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Neurology - 2. Part 2. Intellectual Function. Calculations Count backwards from 100 Spell backwards Integrative capacity How are a cat and a wolf alike? Judgment Interpret a well known proverb A bird in the hand is worth more than two in the bush. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Neurology - 2
Part 2
Intellectual Function
• Calculations– Count backwards from 100– Spell backwards
• Integrative capacity– How are a cat and a wolf alike?
• Judgment– Interpret a well known proverb
• A bird in the hand is worth more than two in the bush.• The early bird catches the worm
Intellectual Function
• Judgment– You arrive home without a house key, what
alternatives do you have?• Short term memory test?– 3 words– Repeat in 5 minutes– Amnesia• Loss of memory
Thought Content
• Are the thoughts…?– Spontaneous– Natural– Clear– Relevant– Coherent
Thought Content
• Fixed ideas• Preoccupations
Hallucinations
• False perceptions (sensory)
• Does not have an external stimuli
• Patients see, hear, taste things that are not really there
Illusions
• Has a real external stimuli, but the patient misinterprets the stimuli
Delusions
• False beliefs
Emotional Status
• Affect/ Mood• Consistent• Appropriate• Facial expressions,
body language
Perception
• Agnosia– The inability to
interpret or recognize objects • Visual
– Occipital
• Auditory– Temporal
• Tactile– Parietal lobe
Motor Ability
• Ask to perform a small task
• Understanding + motor strength
• Movement smooth, coordinated
• Involuntary movements
• Gait
Language Ability
• Spoken and written• Aphasia– Expressive
• Motor aphasia• Broca’s aphasia
– Receptive• Sensory aphasia• Wernicke’s aphasia
– Global
Language ability
• Dysphasia / aphasia• Dysphagia / aphagia• Dysarthria– Imperfect articulation
of speech
Terminology• Anosmia
– I - Inability to smell• Anisocoria
– J - Inequality of pupil size• Agnosia
– F - Inability to determine meaning or significance of sensory stimulus
• Apraxia– G - Inability to performed learned movements, defect in motor
planning• Analgesia
– M - Loss of pain sensation• Anesthesia
– A - Absence of sensation
Terminology
• Astereognosis– H - Inability to recognize form of object by touch
• Ataxia– L - Lack of coordination of movement
• Diplopia– C - Double vision
• Dysarthria– K - Lack of coordination in articulating speech
• Dyskinesia– E - Impairment of power of voluntary movement,
resulting in fragmentary on incomplete movements
Terminology• Dysphagia– B - Difficulty swallowing
• Homonymous hemianopsia– N - Loss of vision in one side of visual field
• Ophthalmoplegia– P - Paralysis of eye muscles
• Opisthotonus– D - Extreme arching of back with retraction of head
• Paraplegia– O - Paralysis of lower extremities
Small group Questions
• What does battle’s sign indicate• What does raccoon eyes indicate• What is rhinorrhea and how do you know they have it?• What is Otorrhea and what does it indicate?• Described decorticated and Decerebrated posturing and
what they each indicate• What are the three areas of orientation• How do you test judgment? Short term memory• Differentiate be hallucinations, delusions and illusions.
Cranial Nerves
• 12 pairs• PNS• You must know:– The name– The number– The order– The function– S/M– How to assess
Cranial Nerves
• Number -1 • Name: Olfactory• Sensory• Function– Sense of smell
• Assessment– Identify familiar odor
Cranial Nerves
• Number -2 • Name: Optic• Sensory• Function– Visual Acuity
• Assessment– Snellen eye chart
Cranial Nerves
• Number -3 • Name: Oculomotor• Motor• Function
– Muscles that move the eye, lid, papillary constriction, lens accommodation
• Assessment– Test for ocular rotation,
nystagmus, Papillary reflexes, check for ptosis
• Nystagmus:– Involuntary
osculation of the eyeball
• Ptosis– Drooping eyelid
• Papillary reflexes– Pupil changing in size
when exposed to light
Cranial Nerves
• Number -4 • Name: Trochlear• Motor• Function
– Muscles the move the eye, lid, papillary constriction, lens accommodation
• Assessment– Test for ocular rotation,
nystagmus, Papillary reflexes, check for ptosis
Cranial Nerves
• Number -5• Name: Trigeminal• Sensory & Motor• Function– Facial sensation,
corneal reflex, mastication
• Assessment– Distinguish between
sharp and dull on face– Check blink reflex– Have patient clinch
and move jaw from side to side, feel jaw strength
Cranial Nerves
• Number -6 • Name: Abducens• Motor• Function
– Muscles the move the eye, lid, papillary constriction, lens accommodation
• Assessment– Test for ocular rotation,
nystagmus, Papillary reflexes, check for ptosis
Cranial Nerves• Number - 7• Name: Facial• Sensory & Motor• Function
– Facial expression and muscle movement
– Salivation and tearing– Taste
• Assessment– Observe for symmetry
while pt performs facial movement
– Stick out tongue– Distinguish between
sugar and salt
Cranial Nerves
• Number -8 • Name: Acoustic• Sensory• Function– Hearing &
equilibrium• Assessment– Simple hearing test
Cranial Nerves• Number -9• Name:
Glossopharyngeal• Sensory & Motor• Function– Taste– Sensation in pharynx
and tongue– Pharyngeal muscles
• Assessment– Ability to discriminate
btw sugar and salt
Cranial Nerves• Number -10• Name: Vagus• Sensory & Motor• Function
– Muscle of pharynx, larynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera
– Parasympathetic innervations
• Assessment– Gag response– Have person say
“Ah….”– Symmetrical rise of
uvular and soft palate– Assess swallowing
Cranial Nerves
• Number -11 • Name: Accessory• Motor• Function– Shoulder movement
• Assessment– Strength of muscle,
shrug
Cranial Nerves
• Number -12• Name: Hypoglossal• Motor• Function– Tongue movement
• Assessment– Check tongue
strength and movement
Sample quiz questions
What cranial nerve is responsible for hearing and equilibrium?
A. VagusB. AcousticC. GlossopharyngealD. Accessory
Sample Quiz Questions
What Cranial nerve is responsible for tongue movement?
A. 6B. 8C. 10D. 12E. None of the above
Sample Quiz Questions
How do you test for cranial nerve number 3?A. Snellen eye chartB. Hearing testC. Have them follow your pen with their eyes
as you move it aboutD. Have them stick out their tongue
Sample Quiz Questions
When you check for nystagmus, what cranial nerve are you assessing?
A. OlfactoryB. OpticC. AbducensD. All of the aboveE. None of the above
Sample Quiz Questions
When you check someone's shoulder strength, what cranial nerve are you assessing?
A. 6B. 8C. 10D. 12E. None of the above
Learning Tip
On Old Olympus Towing Top a Finn and German
Viewed A Hawk
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