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NativeBeesan Introduction
Why Care About Bees?
Pollination Services
Increase seed set
35% crops rely on pollinators to some extent
Essential for 13 crops, or improve production
Indirectly, dairy and meat
Wild flowers
Other Reasons
Biodiversity
Photo credit:
Sam Droege/USGS
Laurence Packer
Bees, An Up-Close Look at Pollinators
Around the World
Megachile lanata
What is a Bee ?
David Cappaert, Bugwood.org
Joseph Berger, Bugwood.org
David Cappaert, Bugwood.org
Bee Wasp Fly
Thick bodied Thin bodied Thick waist
No silver hair on face Silver hair on face
Often very hairy Generally hairless
Pollen-collecting hair No pollen-collecting
hair
No pollen-collecting
hairs
Stout legs with few
spines
Long thin legs with
spines
Long antenna Long antenna Short, non-segmented
antenna
Four wings, folded
over back
Four wings, at sides Two wings
Eyes on the sides of
head
Eyes on the sides of
head
Eyes large, forward
facing, often touchingThe Bees In Your
Backyard
Most Bees - Efficient Pollinators
Bees are vegetarians, Wasp larva are meat eaters
Bees actively transport pollen for nests
Bees often fly between the same type of flower
Magic in Hair
Each hair is branched
– plumose. This
enables it to trap
pollen grains more
effectively.Photo courtesy of Zachary Huang.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumblebee
A bee can detect the electric fields of flowers via the deflections of many tiny mechanosensory filiform hairs on its head and body.
Harold H. Zakon PNAS 2016;113:7020-7021
©2016 by National Academy of Sciences
Ground Nesting Bees
70% of all bees nest in the ground
“Wild West” of the bees
Soil buffers against cold and heat
Soil atmosphere gives larval moisture
Easy to tailor nest cell sizes
Easy to expand
Texture, aspect, relief can all matter
How Do You Know They Are There?
Ants
Halictid
Andrena
Halictid, Sweat Bee
Halictid, Sweat Bee
Underground
H. ligatus
Roberts, Radclyffe B., Bees of Northwestern America: Halictus
Ground nesting - Agapostemon
David Cappaert, Bugwood.org
Ground nesting - Lasioglossum
Ground nesting - Andrenidae
Ground nesting - Andrenidae
Ground nesting - Andrenidae
Cuckoo -Cleptoparasite
Stem Nesting Bees
30% of all bees nest in stems and wood
Easy to manage
Need protection from sun, wind, rain
South or East facing for morning sunlight
Temperatures greater than 90 degrees
can be lethal
Ron Spendal
Ron Spendal
Stem nesting
Ron Spendal
Whitney Cranshaw, Bugwood.org
Stem nesting - Mason Bee or Fly
Ron Spendal
Stem nesting - Mason Bee
Ron Spendal
Stem nesting - Mason Bee
Stem nesting - Mason Bee
iDTools.org
Hairy Fingered Mite
Stem nesting - Mason Bee
Stem nesting - Mason Bee
Stem nesting - Mason Bee
30,000 honey bees or 250 masons pollinate 75
apple trees
75 flowers per trip, 25 trips per cell, 30 cells per
lifetime of 6-8 weeks
Overwinter as adults in cocoons
Effective foraging range – 100 yards (300 ft)
5/16 inch holes, 6-11 inches long
Emerge when temperatures reach 50-60F
Stem nesting - Leafcutter
Stem nesting - Leafcutter
115 native and non-native species
Nests contain petals, leaves, pulps, mud,
resins
Many natives are non-gregarious
Overwinter in pre-pupa stage, emerge
mid-June
Stem Nesting - Ceratina
Nests in old canes
Minds the pith
Can be small communities of sisters
Stem Nesting - Ceratina
Cuckoo Wasp
Cleptoparasite
Parasitic Chalcid Wasp
Jon Yuschock, Bugwood.org
Stem nesting Bee ParasitesBee fly,
Anthrax irroratus
Bumble Bee
Nest in abandoned bird and mice nests
Social
Queen overwinters
Fly dawn to dusk
Buzz pollination
Common Bumble Bee Speciesof Scappoose
vosnesenskii
mixtus
melanopygus
flavifrons
griseocollis
Bumble bee
OBA
Bumble Bee - Nest
Phelyan Sanjoin, Wikipedia, Flickr
Photo credit:
Sam Droege/USGS
Laurence Packer
Bees, An Up-Close Look at Pollinators
Around the World
Megachile fortis
Sarah A. Taylor, Common Bee Pollinators of Oregon Crops, ODA 2016
ODA Postershttp://www.odaguides.us/posters.html
Bumble Bees of the Western UShttps://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/documents/BumbleBeeGuideWestern2012.pdf
J. H. Cane, 2015, Landscaping pebbles attract nesting by the native ground-nesting bee Halictus rubicundus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Apidologie. DOI: 10.1007/s13592-015-0364z.
Joseph S. Wilson & Olivia Messinger Carril, The Bees In Your Backyard, 2016
Sam Droege, Bees: An Up-Close Look at Pollinators Around the World
L. Hooven, R. Sagili, E. Johansen, How to Reduce Bee Poisoning from Pesticides; OSU, pnw591AND phone application
Plants for Pollinators in Oregon, NRCS, PM13
Attracting Native Pollinators, Xerces, 2011
Selecting Plants for Pollinators, Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest Providence, Pollinator Partnership, NAPPC
Pennsylvania Native Bee Survey, Citizen Scientist Pollinator Monitoring Guide, Xerces (though it is east coast, there is good Family level information)
References
Recommended