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Nonrenewable Energy ResourcesNonrenewable Energy Resources
G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment
14th Edition
Chapter 17
G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment
14th Edition
Chapter 17
Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Available energy alternatives Available energy alternatives
Oil resources Oil resources
Natural gas resources Natural gas resources
Coal resources Coal resources
Nuclear fission and fusion Nuclear fission and fusion
Section 1: Evaluating Energy ResourcesSection 1: Evaluating Energy Resources
• What types of energy do we use? • What types of commercial energy does
the world depend on?• What is the energy future of the United
States?• How can we evaluate which energy
resources to use?• What is “net energy?”
What type of energy do we use?What type of energy do we use?
About 99% of the energy that heats the earth and our homes comes from the sun, and the remaining 1% comes mostly from fossil fuels. (old solar energy)
• Without sun -2400C
What type of energy do we use?What type of energy do we use?
Sun’s Energy
• Nuclear Fusion
• 93 million miles away
• “Average” Star
• 99% Hydrogen
Evaluating Energy ResourcesEvaluating Energy Resources
Non-renewable energy: 84% of world
commercial energy (78% from fossil fuels, 6% nuclear)
Oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear
Non-renewable energy: 84% of world
commercial energy (78% from fossil fuels, 6% nuclear)
Oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear
Evaluating Energy ResourcesEvaluating Energy Resources
Renewable Energy Sources:
• 16% of world’s commercial energy resources.
• 10% biomass, 5% hydro, and 1% combo of geothermal, wind and solar.
Important Nonrenewable Energy SourcesImportant Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Fig. 17-2 p. 351Fig. 17-2 p. 351
Evaluating Energy ResourcesEvaluating Energy Resources
Future Energy Availability: the U.S. is the world’s largest energy user.
• In 2004, 4.6% of world population, yet 24% of world’s energy consumption
Future Energy in U.S.Future Energy in U.S.
U.S. debate: should we continue our dependence on oil and coal or shift to natural gas, hydrogen, solar cells, and wind.
• Political, Economic, Energy Companies, Societal Debate
Evaluating Energy ChoicesEvaluating Energy Choices
1. Costs
2. Environmental Impacts
3. Availability in near future and long term
4. Governmental Incentives
5. National and Global Security
6. Terrorism
What is Net Energy?What is Net Energy?NET ENEGY: is the
amount of high-quality usable energy available from a resource after subtracting out what is needed to make it usable.
• Second law of thermodynamics: some energy will be wasted and degraded.
Review Section 1Review Section 1
• What types of energy do we use? • What types of commercial energy does
the world depend on?• What is the energy future of the United
States?• How can we evaluate which energy
resources to use?• What is “net energy?”
Section 2: Oil Key IdeasSection 2: Oil Key Ideas
• What is crude oil? How does crude oil turn into usable products?
• Where does oil come from? Who has oil?
• How is oil used?
• What are problems associated with oil usage?
• How much longer will we have oil?
Oil Rules!!! What is crude oil?Oil Rules!!! What is crude oil?Petroleum, or crude oil is
a thick, gooey liquid consisting of many combustible hydrocarbons.
• Formed over millions of year from decaying organic materials buried under the seafloor and subjected to extreme temperatures and pressure.
Oil Rules!!! What is crude oil?Oil Rules!!! What is crude oil?Crude oil and natural gas often found together in
deep deposits in pores and cracks.
• Found using sophisticated equipment.
• Usually only 30-35% is extractable
• Higher prices mean more can be extracted.
Oil Rules!!! TransportationOil Rules!!! Transportation
How crude oil is transported:
• Pipelines
• Trucks
• Oil Tankers
Refining crude oil. Based upon their boiling points, components are removed in giant distillation column.
In US refining accounts for 8% of our energy consumption
Oil, Who Has It?Oil, Who Has It?Eleven OPEC countries
contain 78% of world’s proven oil reserves
Oil is the world’s
largest business.
Saudi Arabia 25%
Canada 15%
Iraq 11%, UAE 9.3%
Oil, Who Has It?Oil, Who Has It?
U.S.:
• Uses 26%
• Produces 2.9%
• Import 60% (36% in 1973)
2003 $99 billion import bill.
2/3 for transportation
Oil, Who Has It?Oil, Who Has It?ANWR:
Best Estimates:• Would meet world’ energy
demands for 1-5 months• Would meet US energy
needs for 7-24 months.
Saudi Arabia:• Could only supply world
for about 10 years.
OilOil
Petroleum (crude oil)Petroleum (crude oil)
RecoveryRecovery
Refining Refining
TransportingTransporting
Fig. 17-8 p. 356Fig. 17-8 p. 356
Conventional Oil: AdvantagesConventional Oil: Advantages
Relatively low cost Relatively low cost
High net energy yield High net energy yield
Efficient distribution system Efficient distribution system
Conventional Oil: DisadvantagesConventional Oil: Disadvantages
Running out Running out
Low prices encourage waste Low prices encourage waste
Air pollution and Greenhouse gases Air pollution and Greenhouse gases
Water pollution Water pollution
World Politics and Trade Imbalances
Oil, What Is Left?Oil, What Is Left?Most energy expert believe
there are about 1,050 billion barrels left.
Peak Production This Decade
Rising Demand, Dwindling Supply = Higher Prices
Oil, What Is Left?Oil, What Is Left?Ways of extending oil
supplies:
• Increase CAFÉ
• Find new reserves
• Taxing
• Conservation
• Increased use of other sources.
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Controversy: Trade-offsArctic National Wildlife Refuge Controversy: Trade-offs
Would create jobs Would create jobs
Oil resources are uncertain Oil resources are uncertain
Uncertain environmental impacts Uncertain environmental impacts
Drilling controversies Drilling controversies
Oil ReviewOil Review
• What is crude oil? How does crude oil turn into usable products?
• Where does oil come from? Who has oil?
• How is oil used?
• What are problems associated with oil usage?
• How much longer will we have oil?
Natural Gas Key IdeasNatural Gas Key Ideas
• What is natural gas? Where is it found?
• How is natural gas used?
• Who has the world's natural gas supplies?
• What is the future for natural gas?
What is natural gas?What is natural gas?
Mainly methane CH4
Also• Ethane C2H6
• Propane C3H8
• Butane C4H10
Formed like oil from buried animals and plants millions of years ago.
Where is it found?Where is it found?Deposits usually found above oil deposits.
In past was seen as unwanted waste and burnt off.
Who has natural gas?Who has natural gas?
Russia (31%) and Iran (15%) have almost ½ of world’s reserves.
Reserves could last 62-125 years worldwide.
Geologist expect to find more.
U.S. Natural GasU.S. Natural Gas
U.S. supplies should last 55-80 years depending upon demand.
Supplies have been declining for years.
Canada???
How is it used?How is it used?
• 53% of heat in U.S. homes
• 16% of electricity and growing quickly
• Hot water heaters• Can be used in vehicles
Advantages of GasAdvantages of Gas
• Cleaner burning than coal or oil.
• Emits far fewer CO2 per energy units
• More efficient energy producer and plants are cheaper to build
What is gases future?What is gases future?
• Conventional and Unconventional sources may last up to 200 years.
• Prices bound to rise
• Best transition fuel into solar etc.?
What is LNG?What is LNG?
• At low temperatures natural gas can be shipped around the world as liquid natural gas.
• Requires very low temperatures and building special infrastructure.
Natural Gas ReviewNatural Gas Review
• What is natural gas? Where is it found?
• How is natural gas used?
• Who has the world's natural gas supplies?
• What is the future for natural gas?
Old King Coal Key IdeasOld King Coal Key Ideas
• History of coal use.
• What is coal? How is it extracted from the ground?
• How is coal used? How long will it last?
• What are advantages and disadvantages of using coal?
History of Old King CoalHistory of Old King Coal
After firewood, coal was the major source of energy.
End of 1800s coal is the worlds dominant fuel.
• Steam Engines
• Heating
• Cooking
• Industry
History of Old King CoalHistory of Old King Coal
By 1920s, coal provided 80% of US energy.
Powered the industrial revolution
Caused a great deal of air pollution.
What is coal?What is coal?
Coal is a solid fuel formed in several stages from remains of buried plants and animals.
Consists mostly of carbon and trace amounts of sulfur, mercury and radioactive materials.
What is coal?What is coal?
Anthracite is the most desirable form of coal (98% carbon)
Takes longer to form
More expensive.
How is coal extracted? How is coal extracted? Surface Mining:• Area Strip Mining• Contour Strip Mining• Mountaintop Removal
Underground Mining
Large environmental impact from different mining techniques.
How is coal used?How is coal used?
Coal provides 51% of current U.S. electricity. (62% worldwide)
Used to make ¾ of worlds steel.
A typical 1,000 Megawatt power plant uses 8,000 tons of coal every day…1 mile long train worth of coal every day.
How is coal used?How is coal used?
91% of coal in U.S. is used for power production.
Not useful for transportation energy needs.
Where in the world is coal found?Where in the world is coal found?
U.S. has 1/4th of the world proven reserves. (16% Russia, 12% China)
U.S. and China are 2 largest users.
U.S. is able to export about 4% a year.
How long will coal last?How long will coal last?
According to USGS…
U.S. reserves could last 300 years at current rate of consumption…or 64 years if consumption grows by 4% a year.
World’s most abundant fossil fuel.
U.S. Energy Projections
Coal AdvantagesCoal Advantages
• Most abundant fossil fuel.
• High “Net Energy”
• Relatively inexpensive.
• U.S. has plenty of it for a while.
• Power Plants relatively cheap to build.
Coal Disadvantages Coal Disadvantages
• High environmental impact (air, water, land, acid rain)
• Global Warming, high CO2 emissions
• Toxic Mercury and radioactivity
• Dangerous to mine
Coal ReviewCoal Review
Stages of coal formation Stages of coal formation
Primarily strip-mined Primarily strip-mined
Used mostly for generating electricity Used mostly for generating electricity
Enough coal for about 1000 years Enough coal for about 1000 years
High environmental impact High environmental impact
Coal gasification and liquefaction Coal gasification and liquefaction
Coal Review Coal Review
• History of coal use.
• What is coal? How is it extracted from the ground?
• How is coal used? How long will it last?
• What are advantages and disadvantages of using coal?
Nuclear Energy Key IdeasNuclear Energy Key Ideas• How does a nuclear fission reactor work?
• What is the nuclear fuel cycle?
• What is the history of nuclear technology? Where is it used today?
• What are advantages and disadvantages of using nuclear power?
• What are the disposal issues for high-level and low level nuclear waste?
• What is the future for nuclear power?
How does a nuclear fission reactor work?How does a nuclear fission reactor work?Isotopes of uranium and
plutonium undergo controlled nuclear fission.
U235 and Pt239
(U contains 92 Protons, how many
neutrons???)
Fission Chain Reaction, splitting the nucleus, releasing heat to produce steam
How does a nuclear fission reactor work?How does a nuclear fission reactor work?
Core Reactor: 35,000 to 70,000 fuel rods
• Fuel pellets of 97% non-fissionable U238 and 3% fissionable U235
• Control rods of Boron and Cadmium
• Coolant: water• Containment vessel
How does a nuclear fission reactor work?How does a nuclear fission reactor work?
“Spent” fuel rods usually stored onsite in huge pools of water
Must be stored safely for 10,000 to 24,000 years
Multiple safety layers at plants.
How does a nuclear fission reactor work?How does a nuclear fission reactor work?
The heat produced by the splitting of uranium is used to generate electricity by spinning turbines.
Plants must be in continual operation
Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy
Fission reactors
Fission reactors
Uranium-235 Uranium-235
Potentially dangerous
Potentially dangerous
Radioactive wastes
Radioactive wastes
What is the nuclear fuel cycle?What is the nuclear fuel cycle?
Fuel Cycle Includes:
• Mining uranium
• Processing fuel “enrichment”
• Using fuel in reactor
• Storing highly radioactive waste for thousands of years
What is the nuclear fuel cycle?What is the nuclear fuel cycle?
After 15-60 years reactors become contaminated with radioactive materials and parts become worn out.
Transporting nuclear waste for storage 10,000 years or more
What is the history of nuclear technology?What is the history of nuclear technology?Following WW II great
interest in showing how atomic age could benefit humankind
Tremendous government subsidies and research
Government paid ¼ of cost of building first reactors.
Government paid insurance
What is the history of nuclear technology?What is the history of nuclear technology?
1960s and 70s plans for many U.S. plants
1975 – 53 plants operating (9% of U.S. electricity) another 170 plants planned
1978 last plant to be built was ordered – great unease about plants
What is the history of nuclear technology?What is the history of nuclear technology?
1979 Three-Mile Island, PA
1986 Chernobyl (still a problem today)
Globally plants continue to be built (441 in operation, 23 being built)
Where is it used today?Where is it used today?
U.S.
In 2004:
• 103 in operation
• 21% of countries electricity (huge plants)
US Energy Information Agency predicts 27% fewer plants in 2020
Where is it used today?Where is it used today?Globally:• 441 plants (32
under construction)• 17% of world’s
electricity• Growing 2.5%
yearlyLeading countries:• Lithuania 80%• France 78%
Advantages of Nuclear PowerAdvantages of Nuclear Power
• Large Fuel Supply
• Little Air Pollution and CO2 emissions
• Moderate to low water and land environmental impact
• Low risk of accidents (multiple safety levels – except in old Soviet reactors)
Disadvantages of Nuclear PowerDisadvantages of Nuclear Power
• High cost of building and operating plants
• Possibility of catastrophic accidents
• No long-term solutions for waste
• Spreads knowledge of nuclear weapon technology
• Terrorist Attacks
Dealing with Nuclear WasteDealing with Nuclear Waste
High- and low-level wastesHigh- and low-level wastesTerrorist threatsTerrorist threatsUnderground burialUnderground burialDisposal in spaceDisposal in spaceBurial in ice sheetsBurial in ice sheetsDumping into subduction zonesDumping into subduction zonesBurial in ocean mudBurial in ocean mudConversion into harmless materialsConversion into harmless materials
Yucca Mountain ControversyYucca Mountain Controversy
Wastes stored and guarded in one place
Possible long-term groundwater contamination
Security and safety concerns during waste transport to the site
Permanent Underground Disposal of Nuclear WastesPermanent Underground Disposal of Nuclear Wastes
Storage Containers
Fuel rod
Primary canister
Overpackcontainersealed
Underground
Buried and capped
Ground Level
Unloaded from train
Lowered down shaft
Personnel elevator
Air shaft
Nuclear waste shaft
Fig. 17-28 p. 373
Nuclear Alternatives – Future?Nuclear Alternatives – Future?
Breeder nuclear fission reactorsBreeder nuclear fission reactors
Nuclear fusionNuclear fusion
New reactor designsNew reactor designs
Nuclear ReviewNuclear Review• How does a nuclear fission reactor work?
• What is the nuclear fuel cycle?
• What is the history of nuclear technology? Where is it used today?
• What are advantages and disadvantages of using nuclear power?
• What are the disposal issues for high-level and low level nuclear waste?
• What is the future for nuclear power?
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