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Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
QCD’s Challenges
Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking Very unnatural pattern of bound state masses;
e.g., Lagrangian (pQCD) quark mass is small but . . . no degeneracy between JP=+ and JP=− (parity partners)
Neither of these phenomena is apparent in QCD’s Lagrangian Yet they are the dominant determining characteristics
of real-world QCD.
Both will be important herein QCD
– Complex behaviour arises from apparently simple rules.2
Quark and Gluon ConfinementNo matter how hard one strikes the proton, one cannot liberate an individual quark or gluon
Understand emergent phenomena
Universal Truths
Spectrum of hadrons (ground, excited and exotic states), and hadron elastic and transition form factors provide unique information about long-range interaction between light-quarks and distribution of hadron's characterising properties amongst its QCD constituents.
Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking (DCSB) is most important mass generating mechanism for visible matter in the Universe. Higgs mechanism is (almost) irrelevant to light-quarks.
Running of quark mass entails that calculations at even modest Q2 require a Poincaré-covariant approach. Covariance requires existence of quark orbital angular momentum in hadron's rest-frame wave function.
Confinement is expressed through a violent change of the propagators for coloured particles & can almost be read from a plot of a states’ dressed-propagator. It is intimately connected with DCSB.
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
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Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
Dyson-SchwingerEquations
Well suited to Relativistic Quantum Field Theory Simplest level: Generating Tool for Perturbation
Theory . . . Materially Reduces Model-Dependence … Statement about long-range behaviour of quark-quark interaction
NonPerturbative, Continuum approach to QCD Hadrons as Composites of Quarks and Gluons Qualitative and Quantitative Importance of:
Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking– Generation of fermion mass from
nothing Quark & Gluon Confinement
– Coloured objects not detected, Not detectable?
4
Approach yields Schwinger functions; i.e., propagators and verticesCross-Sections built from Schwinger FunctionsHence, method connects observables with long- range behaviour of the running couplingExperiment ↔ Theory comparison leads to an understanding of long- range behaviour of strong running-coupling
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
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Confinement
Quark and Gluon Confinement– No matter how hard one strikes the proton, or any other
hadron, one cannot liberate an individual quark or gluon Empirical fact. However
– There is no agreed, theoretical definition of light-quark confinement
– Static-quark confinement is irrelevant to real-world QCD• There are no long-lived, very-massive quarks
Confinement entails quark-hadron duality; i.e., that all observable consequences of QCD can, in principle, be computed using an hadronic basis.
X
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
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Confinement
Confinement is expressed through a violent change in the analytic structure of propagators for coloured particles & can almost be read from a plot of a states’ dressed-propagator– Gribov (1978); Munczek (1983); Stingl (1984); Cahill (1989);
Krein, Roberts & Williams (1992); …
complex-P2 complex-P2
o Real-axis mass-pole splits, moving into pair(s) of complex conjugate poles or branch pointso Spectral density no longer positive semidefinite & hence state cannot exist in observable spectrum
Normal particle Confined particle
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
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Dressed-gluon propagator
Gluon propagator satisfies a Dyson-Schwinger Equation
Plausible possibilities for the solution
DSE and lattice-QCDagree on the result– Confined gluon– IR-massive but UV-massless– mG ≈ 2-4 ΛQCD
perturbative, massless gluon
massive , unconfined gluon
IR-massive but UV-massless, confined gluon
A.C. Aguilar et al., Phys.Rev. D80 (2009) 085018
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
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S(p) … Dressed-quark propagator- nominally, a 1-body problem
Gap equation
Dμν(k) – dressed-gluon propagator Γν(q,p) – dressed-quark-gluon vertex
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
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With QCD’s dressed-gluon propagator
What is the dressed-quarkmass function?
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
Frontiers of Nuclear Science:Theoretical Advances
In QCD a quark's effective mass depends on its momentum. The function describing this can be calculated and is depicted here. Numerical simulations of lattice QCD (data, at two different bare masses) have confirmed model predictions (solid curves) that the vast bulk of the constituent mass of a light quark comes from a cloud of gluons that are dragged along by the quark as it propagates. In this way, a quark that appears to be absolutely massless at high energies (m =0, red curve) acquires a large constituent mass at low energies.
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Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
Frontiers of Nuclear Science:Theoretical Advances
In QCD a quark's effective mass depends on its momentum. The function describing this can be calculated and is depicted here. Numerical simulations of lattice QCD (data, at two different bare masses) have confirmed model predictions (solid curves) that the vast bulk of the constituent mass of a light quark comes from a cloud of gluons that are dragged along by the quark as it propagates. In this way, a quark that appears to be absolutely massless at high energies (m =0, red curve) acquires a large constituent mass at low energies.
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DSE prediction of DCSB confirmed
Mass from nothing!
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
Frontiers of Nuclear Science:Theoretical Advances
In QCD a quark's effective mass depends on its momentum. The function describing this can be calculated and is depicted here. Numerical simulations of lattice QCD (data, at two different bare masses) have confirmed model predictions (solid curves) that the vast bulk of the constituent mass of a light quark comes from a cloud of gluons that are dragged along by the quark as it propagates. In this way, a quark that appears to be absolutely massless at high energies (m =0, red curve) acquires a large constituent mass at low energies.
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Hint of lattice-QCD support for DSE prediction of violation of reflection positivity
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
12GeVThe Future of JLab
Numerical simulations of lattice QCD (data, at two different bare masses) have confirmed model predictions (solid curves) that the vast bulk of the constituent mass of a light quark comes from a cloud of gluons that are dragged along by the quark as it propagates. In this way, a quark that appears to be absolutely massless at high energies (m =0, red curve) acquires a large constituent mass at low energies.
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Jlab 12GeV: Scanned by 2<Q2<9 GeV2 elastic & transition form factors.
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
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Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking
Strong-interaction: QCD Confinement
– Empirical fact– Modern theory and lattice-QCD support conjecture
• that light-quark confinement is real • associated with violation of reflection positivity; i.e., novel analytic
structure for propagators and vertices– Still circumstantial, no proof yet of confinement
On the other hand, DCSB is a fact in QCD– It is the most important mass generating mechanism for visible
matter in the Universe. Responsible for approximately 98% of the proton’s
mass.Higgs mechanism is (almost) irrelevant to light-quarks.
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
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Strong-interaction: QCD
Gluons and quarks acquire momentum-dependent masses– characterised by an infrared mass-scale m ≈ 2-4 ΛQCD
Significant body of work, stretching back to 1980, which shows that, in the presence of DCSB, the dressed-fermion-photon vertex is materially altered from the bare form: γμ.– Obvious, because with
A(p2) ≠ 1 and B(p2) ≠ constant, the bare vertex cannot satisfy the Ward-Takahashi identity; viz.,
Number of contributors is too numerous to list completely (300 citations to 1st J.S. Ball paper), but prominent contributions by:J.S. Ball, C.J. Burden, C.D. Roberts, R. Delbourgo, A.G. Williams, H.J. Munczek, M.R. Pennington, A. Bashir, A. Kizilersu, L. Chang, Y.-X. Liu …
Dressed-quark-gluon vertex
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
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Dressed-quark-gluon vertex
Single most important feature– Perturbative vertex is helicity-conserving:
• Cannot cause spin-flip transitions– However, DCSB introduces nonperturbatively generated
structures that very strongly break helicity conservation– These contributions
• Are large when the dressed-quark mass-function is large– Therefore vanish in the ultraviolet; i.e., on the perturbative
domain– Exact form of the contributions is still the subject of debate
but their existence is model-independent - a fact.
Gap EquationGeneral Form
Dμν(k) – dressed-gluon propagator good deal of information available
Γν(q,p) – dressed-quark-gluon vertex Information accumulating
Straightforward to insert Ansatz for Γν(q,p) into gap equation & from the solution obtain values for– in-pion condensate– estimate of pion’s leptonic decay constant
However, there’s a little more than that to hadron physicsCraig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
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Many are still doing only this
Gap EquationGeneral Form
Dμν(k) – dressed-gluon propagator Γν(q,p) – dressed-quark-gluon vertex Until 2009, all studies of other hadron phenomena used the
leading-order term in a symmetry-preserving truncation scheme; viz., – Dμν(k) = dressed, as described previously– Γν(q,p) = γμ
• … plainly, key nonperturbative effects are missed and cannot be recovered through any step-by-step improvement procedure
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
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Bender, Roberts & von SmekalPhys.Lett. B380 (1996) 7-12
Gap EquationGeneral Form
Dμν(k) – dressed-gluon propagator good deal of information available
Γν(q,p) – dressed-quark-gluon vertex Information accumulating
Suppose one has in hand – from anywhere – the exact form of the dressed-quark-gluon vertex
What is the associated symmetry-preserving Bethe-Salpeter kernel?!
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
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If kernels of Bethe-Salpeter and gap equations don’t match,one won’t even get right charge for the pion.
Bethe-Salpeter EquationBound-State DSE
K(q,k;P) – fully amputated, two-particle irreducible, quark-antiquark scattering kernel
Textbook material. Compact. Visually appealing. Correct
Blocked progress for more than 60 years.
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
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Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
Bethe-Salpeter EquationGeneral Form
Equivalent exact bound-state equation but in this form K(q,k;P) → Λ(q,k;P)
which is completely determined by dressed-quark self-energy Enables derivation of a Ward-Takahashi identity for Λ(q,k;P)
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Lei Chang and C.D. Roberts0903.5461 [nucl-th]Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 (2009) 081601
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
Ward-Takahashi IdentityBethe-Salpeter Kernel
Now, for first time, it’s possible to formulate an Ansatz for Bethe-Salpeter kernel given any form for the dressed-quark-gluon vertex by using this identity
This enables the identification and elucidation of a wide range of novel consequences of DCSB
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Lei Chang and C.D. Roberts0903.5461 [nucl-th]Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 (2009) 081601
iγ5 iγ5
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
Dressed-quark anomalousmagnetic moments
Three strongly-dressed and essentially-
nonperturbative contributions to dressed-quark-gluon vertex:
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DCSB
Ball-Chiu term•Vanishes if no DCSB•Appearance driven by STI
Anom. chrom. mag. mom.contribution to vertex•Similar properties to BC term•Strength commensurate with lattice-QCD
Skullerud, Bowman, Kizilersu et al.hep-ph/0303176
L. Chang, Y. –X. Liu and C.D. RobertsarXiv:1009.3458 [nucl-th]Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (2011) 072001
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
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Dressed-quark anomalous chromomagnetic moment
Lattice-QCD– m = 115 MeV
Nonperturbative result is two orders-of-magnitude larger than the perturbative computation– This level of
magnification istypical of DCSB
– cf.
Skullerud, Kizilersu et al.JHEP 0304 (2003) 047
Prediction from perturbative QCD
Quenched lattice-QCD
Quark mass function:M(p2=0)= 400MeVM(p2=10GeV2)=4 MeV
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
Dressed-quark anomalousmagnetic moments
Three strongly-dressed and essentially-
nonperturbative contributions to dressed-quark-gluon vertex:
25
DCSB
Ball-Chiu term•Vanishes if no DCSB•Appearance driven by STI
Anom. chrom. mag. mom.contribution to vertex•Similar properties to BC term•Strength commensurate with lattice-QCD
Skullerud, Bowman, Kizilersu et al.hep-ph/0303176
Role and importance isnovel discovery•Essential to recover pQCD•Constructive interference with Γ5
L. Chang, Y. –X. Liu and C.D. RobertsarXiv:1009.3458 [nucl-th]Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (2011) 072001
Dressed-quark anomalousmagnetic moments
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
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Formulated and solved general Bethe-Salpeter equation Obtained dressed electromagnetic vertex Confined quarks don’t have a mass-shello Can’t unambiguously define
magnetic momentso But can define
magnetic moment distribution
ME κACM κAEM
Full vertex 0.44 -0.22 0.45
Rainbow-ladder 0.35 0 0.048
AEM is opposite in sign but of roughly equal magnitude as ACM
L. Chang, Y. –X. Liu and C.D. RobertsarXiv:1009.3458 [nucl-th]Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (2011) 072001
Factor of 10 magnification
Dressed-quark anomalousmagnetic moments
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
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Potentially important for elastic and transition form factors, etc. Significantly, also quite possibly for muon g-2 – via Box diagram,
which is not constrained by extant data.
L. Chang, Y. –X. Liu and C.D. RobertsarXiv:1009.3458 [nucl-th]Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (2011) 072001
Factor of 10 magnification
Formulated and solved general Bethe-Salpeter equation Obtained dressed electromagnetic vertex Confined quarks don’t have a mass-shello Can’t unambiguously define
magnetic momentso But can define
magnetic moment distribution
Contemporary theoretical estimates:1 – 10 x 10-10
Largest value reduces discrepancy expt.↔theory from 3.3σ to below 2σ.
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
DSEs and Baryons Dynamical chiral symmetry breaking (DCSB)
– has enormous impact on meson properties.Must be included in description and prediction of baryon properties.
DCSB is essentially a quantum field theoretical effect. In quantum field theory Meson appears as pole in four-point quark-antiquark Green function →
Bethe-Salpeter Equation Nucleon appears as a pole in a six-point quark Green function
→ Faddeev Equation. Poincaré covariant Faddeev equation sums all possible exchanges and
interactions that can take place between three dressed-quarks Tractable equation is based on observation that an interaction which
describes colour-singlet mesons also generates nonpointlike quark-quark (diquark) correlations in the colour-antitriplet channel
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R.T. Cahill et al.,Austral. J. Phys. 42 (1989) 129-145
rqq ≈ rπ
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
Faddeev Equation
Linear, Homogeneous Matrix equationYields wave function (Poincaré Covariant Faddeev Amplitude)
that describes quark-diquark relative motion within the nucleon Scalar and Axial-Vector Diquarks . . .
Both have “correct” parity and “right” masses In Nucleon’s Rest Frame Amplitude has
s−, p− & d−wave correlations29
R.T. Cahill et al.,Austral. J. Phys. 42 (1989) 129-145
diquark
quark
quark exchangeensures Pauli statistics
composed of strongly-dressed quarks bound by dressed-gluons
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
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Photon-nucleon current
Composite nucleon must interact with photon via nontrivial current constrained by Ward-Takahashi identities
DSE, BSE, Faddeev equation, current → nucleon form factors
Vertex contains dressed-quark anomalous magnetic moment
Oettel, Pichowsky, SmekalEur.Phys.J. A8 (2000) 251-281
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
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I.C. Cloët, C.D. Roberts, et al.arXiv:0812.0416 [nucl-th]
)(
)(
2
2
QG
QG
pM
pEp
Highlights again the critical importance of DCSB in explanation of real-world observables.
DSE result Dec 08
DSE result – including the anomalous magnetic moment distribution
I.C. Cloët, C.D. Roberts, et al.In progress
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
Unification of Meson & Baryon Spectra
Correlate the masses of meson and baryon ground- and excited-states within a single, symmetry-preserving framework Symmetry-preserving means:
Poincaré-covariant & satisfy relevant Ward-Takahashi identities Constituent-quark model has hitherto been the most widely applied
spectroscopic tool; and whilst its weaknesses are emphasized by critics and acknowledged by proponents, it is of continuing value because there is nothing better that is yet providing a bigger picture.
Nevertheless, no connection with quantum field theory & certainly not with QCD not symmetry-preserving & therefore cannot veraciously connect
meson and baryon properties
32
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
Faddeev Equation
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quark-quark scattering matrix - pole-approximation used to arrive at Faddeev-equation
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
Baryons & diquarks
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Provided numerous insights into baryon structure; e.g., There is a causal connection between mΔ - mN & m1+- m0+
mΔ - mN
mN
mΔ
Physical splitting grows rapidly with increasing diquark mass difference
H.L.L. Roberts et al., Masses of ground and excited-state hadrons1101.4244 [nucl-th], Few Body Syst. 51 (2011) pp. 1-25; DOI:10.1007/s00601-011-0225-x
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
Baryons & diquarks
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Provided numerous insights into baryon structure; e.g., mN ≈ 3 M & mΔ ≈ M+m1+
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
Baryon Spectrum
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Our predictions for baryon dressed-quark-core masses match the bare-masses determined by Jülich with a rms-relative-error of 10%. Notably, however, we find a quark-core to the Roper resonance,
whereas within the Jülich coupled-channels model this structure in the P11 partial wave is unconnected with a bare three-quark state.
H.L.L. Roberts et al., to appear Few Body Syst., 1101.4244 [nucl-th] Masses of ground and excited-state hadrons
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
Baryon Spectrum
37
In connection with EBAC's analysis, our predictions for the bare-masses agree within a rms-relative-error of 14%. Notably, EBAC does find a dressed-quark-core for the Roper
resonance, at a mass which agrees with our prediction.
H.L.L. Roberts et al., to appear Few Body Syst., 1101.4244 [nucl-th] Masses of ground and excited-state hadrons
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
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EBAC & the Roper resonance
EBAC examined the dynamical origins of the two poles associated with the Roper resonance are examined.
Both of them, together with the next higher resonance in the P11 partial wave were found to have the same originating bare state
Coupling to the meson-baryon continuum induces multiple observed resonances from the same bare state.
All PDG identified resonances consist of a core state and meson-baryon components.
N. Suzuki et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 104 (2010) 042302
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
Hadron Spectrum
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Legend: Particle Data Group H.L.L. Roberts et al. EBAC Jülich
o Symmetry-preserving unification of the computation of meson & baryon masseso rms-rel.err./deg-of-freedom = 13%o PDG values (almost) uniformly overestimated in both cases - room for the pseudoscalar meson cloud?!
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
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Next steps …
In Hand … A documented comparison between the electromagnetic form factors of mesons and those diquarks which play a material role in nucleon structure.
In position to complete reference M=constant computation of nucleon elastic form factors
& nucleon → Roper transition form factor Compare with existing calculations of elastic form factors using
M=M(p2) Compute M=M(p2) nucleon → Roper transition form factors Identify those signals in these observables that are unambiguously
related to QCD-behaviour of M=M(p2)
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Epilogue
Dynamical chiral symmetry breaking (DCSB) – mass from nothing for 98% of visible matter – is a realityo Expressed in M(p2), with observable signals in experiment
Poincaré covarianceCrucial in description of contemporary data
Fully-self-consistent treatment of an interaction Essential if experimental data is truly to be understood.
Dyson-Schwinger equations: o single framework, with IR model-input turned to advantage,
“almost unique in providing unambiguous path from a defined interaction → Confinement & DCSB → Masses → radii → form factors → distribution functions → etc.”
Craig Roberts: Observing Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking. JLab 16 May 2011 - Nucleon Resonance Structure with the CLAS12 Detector - 41pgs
McLerran & PisarskiarXiv:0706.2191 [hep-ph]
Confinement is almost Certainly the origin of DCSB
e.g., BaBar anomaly
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