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Navel Orangeworm Management
Walt Bentley, Mario Viveros, Brent Holtz and David Doll
Historical Almond Inedibles (NP), 1980-2005: Where We Are
Major Pest Management Concerns for the Almond
Industry Ø EffecFve damage reducFon.
Ø Safety of almonds from natural and chemical contaminants Ø The public (customers) are environmentally aware of their food. Ø Encroachment of urban areas on Ag lands. Ø Worker health and safety.
InsecFcide Changes in UC Guidelines • 1973
– Dormant oils – Parathion – Diazinon – Trithion – Ethion – Sevin – Guthion – Chlorobenzilate – Methyl bromide – White wash
• 2013 – Dormant Oil – Esteem/Seize – Clinch – Applaud – Confirm – Intrepid – Success – Phostoxin – Lorsban – Pounce/Ambush – Diazinon – Sevin – Imidan – Asana/Warrior/Scout – Supracide – White wash – Proclaim – Altacor – Belt
NOW Life Stages
Sources of NOW
Winter Mummy Removal and NOW Harvest Infestation, A Sampling in
Merced and Madera (NP)
AVERAGE # MUMMIES
PER TREE # Farmers
AVERAGE % NOW INFESTATION AT HARVEST
<2 (0 - 1.9) 15 1.69 (0 - 5)
>2 (2.6 - 177) 21 3.53 (0.2 - 14)
Egg Trap Monitoring
Early Harvest - Relationship Between NOW Egg Deposition and Infestation,
Wasco, CA
Predicting Third Generation
NOW Control 2011 Holtz/Bentley
NOW Control 2011 Holtz/Bentley
SelecFve Material Integrate with Biocontrol
Timing is Critical From Zalom and Neiderholzer 2011
Hullsplit and Shell Seal (Factors in Nut Susceptibility)
Shell Seal, Nonpareil, 1998
(% nuts in each category)
MaFng DisrupFon of NOW?
Is There a Be\er Way?
If Not a Be\er Nonpareil
• 70% of almond crop exported • Aflatoxin is a major concern of importers, primarily Europe – Less NOW in Fght sealed nuts = less aflatoxin
• Can E. coli be reduced through be\er shell seal?
• Conclusion: Look to be\er sealed varieFes with characterisFcs of NP
PrognosFcaFons (Give me 20 years)
• ApplicaFon Equipment will be more efficient with less potenFal for dric.
• Chemicals will be conFnue to be selecFve and based on the insect’s regulatory system. – There will sFll be a need for some broad spectrum materials, but will be used for only a few pests
• Food a\ractants or volaFles will become more important for managing NOW.
• Pheromone for NOW will aid understanding of pest dynamics but used with food volaFels
• SanitaFon and early harvest will remain keys to management.
• A shic in varieFes will be made, at least for the export market
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