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National surveyTheme
Transitions to adulthood: social context, education, work, and marriage among 15 to 24 year olds
ObjectiveTo establish a base of knowledge to facilitate national debate, action, and research on youth and adolescents
Sampling sites(October 2001–March 2002)
Azad Jammu Kashmir
Northern Areas
Rural
Urban
Framework for studying adolescents
Antecedents
Gender
Household economic status
Region
Parents’ characteristics
Opportunities
Schools/colleges
Jobs
Training centers
Health facilities
Leisure opportunities
Information
ConstraintsCommunity attitudes
Poverty
Social sanctions
Outcomes
Education
Work
Marriage
Childbearing
Social Dimensions
Mobility
57
26
39
13
9499 99
95
0
20
40
60
80
100
Neighbor Nearby shop School Nearby healthoutlet
Perc
en
t
Female Male
Able to go alone to:
Family reputation
Street harassment
Personal reputation
Family opposition/tradition
Parental concerns for girls’ mobility
Bad company
Drug addiction
Immoral activities
Personal/family reputation
Physical harm
Parental concerns for boys’ mobility
Young people’s participation in important life decisions
0
20
40
60
80
100
Male Female Male Female Male Female
Per
cen
t
Opinion expressed but not listened to by family
Opinion expressed and listened to by family
Education Work
Marriage55
69
54
29
13
63
Daily time allocation(15-19)
Male Female
All others
33%
Travel3%
School related
9%
Household chores
46%
Paidwork9%
All others
37%
Travel8% School
related18%
Household chores
10%
Paidwork27%
Education
Completion of primary school
2924
69 7166 64
81 81
0
20
40
60
80
100
15-19 20-24 15-19 20-24
Pe
rce
nt
Female Male
Rural Urban
Class at dropout by socioeconomic status
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 15
Class
Pe
rce
nt s
till e
nro
lled
High SES
Low SES
Male
Female
Average number of classes completed by SES (20-24)
0.61.4
3.3
7.6
4.2
5.2
6.9
9.3
0
2
4
6
8
10
Low Low-mid High-mid High
Mea
n hi
ghes
t cla
ss c
ompl
eted
Female Male
Reasons for school dropout
13
33
24
3
39
6
6
19
21
22
23
24
0 10 20 30 40 50
Poorperformance/expelled
Lack ofinterest/aptitude
Family responsibilities
School too far/ troubleon the way
Could not pay schoolfee
Parent's/Family'sdisapproval
Female
Male
Young people’s views about appropriate level of education
16
43
27
3
4738
0
20
40
60
80
100
Primary-Middle Secondary-HigherSecondary
Graduation-University/Vocational
Pe
rce
nt
Female Male
Work
Currently working for pay and willing to work for pay
0
20
40
60
80
100
Male Female Male Female
Perc
ent
Currently working Willing to work, if available
15-19 20-24
96
83
100
78
Ever worked for pay Socioeconomic status (15-19)
4739
28
16
76
5952
36
0
20
40
60
80
100
Low Low-mid High-mid High
Pe
rce
nt
Female Male
Trends in paid work
0
20
40
60
80
100
5 10 15 20 25
Female
Male
Age
Pe
rce
nt
15-19 20-24
Distribution of paid work
39
33
9
7
3
30
2
18
27
18
0 10 20 30 40 50
Agriculture/livestock
Stitching/embroidery/knitting
Skilled labor
Unskilled/factorylabor
Self-employed/business
Percent
Female
Male
Paid work and school status
Age
5 10 2015 24
Females
100%
80%
40%
20%
60%
5 10 2015 24
Males100%
80%
40%
20%
60%
Age
School onlyPaid work and school Paid work only Other
Domestic, paid and unpaid work (hours per day)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Male Female . Male Female
Ho
urs
Pe
r D
ay
Domestic chores Unpaid work Paid work
15-19 20-24
4.5
7.06.1
8.4
Puberty, Marriage and Childbearing
Percent married(20-24)
Male
Female
Source: Durrant 2000
0
20
40
60
80
100
1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Year
Per
cent
Transition to puberty, marriage and childbearing
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Age
Pro
po
rtio
n
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Age
Pro
po
rtio
n
M puberty M marriage M W’s preg.
F puberty F marriage F pregnancy
Females married at each age by educational attainment
0
20
40
60
80
100
10 15 20Age
Pe
rce
nt
ma
rrie
d
Never attended school
Less than primary
Completed primary
24
Married and pregnant before 20(20-24)
5848
2823
0
20
40
60
80
100
Married Pregnant
Pe
rce
nt
Rural Urban
Antenatal care received by females for first birth
40 45
7178
0
20
40
60
80
100
15-19 20-24
Per
cent
Rural Urban
Contraceptive useamong married women (20-24)
1220
58
0
20
40
60
80
100
Current Use Ever Use Intended Use
Pe
rce
nt
Conclusions
Education
Young people’s aspirations for education exceed their current levels.
Young women are less likely to enroll and more likely to drop out, once enrolled.
Young people from the poorest families, especially girls, are particularly disadvantaged.
Employment
There are dramatic differences between young men and women in levels, types and hours of work.
Most young people, especially girls, want to work if opportunities are available.
Young people have limited opportunities for developing skills through work.
Marriage and childbearing
The gap between puberty and marriage is widening.
Most young women are unable to use the time between puberty and marriage for substantive skills-enhancing activities.
Childbearing follows marriage almost immediately.
Recommendations Functioning schools of reasonable quality
are a priority, especially for girls and for rural youth.
A healthy and growing economy is essential for the creation of adequate paid employment for young people.
Media should play a role to project positive images of women’s roles outside the home.
Young husbands and wives should receive counseling on delaying first birth.
Overall Recommendations
• A uniform youth policy is not suitable for
Pakistan.
• Youth programs and plans must be designed
to meet the needs of a diverse youth
population.
• Priority in all programs and plans should be
given to the needs of young women and poor
youth.
Recommended