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http://www.greenfacts.org/en/biodiversity/images/bdv-3-17-n-fertilizers.jpg
SCN /C.elegans
www.epa,gov
Resistant Soy
http://www.biochem.arizona.edu
Rhizobium http://cache.viewimages.com/xc/3353096.jpg?v=1&c=ViewImages&k=2&d=0629904139C22E587A5A3CC511DB2D78A55A1E4F32AD3138
Paecilomyces lilacinus
http://www.im.ac.
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http://www.wmc.ac.uk/biology/Image2.jpg
Pasteuria Penetrans
www1.montpellier.inra.fr
Chitin/Clove Oil
http://www.wmc.ac.uk/biology/Image2.jpg
www.koihealth.org Inheritance of resistance to SCN
in RIL soy Tilka •Tilka confirms resistant soy are unaffected by SCN
•SCN can circumvent soy resistance in under 3 years (36 generations
•Creation of new resistant strains is more difficult
Resistant Strain V. Susceptible Strain
http://www.nature.com
Pathogenicity of Fungi to Eggs of Heterodera Glycine
Dickson
• Dickson Concludes that parasitic nematodes were reduced significantly by fungus
•Dickson says fungi inhibits the hatching of nematodes eggs
• Dickson suggests that egg and juvenile parasitism is the best way to reduce nematodes
http://fulltextt10.fcla.edu/DLData/SN/SN0022300X/0028_002/96_19.pdf
•Chitin levels greater or equal to .05% limit nematodes by 50%
•At .05% chitin levels plant height is greater that controls
Control of Soybean Cyst Nematode By Chitionolytic Bacteria and Chitin Substrate
Tian
Life Cycle Ultrastructure and Host Specifity of Pasteuria that Parasitizes theSoybean Cyst Nematode, Heterodera Glycines by G. R. Noel
• endospores only attach themselves and develop in female juvenile nematodes
• 100,000 endospores/g reduced nematode population by 95%
• Pod yields increased 94% with 100,000 endospores/g
PurposeThe purpose of the experiment would be to
test how biological controls to parasitic nematodes (i.e. SCN) would work with a SCN resistant variety of soy to limit both
damage of SCN to soy and the development of resistance among parasitic nematodes, the experiment would also test how fungi
effects the local micro biota . Hypothesis
Hypothesis: H(o)- Resistant soy inoculated with biological controls will have no significant difference in C.elegan count or Rhizobium population from that in plain soy.
H(a)- Resistant soy inoculated with biological controls will have significantly lower C.elegan count than that in plain soy and similar to that in soy exposed to Copper Sulfate. Resistant soy inoculated
with biological controls will have statistically similar Rhizobium populations to plain soy and statistically higher Rhizobium populations than the soy with resistant Rhizobium and copper
sulfate.
Effects of clove oil on SCNMeyer
•.4% levels of clove oil significantly decreased egg count
•.12% levels kill half of all eggs and hatched nematodes
http://www.fao.org/docrep/
v9978e/v9978e07.jpg
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Food Prices have risen in recent years
World Food Prices Soy
Use of Resistant SoyEffects of SCN
•Resistant Soy is the primary non-chemical SCN control
•SCN significantly reduces soy yield
•In the cyst form SCN are nearly impossible to destroy
•Rhizobium perform sybiosis with soy , fixing nitrogen
• Rhizobium reduces the need for nitrogen fertilizer by half
•Paecilomyces lilacinus traps and kills nematodes by interfering with their cell membranes
•Chitin/ Clove Oil are potential organic nonliving biocontrols
•Pasteuria Penetrans endospores paralyze female juvenile SCN
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