Objective 2…TAKS 10 th and 11 th grades Home slide

Objective 2…TAKS 10th and 11th grades

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Questions from TAKS regarding cell functions :

Questions from TAKS regarding DNA:

Questions from TAKS regarding classification

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Link to 10th grade study guide

Scroll to p.265 for objective 2Link to 11th grade study guide

Scroll to p.310 for objective 2

Interactive non-TAKS quizzes on the internet

Questions from TAKS regarding genetics

Questions from TAKS regarding body systems

Cell functions

Go to: OsmosisGo to: Cell Energy and parts

Go to: Cell division

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When a sea urchin egg is removed from the ocean and placed in freshwater, the egg swells and bursts. Which of these causes water to enter the egg?

F CoagulationG Sodium pumpH Active transportJ Osmosis 34

Osmosis is the movement of water through a membrane from cleaner “high concentration” to less clean “lower concentration”.

Ocean water (because of its salt) is the lower concentration.

Freshwater (less salt) is the high concentration.

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4. Histamine is a polar chemical that can lead to an allergic response when it is released by the body’s immune system. An antihistamine is a drug that can help prevent the allergic reactions associated with histamine. An antihistamine is a similar molecule to histamine in size, shape, and polarity. How does an antihistamine most likely prevent the effects of histamine?

A It increases the diffusion of histamine across the membranes of target cells.

B It binds to histamine receptors on the surfaces of target cells.C It causes target cells to increase production of histamine receptors.D It blocks histamine receptors found in the cytoplasm of target cells.

Modelhistamine

antihistamine

Real histamine

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Which would most likely cause the liquid in Tube A to rise?F Starch concentrations being equal on each side of the membraneG Water passing from a region of lower starch concentration to one of higher starch concentrationH Water and starch volumes being the sameJ Solute in the tubes changing from a higher temperature to a lower temperature

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Osmosis is when ‘cleaner water’ (in this case ‘distilled’) wants to go through a membrane to ‘less clean water’ (in this case, ‘starchy’).Tube B water goes through the Dialysis membrane toward the Tube A.Water goes from high concentration to low concentration. Or if you want to look at it from the solute point of view…the water goes from ‘less solute solution’ to ‘more solute solution.’

Starch is a solute.

The solute (starch) doesn’t go through this membrane.

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The illustration above shows a cell model with starch solutions both inside and outside the cell. In which of the following situations will the solution rise highest in the tube?

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Which molecule provides most of the energy used to drive chemical reactions in cells?

F DNA

G RNA

H ATP

J ADP

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Energy conversion within an animal cell would be severely limited by removal of thecell’s —A mitochondriaB chloroplastsC plastidsD lysosomes

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Mitochondria use oxygen and sugar to recharge ADP’s into ATP’s (cell energy source.)

Animal cells don’t have chloroplasts. Plants do.

Animal cells don’t have plastids (for photosynthesis.)

Lysosomes help with digestion of food & recycling.

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Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration often considered opposites?F Photosynthesis produces twice as many ATP molecules as cellular respirationdoes.G Water is released during photosynthesis and consumed during cellular respiration.H Photosynthesis occurs during the day, and cellular respiration occurs at night.J Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis and used during cellular respiration.

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Respiration produces more ATP’s than photosynthesis.

FALSE.

Respiration occurs at all times.

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Which structure regulates gas exchangeduring the processes of photosynthesis and respiration?A QB RC SD T

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Gases go in here!

CO2O2

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Food provides the human body with all of thefollowing except —F caloriesG amino acidH hydrochloric acidJ lipids

Amino acids are the units of proteins,Lipids are fats. Your stomach adds the HCl to the food.

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DNA molecules separate into single strands, which are then used to construct two identical strands of DNA. This process ensures that the —A cytoplasm is in equilibriumB mitochondria are genetically identical tothe chloroplastsC parent cells use little ATPD daughter cells are genetically identical tothe parent cells

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If a cat has 38 chromosomes in each of its body cells, how many chromosomes will be in each daughter cell after mitosis?

F 11G 19H 38J 76

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If it said “after meiosis” then you would half the number.

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DNAHome

Go to: DNA

Go to: Protein Synthesis

Go to: Mutations

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In DNA, which of the following determines the traits of an organism?

F Amount of adenineG Number of sugarsH Sequence of nitrogen basesJ Strength of hydrogen bonds

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Which molecule is most responsible for

determining an organism’s eye color, body

structure, and cellular enzyme production?

A Complex starch

B Fatty acid

C Carbohydrate

D Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA

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All of the following are found in a DNA

molecule except —

A carbon dioxide

B deoxyribose

C nitrogen

D phosphate

The sugar of DNA

The A’s, T’s, C’s, G’s of DNA

Part of the backbone of DNA

The nitrogenous bases of DNA

The rails of the ladder

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Which of the following nucleotide basesequences complements the section of DNAmodeled above?F 5′UTCGCA3′GH 5′GCGATT3′J 5′TTUCGC3′

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A’s go to T’s.C’s go to G’s.

5′TTAGCG3′

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This chart shows the results of an experiment performed in the 1920s using a bacterial species that causes pneumonia in humans. The experiment involved several procedures using two different bacterial strains, R and S. What is a possible explanation for the results in Group 2?

A Living S-strain bacteria can transform into a pathogenic form of R-strain bacteria.

B Living R-strain bacteria are controlled by a mouse’s immune system.C Dead S-strain bacteria can cause disease.D Dead R-strain bacteria can confer resistance to S-strain bacteria. 9

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Which of the following best describes the question this set of procedures was designed to answer?A Can a substance from dead bacteria transform living bacteria?B Can R bacterial cells survive heating?C Can dead bacterial cells confer immunity to a living host?D Can bacterial cells be isolated from a healthy host? 25

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DNA passes information to RNA during the

process of —

F transcription

G active transport

H regeneration

J osmosism -RNA

DNA

 Transcription:messenger RNA (m-RNA)

copies the DNA code for the protein that needs to be made.

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If the template of a strand of DNA is 5' AGATGCATC 3', the complementary strandwill be —F 3' TCTACGTAG 5'G 5' CTACGTAGA 3'H 3' AGATGCATC 5'J 5' AGACGTCTA 3'

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Both are DNA. No “U’s”. A’s go to T’s. C’s go to G’s.

5' AGATGCATC 3',

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Which of these represents the DNA segment from which this section of mRNA was transcribed?AB TCUTTGC GAAUCUD UCCTGA

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ACTAAG

DNA A T C GmRNA U A G C

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The assembly of a messenger RNA strand that normally begins with UAC has been changed so that the newly assembled messenger RNA strand begins with UAG. Which of the following will most likely occur?

A The protein will be missing the first amino acid.B The amino acids that make up the protein will all be different.C The mRNA will become attached to a ribosome.D The production of the protein will be stopped.

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Use this chart for the next question.

A G AAGA

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The chain above represents three codons. Which of the following changes would be expected in the amino acid chain if the mutation shown above occurred?F The amino acid sequence would be shorter than expected.G The identity of one amino acid would change.H The amino acid sequence would remain unchanged.J The identities of more than one amino acid would change.

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normal Mutated has one substitution.

Only if there had been a deletion of 3 or more letters.

AGA codes for arginine, and ACA codes for threonine.

This can happen when only one or two letters are added or deleted.

AGA codes for arginine, and ACA codes for threonine.

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Mutations in DNA molecules can occur when —F replication of DNA is exactG a DNA enzyme attaches to an RNA codonH RNA codons are replaced by DNA nucleotidesJ a change occurs in DNA nucleotide bases

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Replication

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Ultraviolet radiation can cause mutations inthe DNA of skin cells that have beenoverexposed to the sun. This mutated DNAhas no effect on future offspring because —

F changes in skin cell DNA are homozygous recessiveG mutations must occur within the RNAcodonsH offspring reject parental skin cellsJ only changes to gamete DNA can beinherited 26

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According to the table, which of the following phenotypes would probably occur in all the offspring from the parents shown above?F Solid gray furG Striped gray furH Green eyesJ Blue eyes 40

Dad = GgBb and Mom = ggBB

Definitely mom will give all offspring a “B” for green eyes.

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If an organism has the genotype RrSsTtUu, what proportion of its gametes will be RSTU?

●½,

●¼,

●1/8,

●1/16.

RrSsTtUu 24 = 16

Rr21 = 2

RrSs RrSsTt22 = 4 23 = 8

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What is a probable reason why increased uses of anitbiotics are causing more bacteria to be resistant to those antibiotics?A The bacteria get used to an antibiotic.B There are always individuals in a population that were created resistant. Those individuals and their clones are outnumbering the non-resistant strains.

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A pea plant with the genotype TtWW iscrossed with a pea plant with the genotypettWw. How many different genotypes can beexpressed in the offspring?F 1G 2H 3J 4

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TW tW

tW

tw

TtWW ttWW

TtWw ttWw

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What trait will most likely be observed in alloffspring of the above set of parents?

A Green feathersB Yellow feathersC Long beakD Short beak 53

The male will ensure that all the offspring green.

Half the offspring will be carriers for yellow.

Half the offspring will have long beaks but will be carriers for short.The other half of the offspring will have short beaks.

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Coat color in mice varies greatly, rangingfrom black to grizzly gray, black-and-white,spotted, or white. The nucleus from a body cell of a grizzly-gray mouse is fused with an egg from a black mouse from which the nucleus has been removed. The egg begins to divide and is then transplanted into a female white mouse. What will be the most likely coat color of the offspring?

F BlackG Black with white spotsH Grizzly grayJ White 36

Grizzly-gray DNA added

Egg and sperm from black mice.

Black mouse fertilized egg’s DNA removed.

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The diagram represents the chromosomes of a person with a genetic disorder caused by nondisjunction, in which the chromosomes fail to separate properly. Which chromosome set displays nondisjunction?F 2G 8H 21J 23

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There should be 2 chromosomes (one from the egg and one from the sperm) in all the 23 spots.

There are 3 chromosomes instead of two.

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