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1
North Central Region Eradication & Surveillance Target Invasive Plants
2
Overview of North Central regional strategy
The California Invasive Plants Council (Cal-IPC) works with local land managers to:
1. Translate information from CalWeedMapper to region wide opportunities for surveillance & eradication
2. Draft Strategic Plan for review by land managers
3. Eradication targets: apply for funding to address top regional species. Learn and survey for early detection and rapid response.
4. Surveillance targets: learn and survey for early detection and rapid response.
5. Watch for new detections of these species and respond rapidly!
3
North Central Eradication & Surveillance targets ERADICATION
Centaurea jacea nothossp. pratensis (= Centaurea debeauxii) meadow knapweed
Chondrilla juncea rush skeletonweed
Euphorbia oblongata oblong spurge
Fallopia japonica (= Polygonum cuspidatum) Japanese knotweed
Salvia aethiopis Mediterranean sage
Sesbania punicea red sesbania, scarlet wisteria
Cynara cardunculus artichoke thistle
Carduus acanthoides plumeless thistle
SURVEILLANCE
Alliaria petiolata garlic mustard
Crupina vulgaris common crupina, bearded creeper
Alyssum murale, Alyssum corsicum Oregon yellowtuft
Fallopia sachalinensis (= Polygonum sachalinense) Sakhalin knotweed
Linaria vulgaris yellow toadflax, butter and eggs
Carduus acanthoides (detected in Siskiyou!) plumeless thistle
Cortaderia jubata jubatagrass
Nymphoides peltata yellow floating heart
Ulex europaeus gorse
Brachypodium sylvaticum perennial false-brome
Ranunculus repens creeping buttercup
Ehrharta calycina purple veldtgrass
Ilex aquifolium English holly
Brachypodium distachyon annual false-brome, false brome
Dipsacus laciniatus cutleaf teasel
Eradication and Surveillance Targets
CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE MAPS
4
TO DO:
Learn.
Consult North Central Region eradication list on regions page of CalWeedMapper for photos and information.
Print and/or download to smart phone.
Train staff to recognize species.
Consider suitable range now and in the future.
Map populations in Calflora, if found.
Coordinate response, if found!!
5
Centaurea debeauxii (= Centaurea pratensis)
meadow knapweed
Centaurea debeauxii meadow knapweed
Insert photo here
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: Not Listed
Cal-IPC: Moderate- Alert
A small tap-rooted
perennial arising from a
woody crown. Meadow
knapweed’s foliage is
tough and coarse.
Europe
Resembles
other knapweeds (Centaurea sp.)
1 meter tall
Pastures, wet areas, openings in forested areas,
disturbed lands.
Manual effective for
small populations. Aminopyralid
herbicides are effective.
Seeds are primarily
dispersed by wildlife and water.
Forbs & herbs
Asteraceae USDA Code: CEDE5
Dan Sharrat Oregon Department of Agriculture (ODA)
G. H. Miller CA Department of Food and
Agriculture (CDFA)
6
Centaurea debeauxii (= Centaurea pratensis)
meadow knapweed
6
Flower:
Flower Color: Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed:
Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf: Flower heads are roundish and
solitary at branch tips. Flower bracts are
unarmed, light to dark brown with papery
margins.
Mid summer to fall
Seeds are brown to
gray, hairy, and tipped
by deciduous plumes.
Fringed bracts on the flower head.
Central flowers on flower head are
shorter than outer ones. Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with
permission from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al.
(eds.), The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of
California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved from:
ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010
Sourceshttp://www.cdfa.ca.gov
Leaves simple. Basal leaves are
slender, petioled, and may be entire, toothed
or lobed. Stem leaves usually don’t have a
petiole and are much smaller.
Pink to reddish purple
Forbs & herbs
Dan Sharrat ODA
King County, Washington, Noxious Weeds website
Illustration by Cindy Talbott Roche´ from PNW0566
7
Centaurea debeauxii (= Centaurea pratensis)
Meadow knapweed Eradication Target # 1 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
Copyright © 2013 California Invasive Plant Council. Developed with Calflora, TerraGIS, and other partners.
8
Chondrilla juncea rush skeletonweed
Chondrilla juncea rush skeletonweed
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: A
Cal-IPC: Moderate
Herbaceous perennial or
biennial, with milky sap and
rigid, wiry, branched stems
standing on a basal rosette.
West Eurasia,
Mediterranean area, NW
Africa
Rosette leaves of
dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and
chicory (Cichorium intybus) are
similar, but rush
skeletonweed
rosettes can be
distinguished by
reddish coloration.
0.4 – 1.0 meter tall
Found in disturbed soils. Tolerates a wide
variety of environmental conditions.
Manual control for smaller
populations. Many biocontrols exist
for this species. Tillage effective for
removal of adult plants.
Seeds primarily
disperse with wind, but also by water,
animals and human activity.
Reproduces by clones from buds on
roots, as well as asexual seed
production. Semi-rhizomatous.
Forbs & herbs
Asteraceae USDA Code: CHJU
Dean Kelch CDFA
Jean Pawek
9
Chondrilla juncea rush skeletonweed
9
Flower:
Flower Color: Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed: Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf:
Small, dandelion-like
flower heads. Axillary or terminal,
sessile or short-stalked, solitary or
in clusters of 2-5.
Achene
oblong, 3-4 mm long, glabrous,
brown, ridged. Fine, white
pappus bristles on slender, 5-6
mm long beak.
Small yellow dandelion-like flower
heads. Much branched. Reddish- to
purplish-tinged basal rosette leaves.
Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with
permission from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al.
(eds.), The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of
California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved from:
ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010
Sources http://www.cdfa.ca.gov
Rosette leaves oblanceolate,
with irregular shallow, backward-
pointing lobes. Surfaces usually +/-
glabrous. Stem leaves often lacking,
bract-like when present. Leaves often
whither as flowers
develop.
Yellow
Forbs & herbs
July - October
Dean Kelch CDFA
Fred Hrusa CDFA
Richard Spellenberg Creative Commons
Zoya Akulova
10
Chondrilla juncea rush skeletonweed
Eradication Target # 2 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
Copyright © 2013 California Invasive Plant Council. Developed with Calflora, TerraGIS, and other partners.
11
Euphorbia oblongata oblong spurge
Euphorbia oblongata oblong spurge
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: B
Cal-IPC: Limited
Erect taprooted perennial
with milky white sap and
mostly alternate leaves.
Stems branch slightly
above or below ground.
Southwest Europe
Other invasive spurges,
such as Leafy spurge
(Euphorbia virgata).
A native species in
disturbed places is
Euphorbia spathulata
(right).
To 0.8m tall
Waste areas, disturbed sites, roadsides,
fields, meadows, and woodlands.
Manually removing plants
before seed develops can help
control this species. 15 species of
biocontrol insect are US-approved.
Forbs & herbs
Euphorbiaceae USDA Code: EUOB4
Dean G. Kelch CDFA
Keir Morse, Creative Commons
Capsules eject seeds up
to 5m from the parent plant. Also
dispersed by human activities,
animals, insects, and as hay or seed
contaminant. Clones from root buds.
12
Euphorbia oblongata oblong spurge
12
Flower:
Flower Color: Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed:
Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf: Flower clusters umbel-like at
the stem tips. Each ‘flower’ is actually a
specialized cluster of reduced unisexual
flowers that is unique to the spurge
family.
Capsules 3-4.5 mm long,
sparsely covered with
minute tubercles. Seeds
brown, smooth.
Yellow to yellow green flower cluster.
Milky white sap.
Plants develop in clonal colonies.
Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with
permission from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al.
(eds.), The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of
California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved from:
ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010
Sources http://www.cdfa.ca.gov
Oblong or elliptic, mostly 4-6.5 cm
long, tip broadly rounded, margin minutely
serrate under low magnification, often
glabrous.
Yellow, yellow-green
Insert fruit &
seed photo
here
Forbs & herbs
Jean Pawek
Dean G. Kelch CDFA
Spring/Summer
Dean G. Kelch CDFA
13
Euphorbia oblongata oblong spurge
Eradication Target # 3 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
Copyright © 2013 California Invasive Plant Council. Developed with Calflora, TerraGIS, and other partners.
14
Fallopia japonica (= Polygonum cuspidatum)
Japanese knotweed
Fallopia japonica Japanese knotweed
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: B
Cal-IPC: Moderate Alert
Clumping perennial with
coarse foliage, hollow
stems and long
creeping rhizomes. Can
create dense colonies
that exclude other
vegetation.
Japan
Lewis’s mock
orange(Philadelphus lewisii ), a
native
species,
has
much
larger
flowers.
1 -3 meter tall
Disturbed moist sites, roadsides, riparian
and wetland areas. Plants typically grow in open, sunny
areas on moist soils in cool temperate climates.
Carefully digging out
rhizomes and cutting stems 4 or
more times per season, especially
in conjunction with tarping.
Imazapyr is an effective herbicide.
Spread is
predominately through rhizomes
rather than seeds, but plants are
persistent once established.
Forbs & herbs
Polygonaceae USDA Code: POCU6
L.M. Landry
Br. Alfred Brousseau,
Saint Mary’s College
15
Fallopia japonica (= Polygonum cuspidatum)
Japanese knotweed
15
Flower:
Flower Color: Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed:
Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf: Male and female flowers develop
on separate plants. Panicles axillary on
upper stems.
August - October
Fruits narrowly winged.
Achenes brown, 3-sided. Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with permission
from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al. (eds.), The Jepson
Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley.
Retrieved from: ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010
Sources http://www.cdfa.ca.gov
Broadly ovate, about 10-15 cm long, Ocrea
(thin, dry, pliable, reddish sheath around the stem)
deciduous, short (~5 mm long).
White
Forbs & herbs
Rhizomatous plant with large broadly
ovate leaves forming clumps with 40 or
more stems. Ocrea on stems.
L..M. Landry
L..M. Landry
Ken Christopher, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org
16
Fallopia japonica (= Polygonum cuspidatum)
Japanese knotweed Eradication Target # 4 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
Copyright © 2013 California Invasive Plant Council. Developed with Calflora, TerraGIS, and other partners.
17
Salvia aethiopis Mediterranean sage
Salvia aethiopis Mediterranean sage
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: B
Cal-IPC: Limited
Erect biennial (sometimes
perennial) densely covered
with fine, white, woolly
hairs. Crushed leaves have
a strong, disagreeable
odor.
Europe
Immature plants
resemble woolly mullein rosettes
(Verbascum
thapsus), right,
but mullein
lacks the
pungent odor.
0.6 meter tall
Degraded big sagebrush communities,
disturbed sites.
Biocontrol, mowing,
manual removal.
Flowering stems break
off at a point below the panicle and
disperse seed by tumbling with
wind.
Forbs & herbs
Lamiaceae USDA Code: SAAE
Dean Kelch CA Dept of Food and Agriculture
George W. Jackson Calphotos
18
Salvia aethiopis Mediterranean sage
18
Flower:
Flower Color: Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed:
Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf: Flowers whorled on stems. Strongly
2-lipped.
June - August
Nutlets 4 per flower, ovoid,
smooth, brown.
Opposite leaves that are aromatic when
crushed. Herbage densely covered with
fine, white wooly hairs.
Content derived in part from the Weeds of California and Other
Western States. University of CA Agriculture and Natural Resources
Sources http://www.cdfa.ca.gov
Variable: ovate to triangular, irregularly
lobed to deeply incised. Crinkled surface
texture. Stem leaves opposite, reduced up the
stem.
Yellow to whitish
Insert fruit &
seed photo
here
Forbs & herbs
Steve Hurst California department of Food and Agriculture
Fred Hrusa CDFA
Fred Hrusa CDFA
19
Salvia aethiopis Mediterranean sage
Eradication Target # 5 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
Copyright © 2013 California Invasive Plant Council. Developed with Calflora, TerraGIS, and other partners.
20
Sesbania punicea rattlebox, scarlet wisteria
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: B
Cal-IPC: High
Deciduous shrub or small
tree with leaves that have
an even number of
leaflets and red to orange-
red, pea-like flowers.
South America.
Other Sesbania
spp. (hemp sesbania, S. exaltata),
below, mesquite (Prosopis spp.),
locust (Robinia spp.) and Acacia
species.
To 4 meters tall
Mostly found in riparian areas. Forms thickets. Seeds
can survive 20-30 years in seed bank.
Biocontrol, manual
pulling, herbicides.
Often transported by
water.
Trees & shrubs
Fabaceae USDA Code: SEPU7
Dean Kelch CA Dept of Agriculture
Sesbania punicea rattlebox, scarlet wisteria
21
Sesbania punicea rattlebox, scarlet wisteria
21
Flower:
Flower Color: Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed:
Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf: Showy clusters of pea-like flower,
each about 2-3 cm long.
June-August
The fruits are large
brown pea pods.
Seeds 4-10 per pod,
smooth and dull brown.
Large, red flower clusters.
Pinnate compound leaves with 20+ leaflets.
Growing in riparian environments.
Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with
permission from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al.
(eds.), The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of
California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved from:
ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010
Sources http://www.cdfa.ca.gov
Pinnately-compound with between 10- 40
pairs of elliptical leaflets on a single stalk. Leaf
margins are entire.
Red to orange-red.
Trees & shrubs
Insert fruit &
seed photo
here
George W. Hartwell
Steve Hurst USDA-ARCS
22
Sesbania punicea rattlebox, scarlet wisteria
Eradication Target # 6 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
Copyright © 2013 California Invasive Plant Council. Developed with Calflora, TerraGIS, and other partners.
23
Cynara cardunculus artichoke thistle
Cynara cardunculus artichoke thistle
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: B
Cal-IPC: Moderate
Large perennial thistle
with deeply pinnate
leaves and large, showy
purple flower heads.
Mediterranean
region
Cirsium occidentalis
var. californicum (California thistle),
below, is a native
species. Flower
heads are much
smaller, white to
purple or rose in
color.
To 2.5 meters tall
Disturbed open sites, especially areas
affected by grazing.
Manual pulling, repeated
cultivation. Mowing to reduce seed set.
Most seeds fall near the
parent plant, but can move via water,
animals, human activities, and wind.
Forbs & herbs
Asteraceae USDA Code: CYCA
Insert photo here
Br. Alfred Brosseau Saint Mary’s College
Jo-Ann Ordano CA Academy of Sciences
24
Cynara cardunculus artichoke thistle
24
Flower:
Flower Color:
Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed:
Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf: Heads solitary at stem tips, 3-15
cm in diameter. ‘Looks like an artichoke.’
April - July
Achenes conical to
cylindrical, glabrous, dark
brown to tan, with feathery
pappus.
Tall artichoke-like thistle with large showy
flower heads of purple disk flowers.
Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with permission
from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al. (eds.), The
Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of California Press,
Berkeley. Retrieved from: ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on
12/01/2010 Sources http://www.cdfa.ca.gov
Basal leaves pinnate-lobed, often
appearing compound, spine-tipped. Stem
leaves alternate, bases forming spiny wing on
stem. Leaf surfaces wooly, more so on
underside.
Blue –violet to
purple, or rarely white.
Forbs & herbs
Dean Kelch CDFA
Br. Alfred Brousseau
Saint Mary’s College
25
Cynara cardunculus artichoke thistle
Eradication Target # 7 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
Copyright © 2013 California Invasive Plant Council. Developed with Calflora, TerraGIS, and other partners.
26
Carduus acanthoides plumeless thistle
Carduus acanthoides plumeless thistle
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: A
Cal-IPC: Limited
Biennial thistle with
strongly winged stems,
glabrous to lightly wooly.
Purple flowers.
Europe
Various non-
native thistles with
purple flowers,
including: Canada
thistle (Cirsium
arvense), Scotch
thistle (Onopordum
acanthium), and
Bull thistle (Cirsium
vulgare), right.
1.5 meters tall
Cultivate or manually
remove when plants are small. Goats
eat flower heads and digest seeds.
Aminopyralid is an effective herbicide.
Dispersing 1-3 weeks
after flowering, most seeds fall
within 50 meters of the parent
plant.
Forbs & herbs
Asteraceae USDA Code: CAAC
2007 © Peter M. Dziuk
Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary’s College
Colonizes
disturbed open sites,
roadsides, annual
grasslands, and waste areas. Prefers drier, well-drained
sites. Hybridizes with musk thistle (C. nutans) and
intermediate plants can be found where their ranges
overlap.
27
Carduus acanthoides plumeless thistle
27
Flower:
Flower Color: Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed:
Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf: Head +/-spherical, solitary or
clustered. Phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, tips
erect to spreading. Receptacles flat, densely
covered with cream-colored bristles
interspersed among the disk flowers.
May - August
Achenes elliptic, smooth,
golden to brown. Feathery
pappus detaches as a unit.
A thistle with purple hemispherical
flowers and winged stems.
Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with
permission from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al.
(eds.), The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of
California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved from:
ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010 Sources
http://www.cdfa.ca.gov
Leaves 1-pinnate lobed, sparsely hairy.
Basal leaves elliptic to lanceolate with prickly
margins. Stem leaves alternate and reduced with
bases that extend down the stem as spiny wings.
Purple to pink, rarely white
Forbs & herbs
2007 © Peter M. Dziuk 2007 © Peter M. Dziuk
Jean Pawek
28
Carduus acanthoides plumeless thistle
Eradication Target # 8 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
Copyright © 2013 California Invasive Plant Council. Developed with Calflora, TerraGIS, and other partners.
29
Alliaria petiolata garlic mustard
Alliaria petiolata garlic mustard
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: Not Listed
Cal-IPC: Watch List
Biennial (perennial) with
top-branching stems that
bear racemes of white
flowers. Garlicky odor.
Eurasia, Northern
Africa
California jewelflower (Cardamine
californica) has a terminal flower cluster.
Saxifraga mertensiana, an uncommon
native, right, has
an open panicle.
To 1 meter
Forest understory, roadsides, riparian
areas/floodplains
Manual removal, tilling,
smothering with tarps, and burning.
Reproduces exclusively by
seed. Short-range dispersal.
Forbs & herbs
Brassicaceae USDA Code: ALPE4
Elaine Haug @ USDA-NRCS
Genevieve K. Walden Creative Commons
30
Alliaria petiolata garlic mustard
30
Flower:
Flower Color:
Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed:
Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf: Flowers bear cross-shaped flowers
with 4 white petals and 6 stamens. Flowers
alternate up the stem in a raceme.
May to June
Seed pods are slender,
~6.5 cm long, and split
longitudinally into two
sections at maturity.
Small clusters of cross-shaped white
flowers. Triangular to heart-shaped leaves.
Garlic odor when leaves are crushed.
Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with
permission from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al.
(eds.), The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of
California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved from:
ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010
Sources http://www.cdfa.ca.gov
Basal leaves kidney-shaped, stem
leaves are more triangular. Leaves are
alternate, petiolate, with toothed margins. Stem
leaves reduced up the stem.
White
Forbs & herbs
Glenn Miller Oregon Department of Agriculture
Steve Hurst @USDA_NRCS
G.A. Cooper @ USDA-NRCS
31
Alliaria petiolata garlic mustard
Surveillance Target # 1 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
EDDMapS. 2013. Early Detection & Distribution Mapping System. The University of Georgia - Center
for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health. Available online at http://www.eddmaps.org/; last
accessed November 19, 2013.
Documented records
from this county.
32
Crupina vulgaris common crupina, bearded creeper
Crupina vulgaris common crupina, bearded creeper
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: A
Cal-IPC: Limited
Erect, openly-branched
annual with purple
flower heads that
appear to consist only
of disk flowers.
Branches ridged.
Southern Europe
0.6 – 1 meter tall
Ecological generalist, adapting to many
disturbed habitats.
Hand-pulling is effective for
small populations. A variety of
herbicides can be effective.
Flower heads often disperse
as units, falling near the parent plants or
transported by animals, wind, water, etc.
Forbs & herbs
Asteraceae USDA Code: CRVU2
Knapweeds (Centaurea sp.) and Russian
knapweed (Acroptilon repens), right,
resemble common
crupina but have
bristly flower head
receptacles and leaf
margins that lack
bristly, barbed hairs.
Fred Hrusa, CDFA
Fred Hrusa, CDFA
33
Crupina vulgaris common crupina, bearded creeper
33
Flower:
Flower Color: Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed:
Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf: Flower heads stalked, cylindrical to
ovoid or slender urn-shaped. Corollas
slender, purple, with linear lobes. Receptacle
with flat scales between flowers.
Late spring – early summer
Seeds cylindrical. Base
rounded, flat-topped, black-
brown, scaly. Pappus
bristles black-brown.
Flower stems longitudinally ridged.
Purple urn shaped flower heads.
Leaf margins appear spiny-toothed with
stiff, barbed hairs. Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with
permission from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al.
(eds.), The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of
California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved from:
ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010
Sources http://www.cdfa.ca.gov
Rosette leaves oblong to obovate in outline,
deeply pinnate-divided. Stem leaves alternate,
deeply pinnate-lobed, reduced. Leaf margins appear
spiny-toothed with stiff, barbed hairs.
Purple
Forbs & herbs
WA Noxious Weed Control Board website
CDFA
Fred Hrusa, CDFA Fred Hrusa, CDFA
34
Crupina vulgaris common crupina, bearded creeper
Surveillance Target # 2 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
Copyright © 2013 California Invasive Plant Council. Developed with Calflora, TerraGIS, and other partners.
35
Alyssum murale, Alyssum corsicum Oregon yellowtuft
Alyssum murale, Alyssum corsicum Oregon yellowtuft
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: Not Listed
Cal-IPC: Red Alert 2011
Two nearly identical perennial
mustards with profuse yellow
flowers and affinity for
serpentine soil.
Eastern Europe
A. murale has
narrow gray- green leaves while
the leaves of
A. corsicum are
silvery-gray and
oval shaped.
Dyer’s woad
(Isatis tinctoria)
has persistent
leaves.
1 meter tall
Thrive on serpentine soils, threatening to displace
native endemic plants. Hyper-accumulators of heavy metals.
Can be toxic to livestock.
Handpulling of small
populations. Prevent spread by
washing vehicles, shoes, tools,
etc. before leaving infested areas.
Seeds are dispersed
by wind, water and human and
animal activities.
Forbs & herbs
Brassicaceae USDA Code: ALMU & ALCO
Alyssum murale
Ken French Oregon Department of Agriculture
Alyssum corsicum
Ken French ODA
36
Alyssum murale, Alyssum corsicum Oregon yellowtuft
36
Flower:
Flower Color:
Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed:
Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf: Both species produce hundreds of
small, bright yellow flowers on branched
umbels. The two species look almost identical
when in flower.
Early summer
Circular to oval, papery
flattened fruits (silicles)
typical of Alyssum
species.
Most leaves are shed prior to flowering. Bright
yellow umbels of hundreds of small flowers.
Serpentine habitats.
Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with
permission from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al.
(eds.), The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of
California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved from:
ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010 Sources
http://www.cdfa.ca.gov
A. murale has narrow gray-green oval or
spatula-shaped leaves that are covered with tiny
stellate hairs. A corsicum leaves are oval and
densely covered with silvery hairs, giving them a
pale gray or silvery appearance. Leaves of both
wither prior to flowering. Yellow
Forbs & herbs
Alyssum murale ©2011 D.L. Nickrent, Southern Illinois University RoughandReadyCreek.org (Oregon ) website
A. murale by Andrea Moro Monaco di Baviera Creative Commons
37
Surveillance Target # 3 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
OR WeedMapper 2013. Oregon Dept. of Agriculture Weed Mapper. Accessed on 9 December 2013.
http://geo.maps.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?webmap=04b02fcee1c0400d83f45709b6f731f4
Documented occurrences
Note: No current documented
populations in CA. There is great
potential for these taxa to spread into
sensitive serpentine communities
from neighboring Josephine Co., OR.
Populated area
Alyssum murale, A. corsicum Oregon yellowtuft
38
Fallopia sachalinensis (=Polygonum sachalinense)
Sakhalin knotweed
Fallopia sachalinensis Sakhalin knotweed
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: B
Cal-IPC: Moderate
Large clumping perennial
with coarse foliage; hollow,
+/- woody, erect stems; and
long creeping rhizomes.
Twigs often zigzag slightly
from node to node.
Japan, Sakhalin Island.
Common pokeweed (Phytolacca
americana), below, has coarse foliage
like the knotweeds. Similar to
Japanese
Knotweed (
(Fallopia
japonica),
and the
two can
hybridize.
To 4 meters tall.
Disturbed moist sites, roadsides, and riparian and
wetland areas. Appears to have allelopathic properties.
Manual control requires
removal of rhizomes and stem
fragments from the ground. Imazapyr
is an effective herbicide.
Primarily with wind.
Reproduces from rhizome and stem
fragments.
Forbs & herbs
Polygonaceae USDA Code: POSA4
Phytolacca americana CDFA
39
Fallopia sachalinensis (=Polygonum sachalinense)
Sakhalin knotweed
39
Flower:
Flower Color: Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed:
Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf: Lax, open branched panicles on
upper stems. Male and female flowers
develop on separate plants or on same plant.
Five petal-like sepals, slightly fused at base.
July - October
Outer 3 sepals dark
brown, dispersing with
achenes. Achenes
ovoid, 3-sided.
Large clumping perennials with hollow, weakly
woody, reddish brown stems swollen at the
nodes. Large lax white panicles.
Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with
permission from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al. (eds.),
The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of California Press,
Berkeley. Retrieved from: ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on
12/01/2010
Sources http://www.cdfa.ca.gov
Broadly lanceolate, base slightly heart-
shaped. Ocrea (pliable sheath around around
stem) persistent, glabrous, often reddish.
Leaves alternate, leathery, on stalks. Tips acute
to acuminate.
Female flowers are whitish.
Male flowers are greenish-
white.
Forbs & herbs
Richard Old E. Boer
CDFA Seed Laboratory
40
Fallopia sachalinensis (=Polygonum sachalinense)
Sakhalin knotweed Surveillance Target # 4 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
Copyright © 2013 California Invasive Plant Council. Developed with Calflora, TerraGIS, and other partners.
41
Linaria vulgaris yellow toadflax, butter and eggs
Linaria vulgaris yellow toadflax, butter and eggs
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: A
Cal-IPC: Moderate
An herbaceous creeping
perennial with erect to
ascending, glabrous or
glandular-hairy stems. Woody
near base.
Mediterranean Europe.
Leafy spurge
(Euphorbia esula),
right, is similar in the
pre-bloom stage, but
leafy spurge exudes a
milky latex when
broken. Dalmatian
toadflax (Linaria
dalmatica) has all
yellow flowers.
1 - 1.2 meter tall
Often invades moist, gravelly, or sandy
soils. Invades disturbed areas, but can move into
relatively undisturbed prairies and riparian habitats.
Most seed falls near the
parent plant, but may disperse via various
vectors (water, humans, etc. )
Forbs & herbs
Plantaginaceae USDA Code: LIVU2
Hand-pulling small populations
is effective. Mowing can eliminate seeds
but stimulate vegetative growth.
Dean Kelch CDFA
Steve Thorsted
42
Linaria vulgaris yellow toadflax, butter and eggs
42
Flower:
Flower Color: Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed:
Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf: Showy, snapdragon-like flowers
with a long straight spur on the back.
Stamens 4, in 2 pairs. Racemes dense,
erect, sometimes glandular.
May - September
Fruits are brown capsules ~1
cm long. The small seeds are
flat, circular, with a papery
wing.
Showy yellow to whitish snapdragon-
like flowers with an orange throat and
lower lip. 1- 1.2 meters high with long,
linear leaves.
Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with permission
from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al. (eds.), TheJepson
Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley.
Retrieved from: ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010
Sourceshttp://www.cdfa.ca.gov
Pale green, linear and narrow, without a
petiole. Soft, spreading to drooping. Leaves
alternate, but crowded, appearing opposite or
whorled near the bases of stems. Margins entire.
Corolla bright yellow or
sometimes whitish. Throat
and lower lip orange-hairy.
Forbs & herbs
Giorgi Venturini Gobotany.org
AlterVista
43
Linaria vulgaris yellow toadflax
Surveillance Target # 5 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
Copyright © 2013 California Invasive Plant Council. Developed with Calflora, TerraGIS, and other partners.
44
Carduus acanthoides plumeless thistle
Carduus acanthoides plumeless thistle
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: A
Cal-IPC: Limited
Biennial thistle with
strongly winged stems,
glabrous to lightly wooly.
Purple flowers.
Europe
Various non-
native thistles with
purple flowers,
including: Canada
thistle (Cirsium
arvense), Scotch
thistle (Onopordum
acanthium), and
Bull thistle (Cirsium
vulgare), right.
1.5 meters tall
Cultivate or manually
remove when plants are small.
Mowing needs repetition. Goats eat
flower heads and digest seeds.
Dispersing 1-3 weeks
after flowering, most seeds fall
within 50 meters of the parent
plant.
Forbs & herbs
Asteraceae USDA Code: CAAC
2007 © Peter M. Dziuk
Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary’s College
Colonizes
disturbed open sites,
roadsides, annual
grasslands, and waste areas. Prefers drier, well-drained
sites. Hybridizes with musk thistle (C. nutans) and
intermediate plants can be found where their ranges
overlap.
45
Carduus acanthoides plumeless thistle
45
Flower:
Flower Color: Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed:
Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf: Head +/-spherical, solitary or
clustered. Phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, tips
erect to spreading. Receptacles flat, densely
covered with cream-colored bristles
interspersed among the disk flowers.
May - August
Achenes elliptic, smooth,
golden to brown. Feathery
pappus detaches as a unit.
A thistle with purple hemispherical
flowers and winged stems.
Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with
permission from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al.
(eds.), The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of
California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved from:
ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010 Sources
http://www.cdfa.ca.gov
Leaves 1-pinnate lobed, sparsely hairy.
Basal leaves elliptic to lanceolate with prickly
margins. Stem leaves alternate and reduced with
bases that extend down the stem as spiny wings.
Purple to pink, rarely white
Forbs & herbs
2007 © Peter M. Dziuk 2007 © Peter M. Dziuk
Jean Pawek
46
Carduus acanthoides plumless thistle
Surveillance Target # 6 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
Copyright © 2013 California Invasive Plant Council. Developed with Calflora, TerraGIS, and other partners.
47
Cortaderia jubata jubatagrass
Cortaderia jubata jubatagrass
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: B
Cal-IPC: High
Large, densely tufted perennial
grass with long basal leaves
and plumes. Introduced as
landscape ornamentals and for
erosion control.
South America
Tussock 1-1.5 meters high
at maturity; flowering stems grow
1-2 meters above tussock.
Disturbed areas, dunes, bluffs, roadsides. Coastal shrub and
grasslands (including serpentine soils), adjacent inland
areas. All plants are female and develop asexual seeds.
Handpull seedlings and
mature plants, making sure to chop
root crown. Removing plumes helps
to prevent spread. Glyphosate is an
effective herbicide.
Seeds can disperse
long distances with wind and human
activities.
Grasses
Poaceae USDA Code: COJU2
©2008 Neal Kramer
Fred Hrusa CDFA
Pampas grass
(Cortaderia selloana),
below, grows larger
and is more
erect. Eulaliagrass
(Miscanthus sinensis)
has membranous
ligules.
48
Cortaderia jubata jubatagrass
48
Flower:
Flower Color:
Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed:
Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf: Inflorescences of
tall showy plumes
that grow on long
flexible secondary
branches above
tussocks.
Late summer –early fall
Each plume can produce
up to 100,000 seeds, but
only 30% of seeds
produced are viable.
Large, densely tufted grass with
showy purple-tinged to tawny plumes
and sharply serrated leaves.
Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with
permission from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al.
(eds.), The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of
California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved from:
ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010
Sources http://www.cdfa.ca.gov
Bright green. Leaves
basal, flat or folded,
with sharply serrated
margins. Ligules
consist of a dense
ring of hairs mostly 2-
3 mm long. Sheaths
open, glabrous to
hairy.
Immature panicle is deep
violet; mature panicle pinkish
to dingy tan.
Grasses
Zoya Akulova
Creative Commons
Zoya Akulova
Creative Commons
Steve Matson
49
Cortaderia jubata jubatagrass Surveillance Target # 7
CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
Copyright © 2013 California Invasive Plant Council. Developed with Calflora, TerraGIS, and other partners.
50
Nymphoides peltata yellow floating heart
Nymphoides peltata yellow floating heart
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: Not Listed
Cal-IPC: Watch List
A submersed water lily-like
perennial with creeping
rhizomes and stolons, and
floating rounded heart-shaped
leaves.
Eurasia, India, Japan
A native species,
yellow pond lily
(Nuphar
polysepala), right,
has larger flowers
and ovate petals.
Leaves 5 to 12.5 cm
in diameter.
By seed and
vegetatively from rhizomes, stolons,
and separated plant parts. Water or
animal dispersed.
Aquatic
Menyanthaceae USDA Code: NYPE
Keir Morse Creative Commons
Mechanical control
difficult due to its ability to
reproduce from broken stems and
leaves. Sometimes controlled by
cutting, harvesting, herbivorous
fish, smothering.
A wide array of stillwater habitats. Develops
dense mat-like patches that displace desirable vegetation,
which can also reduce recreational activities and create
stagnant low-oxygen conditions in the water below.
51
Nymphoides peltata yellow floating heart
51
Flower:
Flower Color:
Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed:
Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf: 5-petaled and 3-4 cm in diameter.
Petals are fringed.Held above the water surface
on long stalks, one to several flowers per stalk.
July to September
The fruit is a capsule.
Seeds bear marginal
hairs that aid in flotation
and animal dispersal.
Aquatic plant.
Yellow star-shaped flower with fringed
margins, borne on long stalk.
Heart-shaped leaves. Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with
permission from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al.
(eds.), The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of
California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved from:
ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010
Sources http://www.cdfa.ca.gov
Floating heart shaped to round leaves
5-12.5 cm in diameter. Frequently purplish
underneath with shallowly scalloped margins.
Flowering stems have opposite leaves. Bright yellow
Aquatic
Fred Hrusa CDFA
52
Nymphoides peltata yellow floating heart
Surveillance Target # 8 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
Calflora. 2013. Information on wild California plants for conservation, education, and appreciation.
Accessed on 9 December 2013. Available online at http://www.calflora.org/
Documented records
from these quads.
53
Ulex europaeus gorse
Ulex europaeus gorse
Sherry Ballard © California Academy of Sciences
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: B
Cal-IPC: High
Spiny evergreen shrub
that often forms dense,
impenetrable Stems
highly branched,
interwoven, stiff,
spreading, longitudinally
ridged. Western Europe
The brooms (incl.
Cytisus scoparius,
right, Genista,
Spartium and
Retama species)
lack spines.
3.5 to 5 meters tall
A wide range of disturbed and natural sites,
particularly in coastal areas. Shade tolerant. Grows
best on acidic soil, but tolerates serpentine. Thickets
exclude desirable vegetation and increase fire risk.
Repeated hand removal and
monitoring required. Goats can reduce
seedling survivorship.
Seeds are ejected from mature pods
within 5 m of the parent shrub, and
greater distances by humans, water, soil
movement, animals and ants.
Trees & shrubs
Fabaceae USDA Code: ELEU
Br Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary’s College
54
Ulex europaeus gorse
54
Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary’s College
Flower:
Flower Color: Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed:
Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf:
Typical pea-family flowers,
axillary, solitary or in few-flowered clusters.
Petals 15- 20 mm long, persistent. Stamen
filaments fused into tube.
November to July
Pods ovoid to oblong, 1-2 cm
long, slightly flattened, dark
brown, hairy. Seeds 2-6, shiny
green to brown, smooth,
triangular, flattened
A dense, highly branched, spiny,
evergreen shrub with yellow pea-like
flowers and pods that explode at
maturity.
Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with
permission from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al.
(eds.), The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of
California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved from:
ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010
Sourceshttp://www.cdfa.ca.gov
First leaves mostly simple,
alternate, sessile. Subsequent
leaves compound usually with 3
leaflets, about 5-10 mm long,
otherwise similar to first leaves.
Mature shrubs have simple leaves
modified into stiff, curved, awl-like
spines, 5-30 mm long. No stipules.
Yellow
Trees & shrubs
Charles Webber © CA Academy of the Sciences
© Neal Krammer
55
Ulex europaeus gorse Surveillance Target # 9
CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
Copyright © 2013 California Invasive Plant Council. Developed with Calflora, TerraGIS, and other partners.
56
Brachypodium sylvaticum perennial false-brome
slender false-brome
Brachypodium sylvaticum perennial false-brome
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: B
Cal-IPC: Moderate
Perennial bunchgrass with
drooping inflorescences.
Can remain green all year
under favorable conditions.
Eurasia, North Africa
Bromus species
including Bromus
laevipes (chinook
brome), right,
have a closed
sheath and
spikelets on long
pedicels.
Up to1 meter high
Shaded woodlands, coniferous forest
understories, open prairies, and roadsides. Grows well
under both sun and shade conditions, in dry or moist
soils. Can outcompete native vegetation and become the
dominant species. Has low palatability for wildlife and
livestock. Increases fire hazard.
Handpulling small patches. Mowing
can reduce seed set. Glyphosate is
best herbicide for pure stands.
Animals and human activities are
primary vectors.
Grasses
Poaceae USDA Code: BRSY
Keir Morse Creative Commons
57
Brachypodium sylvaticum perennial false-brome slender false-brome
57
Flower:
Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed:
Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf: The spikelets are pale green and
droop at the tips of the inflorescence. 5-10
spikelets per inflorescence. The lemmas have a
straight awn up to 2 cm long.
June - September
Seed structures are hairy
at the tip. Seed scar the
length of the fruit.
Bunch grass with broad leaves. Hairs on
edges of stems and leaves. Drooping
inflorescence with awned florets.
Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with permission
from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al. (eds.), The Jepson
Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved
from: ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010
Sourceshttp://www.cdfa.ca.gov
Broad (up to 12 mm wide), flat and bright
green, margins hairy. The stems are soft-hairy at
the nodes, as are the sheath and sheath
margins.
Grasses
Steve Hurst USDA
58
Brachypodium sylvaticum perennial false-brome
Surveillance Target # 10 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
Copyright © 2013 California Invasive Plant Council. Developed with Calflora, TerraGIS, and other partners.
59
Ranunculus repens creeping buttercup
Ranunculus repens creeping buttercup
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: Not Listed
Cal-IPC: Limited
Perennial with palmate-
lobed or compound
leaves and stems that
root at the lower nodes,
and typical buttercup
flowers.
Europe
Numerous native
and non-native
species of
buttercup including
the native California
buttercup
(Ranunculus
californicus), right.
To 0.6 meter tall
Disturbed sites, roadsides, meadows, wet
areas, lawns. Tolerant of cold, but not prolonged drought.
Plants often develop large clonal patches (monocultures)
from long stolons.
Fruits disperse with
wind, water, animals and human
activities. Also reproduces
vegetatively from stolons.
Forbs & herbs
Ranunculaceae USDA Code: RARE3
Cultivation of crop fields,
handpulling, planting competing
plants, and broadleaf herbicides.
King County, WA noxious weed website
Barry Breckling Creative Commons
60
Ranunculus repens creeping buttercup
60
Flower:
Flower Color:
Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed:
Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf: Petals usually five,to ~1.5 mm
long. Sepals short soft-hairy, deciduous
in fruit. Stamens many.
March - August
Fruiting heads nearly spherical.
Achenes flattened, body roundish, 2-3
mm long excluding beak, glabrous,
Beak curved.
Bright yellow flowers with five petals.
Round fruiting head of achenes. Palmate
lobed or compound leaves. Sometimes
stoloniferous.
Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with
permission from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al.
(eds.), The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of
California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved from:
ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010
Sources http://www.cdfa.ca.gov
Compound, to 8 cm long, glabrous to hairy,
on stalks 4-20 cm long. Leaflets deeply 3-lobed,
lobes toothed.
Bright yellow
Forbs & herbs
Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary’s College PestWebNZ™
PestWebNZ™
61
Ranunculus repens creeping buttercup
Surveillance Target # 11 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
Copyright © 2013 California Invasive Plant Council. Developed with Calflora, TerraGIS, and other partners.
62
Ehrharta calycina purple veldtgrass
Ehrharta calycina purple veldtgrass
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: Not listed
Cal-IPC: High
Densely tufted perennial
with contracted to open
panicles. Stems knot-
like at base. New
growth often emerges in
fall as the temperature
decreases. South Africa
To 1 meter tall
Roadsides, coastal habitats , disturbed areas,
typically on sandy, well-drained soil. Not tolerant of
excessively wet or dry conditions. In dry areas, foliage
typically falls over after it dies in summer, creating a
dense layer of thatch.
Manual removal of mature
plant and seedlings. Grazing can be
effective. Glyphosate is the best
herbicide for pure stands.
Seeds fall near parent
plant or disperse short distances via
other vectors. Can produce short
rhizomes.
Grasses
Poaceae USDA Code: EHCA
Dale Ritenour
Forest & Kim Starr
Creative Commons
Erect veldtgrass
(Ehrharta erecta ),
right, an erect to
decumbent perennial to
0.8 m tall. Long-
flowered veldtgrass
(Ehrharta longiflora), an
erect, leafy, tufted
annual to ~0.6 m tall.
63
Ehrharta calycina purple veldtgrass
63
Flower:
Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed:
Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf:
Panicles contracted to open, 10-15
cm long. Spikelets +/- flattened, consisting of
3 florets the upper floret fertile, lower 2 florets
sterile. Sterile and fertile florets usually detach
as a unit above the glumes. Glumes equal,
purplish. Most glumes remain attached to
panicles long after senescence.
December – June
Brown, about 5 mm long
Stems enlarged and knotlike at the base, base
and lower nodes often densely covered with
white to straw-colored hair underneath sheath
remnants. Collar and sheath margin often
violet-tinged. Glumes persistent.
Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with permission from the
Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al. (eds.), The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants
of California. Univ. of California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved from:
ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010 Sources: http://www.cdfa.ca.gov
Leaves folded in bud,
flat, glabrous or covered with
minute hairs. Often corrugated
along the margins, especially
near the base. Sheaths open,
margin membranous and
sometimes ciliate. Collar and
sheath margin often violet –
tinged.
Grasses
Steve Matson
CalIPC website
Steve Hurst @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
64
Ehrharta calycina purple veldtgrass
Surveillance Target # 12 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
Copyright © 2013 California Invasive Plant Council. Developed with Calflora, TerraGIS, and other partners.
65
Ilex aquifolium English holly
Ilex aquifolium English holly
Insert photo here
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: Not Listed
Cal-IPC: Moderate
Evergreen shrub or small tree
with prickly leaves and red
berries. Contains saponin
compounds that can cause
digestive tract irritation when
ingested.
Europe, western Asia
Native shrubs like Toyon
(Heteromeles arbutifolia), below,
with oblong serrated leaves.
Hollyleaf
redberry
(Rhamnus
ilicifolia)
forms red
drupes with 2
stones.
to 12 meters tall
Coastal forests, woodlands, riparian areas.
Manual removal prior to
seed formation.
Reproduces by seed.
Birds and mammals consume and
disperse a proportion of the fruits.
Forbs & herbs
Aquifoliaceae USDA Code: ILAQ80
Luisa Arana Navaridas
66
Ilex aquifolium English holly
66
Flower:
Flower Color: Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed:
Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf: Male and female flowers usually on
separate plants. Flowers small, fragrant, in
clusters. Petals, sepals, stamens 4.
May-June
Drupes berrylike, red, ±
spherical, smooth, usually with
4 nutlets. Fruits ripen in late
summer/early fall.
Evergreen shrub or small tree with
glossy, spine-toothed leaves. Clusters of
red fruits.
Content derived in part from the Jepson Manual and used here with
permission from the Jepson Herbarium. 2011 . In B.G. Baldwin et al.
(eds.), The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California. Univ. of
California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved from:
ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jepsonmanual/review/on 12/01/2010
Sources http://www.cdfa.ca.gov
Leaves alternate, ovate to ovate-oblong,
glabrous, upper surface glossy green. Margins
mostly spiny-toothed and wavy, sometimes
smooth; both types can occur on one plant.
White
Forbs & herbs
J. K. Lindsey J. K. Lindsey
67
Ilex aquifolium English holly
Surveillance Target # 13 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
Copyright © 2013 California Invasive Plant Council. Developed with Calflora, TerraGIS, and other partners.
68
Brachypodium distachyon annual false-brome, false brome
Brachypodium distachyon annual false brome, false brome
Insert photo here
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: Not Listed
Cal-IPC: Moderate
Winter annual with
purplish spikes. Mature
plants are sometimes
branched at the base.
Stems decumbent to
erect with hairy nodes.
Native to South
Europe
Some native and
non-native
brome grasses,
including cheat
grass (Bromus
tectorum), right.
0.4 meter tall
Dry slopes and fields, roadsides, disturbed
grassland, margins of shrub thickets.
Manual removal, tilling,
mowing before seed set, and
prescribed burning.
Plants reproduce only
by seed, falling locally and dispersed
via multiple vectors.
Grasses
Poaceae USDA Code: BRDI2
Christopher Bronny
J.M. DiTomaso UCDavis
69
Brachypodium distachyon Annual false-brome, false brome
69
Flower:
Bloom Time: Fruit & Seed: Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf:
Zoya Akulova Creative Commons
April -June
Grasses
.
Lemma body
lanceolate, prominently
5-9 veined. Tip tapered
into a straight awn 4-15
mm long.
Inflorescence a spike-like raceme, with 1-6
spikelets per stem. Spikelets nearly sessile, alternate,
ascending to erect, laterally flattened. Glumes
unequal, tip acute, prominently 5-9 veined.
Leaves flat,
rolled in bud,
usually hairy
(sometimes nearly
glabrous). Midvein
often pale and
conspicuous near
the blade base.
Open sheath.
Spikes often tinged purplish. Stems usually lacking
hairs except at the densely hairy nodes. Spike-like
racemes with 1-6 spikelets, straight awns.
Joesph M. DiTomaso
Steve Hurst USDA
70
Brachypodium distachyon Annual false-brome, False brome Surveillance Target # 14
CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
Copyright © 2013 California Invasive Plant Council. Developed with Calflora, TerraGIS, and other partners.
71
Dipsacus laciniatus Cutleaf teasel
Dipsacus laciniatus Cutleaf teasel
Weed Rating:
General Description:
Origin:
Size:
Ecology:
Dispersal:
Control:
Similar Species:
CDFA: Not Listed
Cal-IPC: Inventory
Europe
Common
teasel (D. fullonum) and Fuller’s
teasel (D.sativus)
have lavender
flowers.
to 2 meters tall
Open sunny sites, generally in relatively moist
conditions. Usually in disturbed or waste places, but can
invade intact ecosystems.
Manual removal
effective for small populations.
Aminopyralid is an effective
herbicide.
Forbs & herbs
Dipsacaceae USDA Code: DILA4
Seed dispersal is
primarily near the parent plant.
Thistle-like biennial with erect
flower stems and large, spiny
flower heads of white flowers.
Robin R Buckallew
Keir Morse Creative Commons
72 72
Insert photo of
flower here
Flower:
Flower Color:
Bloom Time:
Fruit & Seed: Key Identifying Characteristics:
Leaf: Flower head is terminal and egg-
shaped. Blooming lasts one day.
June- September
One
achene per flower. < 1
cm long, crowned by a
calyx. Grayish-brown,
hairy.
Lanceolate/narrowly ovate in outline.
Margins are pinnately lobed and toothed. The
stem leaves are oppositely arranged, with the
leaf bases forming a cup. The rosette leaves
are veined, wrinkly, with stiff prickles on the
lower midrib.
White
Forbs & herbs
Tall thistle-like plant with terminal white
egg-shaped flowers and lobed leaves.
© Bobby Hattaway 2011/www.discoverlife.org
Steve Hurst NRCS
Dipsacus laciniatus Cutleaf teasel
73
Dipsacus laciniatus Cutleaf teasel
Surveillance Target # 15 CURRENT DISTRIBUTION / SUITABLE RANGE
OR WeedMapper 2013. Oregon Dept. of Agriculture Weed Mapper. Accessed on 9 December 2013.
http://geo.maps.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?webmap=04b02fcee1c0400d83f45709b6f731f4
Documented occurrences
Note: No current documented
populations in CA. There is potential
for this species to spread into the
state from neighboring counties in
Oregon.
Populated area
74
Use the ‘Regions’ page for North Central info! 1. Go to CalWeedMapper.Calflora.org 2. Select the ‘Regions’ page 3. Click on the star for North Central
75
Monitor New Occurrences
Track new occurrence reports of surveillance and eradication species and coordinate for a rapid response!
NORTH CENTRAL Strategic Plan
Train!
Respond!
Get
Funding!
Learn to identify priority detection species using
an illustrated plant list
Track new occurrence reports of surveillance &
eradication species in your area
(Also see new reports of Cal-IPC Inventory and
Cal-IPC Watchlist species)
See grant-ready projects in the Eradication
Workplan
76
Thank you for your participation in the North Central’s regional strategy!
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