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Objective BT11.02: Analyze transgenic animals. Early beginnings. Biotechnology – collection of scientific techniques that use living cells and molecules to make products and solve problems Transgenic organisms = Organisms that contain another species’ genes within their chromosomes. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Objective BT11.02: Analyze transgenic animals.
Early beginnings Biotechnology – collection of scientific
techniques that use living cells and molecules to make products and solve problems
Transgenic organisms = Organisms that contain another species’ genes within their chromosomes
Historically Biotechnology has been used in selective
breeding of livestock, controlled plant pollination, and microorganisms to bake bread, brew beer and make cheese
Using microorganisms to make cheese is an early historical example of biotechnology ***
Transgenic organisms This is accomplished by transferring
specific genes from one species to another
The first transgenic organisms were bacteria created in a laboratory***
Pharmaceutical companies use bacteria to produce insulin in the laboratory***
Scientists around the world use customized transgenic animals for their own research
Transgenic models are an established part of biomedical research***
Species include sheep, goats, cows, pigs, mice, rabbits, rats, chickens and fish
Benefits of transgenic animals Animal models Pharmaceutical production Organ donors Livestock improvement
Production of transgenic animals The transgene (which contains the DNA the
scientist wants to transfer) is introduced into a single-cell embryo***
The embryo is transferred to a surrogate mother of the same strain
Success rate is low (10%-30%) in mice Success rate decreases in mammals Pharming: Using transgenic animals to produce
substances***
Care of transgenic animals Most do not require special care Some develop a susceptibility to disease
Government’s role in transgenic research
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office issues patents for transgenic animals
Biomedical researchers must apply for a patent from the US Patent and Trademark office when they want to create a transgenic animal***
Only government policy specifically addressing the issue is the NIH Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules
Ethical considerations People opposed to transgenic animal
research believe that transgenic animals threaten our environment, health and food safety***
Positives of transgenic models:1. Provide a new way to study diseases
2. Vital substances needed by the human body may soon be available
3. May provide a new source of organs
4. May one day be used to treat human diseases
Future of transgenic animals Current research limited to transferring a
small amount of genes at a time Much work remains to be done to fine-
tune techniques Possible effects of foreign DNA remains a
concern
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