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Street battles in Paris, July 1830, helped end Bourbon Restoration and established July Monarchy of King Louis Philippe. Oil, Victor Schnetz.
Nationalist Revolutions Sweepthe West, 1789–1900
Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, nationalist revolutions sweep through Latin America and Europe. Bold new movements emerge in the arts.
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Nationalist Revolutions Sweepthe West, 1789–1900
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SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Europe Faces Revolutions
CASE STUDY: Nationalism
Revolutions in the Arts
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Section 1
Latin American PeoplesWin Independence Spurred by discontent and Enlightenment ideas,peoples in Latin America fight colonial rule.
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Colonial Society Divided
Latin American PeoplesWin Independence
A Race and Class System• Latin America has social classes that determine
jobs and authority:• Peninsulares—born in Spain, they head colonial
government, society• Creoles—American-born Spaniards who can
become army officers • Mestizos have both European and Indian ancestry (7%)• Mulattos—Have both European and African
ancestry (8%)• Slaves (Africans 6%), Indians (56%) are at the bottom of society
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Revolutions in the Americas(Encouraged Latin Americans to try to gain freedom from European Masters)
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1
Revolution in Haiti• Haiti is first Latin American territory to gain freedom • Toussaint L’Ouverture leads slave revolt against
French (August 1791) 1801 Toussaint takes control & frees all slaves 1802 French agree to end slavery
• Toussaint is accused of planning another uprising, is arrested and eventually dies in French prison (Alps) in 1803
Haiti’s Independence• Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares Saint Domingue
a country in 1804• Saint Domingue becomes first black colony to win
independence• Renamed Haiti, means “mountainous land” in the
Arawak language
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Creoles Lead Independence
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1
The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas • Enlightenment ideas inspire Latin American
revolutionaries• Napoleon’s conquest of Spain triggered revolts• Creoles may have supported a Spanish King, but had
no loyalty to Napoleon’s brother• Used Locke’s idea of consent of the governed (power
shifted to people when king was removed)
Creole Leaders• Simón Bolívar—wealthy Creole leads Venezuela
in revolution• José de San Martín—leader of Argentinean
revolutionary forces
Continued . . .
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Bolívar’s Route to Victory• Venezuela declares independence in 1811;
Bolívar wins war by 1821• Bolivar marches into Ecuador where he met Jose
de San Martin
continued Creoles Lead Independence
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1
San Martín Leads Southern Liberation Forces• Argentina independent in 1816• San Martín helps free Chile (1817)• Bolívar’s and San Martín’s armies drive Spanish out of Peru
in 1824 • Future countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, & Ecuador
were united into a country called Gran Colombia
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Mexico Ends Spanish Rule (Violent Revolution)
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1
A Cry for Freedom• Padre Miguel Hidalgo—priest who launches
Mexican revolt (1810)• 80,000 Indian and mestizo followers march on
Mexico City (uprising of lower class)• Spanish army & Creole feared loss of property, control of land & lives (Army defeated Hidalgo)• José María Morelos—leads revolt after Hidalgo’s
defeat, but loses
Mexico’s Independence• Mexican creoles react; Iturbide (defeated Morelos 1815)
declares Mexico independent (1821)• In 1823, Central America breaks away from Mexico(Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, & Costa Rica)
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Brazil’s Royal Liberator
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1
A Bloodless Revolution• Napoleon invades Portugal; royal family (King John VI)
moves to Brazil (1807)• Portuguese court returns to Portugal after
Napoleon’s defeat (1815)• Portuguese prince Dom Pedro stays behind in Brazil
- accepts Brazilians’ request to rule their new country
- officially declares Brazil’s independence(September 1822)
• By 1830, nearly all Latin American regions win independence
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Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenge the old conservative order of Europe.
Section 2
Europe Faces Revolutions
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Clash of Philosophies
Europe Faces Revolutions
Three Philosophies• In early 1800s, three schools of political thought
conflict in Europe• Conservative—wealthy landowners, nobility
wanted to protect traditional monarchies of Europe• Liberal—wealthy merchants, business owners
wanted more power for elected parliaments but only the educated and landowners would vote (limited democracy)• Radical—favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people want everyone to have a vote
Believed government should practice ideals of French Revolution—in liberty, equality, and brotherhood;
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2
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Nationalism Develops
Nationalism and Nation-States• Nationalism—loyalty to nation of people with
common culture and history not to a king/empire• Nation-state—nation with its own independent
government (defends the nation’s territory, way of life, and represents the nation to the rest of the world)
• In 1815 Europe, only France, England, and Spain are nation-states
• Liberals and radicals support nationalism; conservatives do not
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2
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Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
Greeks Gain Independence• Balkans—region of Europe controlled by
Ottomans in early 1800s• Greece gets European help (British, French, & Russians) to gain independence from Turks(1830)
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2
1830s Uprisings Crushed• Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and nationalists
launch revolts• By the mid-1830s, conservatives are back in control
1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite• Ethnic uprisings in Europe, especially in the Austrian
empire• Liberals hold power for short time, lose to
conservatives by 1849
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Radicals Change France Conservative Defeat• In 1830, France’s Charles X fails to restore
absolute monarchy & flees to Great Britain (replaced by Louis-Philippe)
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2
The Third Republic• In 1848, Paris mob overthrows monarchy, sets up
republic• Radicals split by infighting; moderates control new
government• 1848 constitution calls for a strong president and parliament elected by the peopleFrance Accepts a Strong Ruler• Louis-Napoleon—Napoleon’s nephew—elected
president (Dec. 1848)• Later takes the title of Emperor Napoleon III, promotes industrialization and France experiences prosperity
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Reform in Russia
Serfdom in Russia• Czars fail to free serfs because they fear losing
landowners’ support
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2
Defeat Brings Change• Russia’s lack of industrialization/transportation leads to military defeat in Crimean War (lost to France, G.B., & Ottomans)• Alexander II—czar who determines to make social
and economic changesReform and Reaction• In 1861, czar frees serfs, but debt to pay for land keeps them on the same land • Reform halts when Alexander II is assassinated by
terrorists in 1881• Driven by nationalism, Alexander III encourages
industrialization and tightened czarist control
Nationalism contributes to the formation of two new nations and a new political order in Europe.
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Section 3
NationalismCASE STUDY: Italy and Germany
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Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity
Two Views of Nationalism• Nationalists use their common bonds to build nation-
states• Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify their
subjects- Three different types of nationalist movements: - unification merges politically divided but culturally similar lands- separation splits off culturally distinct groups- state-building binds separate cultures into one
SECTION
3 Nationalism CASE STUDY: Italy and Germany
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Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires(mixture of ethnic groups)
The Breakup of the Austrian Empire• Austria includes people from many ethnic groups• 1866 Prussia defeats Austria in Austro-Prussian War
Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria splits empire into Austria and Hungary -still ruled by emperor (called Austria-Hungary)
The Russian Empire Crumbles• After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control
over empire (Controls: Ukrainians, Poles, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Armenians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Estonians, & Turks)• Russification—forcing other peoples to adopt
Russian culture- policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic
nationalism
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3
Continued . . .
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The Ottoman Empire Weakens• Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens
empire (Control: Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, & Armenians)• 1856 under pressure from France & Britain
rulers grant equal citizenship to all groups, under their rule outraging Turks
•Ottoman Empire broke apart after WWI
continued Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
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3
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Cavour (Nationalism) Unites Italy
Cavour Leads Italian Unification• Camillo di Cavour—prime minister of kingdom
of Sardinia in 1852• Gets French help to win control of Austrian-
controlled Italian land
Garibaldi Brings Unity• Giuseppe Garibaldi—leads nationalists who
conquer southern Italy (gets help from Cavour)• Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy
and Sardinia• Garibaldi steps aside, allowing king of Sardinia (King
Victor Emmanuel II) to rule• Control of Venetia (Venice), Papal States (Rome) finally unites Italy (Pope still governs Vatican City)
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3
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Bismarck Unites Germany
Prussia Leads German Unification• Prussia has advantages that help it unify
Germany:- mainly German population- powerful army- creation of liberal constitution
• Nationalism unites Prussia
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3
Continued . . .
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Bismarck Takes Control• Junkers—conservative wealthy landowners—
support Prussian Wilhelm I • Junker realpolitik master Otto von Bismarck
becomes prime minister (Chosen by Wilhelm)• Realpolitik—”politics of reality” power politics
without room for idealism• Bismarck defies Prussian parliament, takes over
continued Bismarck Unites Germany
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3
Prussia Expands• Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain two
provinces• Quick victory makes other German nations respect
Prussia
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Continued . . .
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Seven Weeks’ War (Prussia defeats Austria)• Bismarck creates border dispute with Austria to
provoke war• Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern
Germany• Eastern and western parts of Prussian kingdom
joined for first time
continued Bismarck Unites Germany
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3
The Franco-Prussian War• Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all
Germans• Wilhelm is crowned kaiser—emperor of a united
Germany—at Versailles• Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian
dominance• Germans called Empire the Second Reich
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A Shift in Power
Balance Is Lost• In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five
powers in Europe: (equal in power)- Austria, Prussia, Britain, France, and Russia
• By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have gained much power
• Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and economically
• France was in the middle
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3
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Section 4
Revolutions in the Arts Artistic and intellectual movements both reflect and fuel changes in Europe during the 1800s.
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Revolutions in the Arts
The Ideas of Romanticism• Romanticism—interest in nature; preferring
emotion, individuality• Romanticism linked to folk traditions and nationalism
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4
Continued . . .
The Romantic Movement
Romanticism in Literature• Poetry, music, and painting are the arts best
suited to romanticism• Many British romantic poets believe nature is the
source of beauty • Germany’s Johann Wolfgang von Goethe is a
great early romanticist • A leading French romanticist writer is Victor Hugo
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The Gothic Novel• Gothic horror novels taking place in medieval
castles become popular• One of the earliest and most successful is Frankenstein
SECTION
4
continued The Romantic Movement
Composers Emphasize Emotion• Composers abandon Enlightenment style of
music• Ludwig van Beethoven leads the way from
Enlightenment to romanticism• Some composers draw on literature or cultural
themes
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Realism• Realism—art style attempting to depict life
accurately• Paintings and novels in this style show the
working class
The Shift to Realism in the Arts
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4
Photographers Capture Reality• Daguerreotypes, earliest photographs, are
surprisingly real• William Talbot invents negative, allows copies of a
photograph
Writers Study Society• Charles Dickens and Honoré de Balzac write
about society, class• Some realist literature sparks reforms in working
conditions
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Impressionists React Against Realism
A New Movement• Impressionism—art style that tries to capture
precise points in time
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4
Life in the Moment• Impressionists like Claude Monet portray life of
rising middle class• Edgar Degas and Pierre-Auguste Renoir also
leading impressionists• Impressionist composers use music to create
mental pictures
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