

M*

Baryon-Mesons Collisions

B1

M1 M2

B2

B*

Time

B1

M1 M2

B2

M*

B1

M1 M2

B2

Duality Diagram

Baryon-Mesons Collisions

B1

M1 M2

B2

B*

Time

B1

M1 M2

B2

M*

B1

M1 M2

B2

Duality Diagram

B*

Baryon-Mesons Collisions

B1

M1 M2

B2

B*

Time

B1

M1 M2

B2

M*

B1

M1 M2

B2

Duality Diagram

M*

Baryon-Mesons Collisions

B1

M1 M2

B2

B*

Time

B1

M1 M2

B2

M*

B1

M1 M2

B2

Duality Diagram

B* M*

Meson Is a “String” Can Split Into Two

Deep Inelastic Scattering

e e

P Hadrons

All Hadrons Made of Quarks

Free Quarks Do Not ExistOnly at Very Short Distance They Can Be Detected

Early Universe - Soup of Quarks and Antiquarks

StanfordLinearAccelerator

Radioactive -Decay

d u + e- +

np

np

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

d

“ZOOMING IN” Into thePROTON & NEUTRON

Matter

Chemical Elements

Atoms

Nucleus

HadronsQuarks

p, n

…

Antiparticles

e

~100

~100

~100

~ 4

~100

~ 7

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

1954

2004

Systematics: “Periodic Table” Eightfold Way

Collisions and InteractionsDuality+Quark Counting

“Smashing” ExperimentsDeep Inelstic

Leptons Quarks

u

sd

e

-e-

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

c

Leptons Quarks

u

sd

e

-e-

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

c t

b

-

Matter

Chemical Elements

Atoms

Nucleus

HadronsQuarks

p, n

…

cb

t

Antiparticles

e

~100

~100

~100

~ 4

~100

~ 7

~ 20

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

1954

2004

“ZOOMING IN” Into theQUARK & LEPTON

Leptons Quarks

u

sd

e

-e-

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

c t

b

-

Quark Mixing

Heavy Quarks decay fastHeavy Quarks are Short-Lived

Three Generations of Quarks & Leptons

Do Heavy Quarks Matter?Violation of Symmetry betweenParticle and Antiparticle?

6 Quarks Masses3 Mixing Parameters

CERN

OPAL

Particle Masses Generated

“Quark Soup”

Protons & Neutrons

Light Nuclei

Heavy Nuclei

Atoms

GalaxiesStarsLife

NOWNOW13.7G yr

~100M yr

300K yr

3 min

10-43 sec

10-25 sec

10-11 sec

10-6 sec

1 sec

102 sec

1013 sec

1016 sec

1017 sec

“ZO

OM

ING

OU

T”

is Massless ?

Is Different from ?

Are e Really Different ?

Nuclear Reactions Neutrinos

Solar NeutrinosCosmic Ray NeutrinosSupernova Neutrinos

- ASTRONOMY

Neutrinos Have MassesThey Are Extremely Light

Masses of e Are Different

e Mix

Conclusions:

KamiokandeJapan

Leptons Quarks

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

u

sd

c t

b

e

-e-

-

Leptons Quarks

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

u

sd

c t

b

e

-e-

-

4M

150M7M

1.3G 170G

5G

8m<8m

100M500K

30m

1.8G

Leptons Quarks

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

u

sd

c t

b

e

-e-

-

Leptons Quarks

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

u

sd

c t

b

e

-e-

-

Leptons & Quarks

Leptons & Quarks

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

u

sd

c t

be

+e+

+

Antiparticles

e

-e-

-

u

sd

c t

b

Leptons & Quarks

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

u

sd

c t

be

+e+

+

Antiparticles

1

23

13

0

13

23

13

+

+

+

-

-

- 1

Ele

ctr

ic

Ch

arg

e e

-e-

-

u

sd

c t

b

OPEN QUESTIONS

Why Are We Here (“Baryogenesis”)?What Is the Dark Matter?What Is the Dark Energy?Connection to Gravity?

Why Three Generation?

Do the 2nd and 3rd Generation Make a Difference?

Quarks – Lepton relation?

-1 23- 1

3- 0 +113+ 2

3+ ?, , , , , ,Why only

20 Building Blocks?20 Arbitrary Parameters?Origin of Masses?

A New IngeniousTheoretical Framework

STRING THEORY

Grand Unified Theories (GUT)

Supersymmetry (SUSY)

Sub-particles (“Rishons”?)

Options

BIG BANGBIG BANG

Gravity Connection

Inflation

Particle Masses Generated

“Quark Soup”

Protons & Neutrons

Light Nuclei

Heavy Nuclei

Atoms

GalaxiesStarsLife

NOWNOW13.7G yr

~100M yr

300K yr

3 min

10-43 sec

10-25 sec

10-11 sec

10-6 sec

1 sec

102 sec

1013 sec

1016 sec

1017 sec

Grand Unification ? Baryogenesis ? Subparticles ? Strings ?

“ZO

OM

ING

OU

T”

50HAPPY BIRTHDAYHAPPY BIRTHDAYWEIZMANN-PHYSICSWEIZMANN-PHYSICS