National Jewish Population Survey 2000-01 Strength, Challenge and Diversity in the American Jewish...

National Jewish Population Survey 2000-01

Strength, Challenge and Diversity in the American Jewish Population

A United Jewish Communities PowerPoint Presentation of Findings

• The NJPS 2000-01 questionnaire was administered to over 4,500 Jews in the U.S.

• This presentation is a compilation of selected findings from those interviews

• The presentation is divided into four sections:DemographyJewish ConnectionsIntermarriageSpecial Topics

IntroductionIntroduction

MethodologyMethodology

• Respondents representing 4.3 million Jews with stronger Jewish connections were administered a long-form questionnaire. Respondents representing an additional 800,000 Jews with Jewish connections that are not as strong received a short-form questionnaire.

• Asterisks (*) in presentation refer to the more Jewishly engaged population of 4.3 million Jews rather than the total Jewish population of 5.2 million.

Who is a Jew?

For purposes of this presentation, a Jew is defined as a person:

• Whose religion is Jewish, OR• Whose religion is Jewish and something else, OR• Who has no religion AND has at least one Jewish

parent or a Jewish upbringing, OR• Who has a non-monotheistic religion AND has at

least one Jewish parent or a Jewish upbringing.

MethodologyMethodology

The Demography of American Jews

• Total population and household estimates• Age structure• Marriage and fertility• Geography: regional residence and

mobility• Education, employment and income

DemographyDemography

Total Jewish population 5.2 million

Total Jewish households1 2.9 million

Total people, Jewish and non-Jewish, in Jewish households

6.7 million

Jewish population and household estimates in 2000-01

1. Defined as households with at least one Jewish adult

Jews per Jewish household 1.8

Non-Jews per Jewish household 0.5

People per Jewish household 2.3

People in Jewish households who are Jewish

People in Jewish households who are not Jewish

Jews and non-Jews in Jewish households

Single adult living alone 30%

Two adults, no children 37

Three adults or more, no children

One adult and child(ren) 3

Two adults and child(ren) 19

Three or more adults and child(ren)

Jewish households are marked by great diversity in composition.

men women

Age Groups85+

80-8475-79

5-90-4

The Jewish population is older than the U.S. population.

Jewish United States

Most American Jews are currently married and a quarter have never been married.

Single, never married 25%

Married 57

Separated 1

Divorced 8

Widowed 9

Percent Ever Married

Men Women

Age Jewish U.S. Jewish U.S.

18-24 10% 12% 18% 21%

25-34 48 59 64 70

35-44 74 82 85 87

45-64 90 92 90 93

65+ 96 96 98 96

Total 72 73 79 79

In every age group up to 65, proportionally fewer Jews than all Americans have ever been married.

For all age groups through 44, Jewish women have given birth to fewer children than U.S. women, but the gap among 40-44 year olds is small.

Average # of children born

18-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44

Jewish women

U.S. women

Proportionally more Jewish women than all U.S. women remain childless in every age group through 44.

18-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44

Jewish women

U.S. Women

% childless

Northeast Midwest South West

Adults ChildrenHouseholds

The Jewish population is concentrated in the Northeast, with 41% of Jewish adults, 50% of Jewish children and 39% of Jewish households in the region.

10% 2%Lived in the same residence

Lived in the same city ortown, but in a differenthouseLived in a different town orcity in the same state

Lived in a different state

Lived in a different country

More than one-third of Jews lived in a different residence five years ago.

Jews have higher educational achievement than Americans generally.

31%23% 25%

High school or below College Graduate

Jewish population

U.S. population

Highest degree attained

Disabled4%

Student5%

Homemaker5%

Unemployed 4%

Employed (full or part time)61%

Retired21%

Most Jews are employed and about a fifth are retired.

Proportionally more Jews have high status occupations than do all Americans.

Professional/Technical Management/Executive Business/Finance

Jewish populationU.S. population

under $25,000 $25-50,000 $50-75,000 $75-100,000 $100,000 andmore

Jewish populationU.S. population

Jews have higher household incomes than Americans generally, but many Jews have low household incomes.

Jewish Connections

• Jewish indicators• Regional variations• Over-time continuity and change• Communal affiliation• Israel• Philanthropy• Jewish education

Jewish ConnectionsJewish Connections

77% 72%59%

Hold/attendPassover seder

Light Chanukahcandles

Fast on YomKippur*

Most American Jews observe a number of important Jewish holidays and rituals.

35%41% 39%

Been to Israel Give to a Jewish cause(other than Federation)

Use the Internet forJewish purposes

Moderate proportions of Jews engage in a variety of Jewish behaviors.

Minorities of American Jews engage in these religious activities.

28% 27%21%

Light Shabbat candles* Attend synagogue monthly* Keep kosher at home*

Reconstructionist3%

Reform39%

Conservative33%

Orthodox21%

Other4%

Forty percent of American Jewish households belong to synagogues.* Among these households, the denominational distribution is shown below:

Proportionally more Jews in the Northeast observe rituals than Jews in the other regions.

Hold/attend Passoverseder

Light Chanukah candles Fast on Yom Kippur*

NortheastMidwestSouthWest

Many indicators of Jewish engagement remain steady across three crucial age groups 35-64.

Yom Kippur fasting* Synagogue membership* JCC membership*

Ages 35-44

Ages 45-54

Ages 55-64

45%51%

53%59%

22%29%

Being Jewish veryimportant*

Half or more closefriends Jewish

Give toFederation*

Ages 35-44Ages 45-54Ages 55-64

Other indicators of Jewish connection show older Jews are more engaged than younger Jews.

The Jewish population is divided into three segments according to membership in synagogues, JCCs and other Jewish organizations.*

Highly Affiliated Two or more Jewish memberships

Moderately Affiliated

One Jewish membership 28%

Unaffiliated No Jewish memberships 44%

Highly and moderately affiliated Jews are more engaged in other areas of Jewish life than unaffiliated Jews.*

88%96%

69%80%

Fast on Yom Kippur* Half or more of closefriends Jewish

Unaffiliated

ModeratelyaffiliatedHighlyaffiliated

American Jews have multiple connections to Israel.

72%63%

45%35%

US and Israeli Jewsshare a common

destiny*

Emotionally attachedto Israel

Friends or family inIsrael*

Have visited Israel

49%56%

Visited Israel Emotionallyattached to Israel

Friends or family inIsrael*

Unaffiliated

Moderately affiliated

Highly affiliated

Affiliated Jews have stronger connections to Israel than unaffiliated Jews.*

More American Jews give to non-Jewish causes than to Jewish causes.

Donate to Federation* 30%

Donate to non-Federation Jewish causes

Donate to non-Jewish causes 62%

30%37% 34%

Jews in the Midwest donate more frequently to Federations than do Jews in any other region.*

Unaffiliated Moderately affiliated Highly affiliated

Affiliated Jews donate more frequently to Federation than do unaffiliated Jews.*

Jewish children today receive more full-time Jewish schooling than did Jewish adults.*

25%27%

Jewish day school/yeshiva Part-time Jewish schoolthat met more than once a

One day per week Jewishprogram

No Jewish education

Adults

Children

29% 29%

12%8% 7% 7% 7%

Age 6-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+

Greater proportions of Jewish children and young adults have received Jewish day school/yeshiva education than older adults.

18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+

Among those who have been to college, proportionally more young Jews have taken a Jewish studies course.

Intermarriage

• Defining and calculating intermarriage

• Rates of intermarriage• Variations in intermarriage• Intermarriage and Jewish connections• Intermarriage and Jewish children

IntermarriageIntermarriage

• Jews married to non-Jews are defined as intermarried.

• Jews married to Jews are defined as in-married.• Converts to Judaism are included in the analysis.• Intermarriage statistics exclude non-Jews married to

non-Jews, even if one of them was Jewish at an earlier point in time.

• The intermarriage rate applies to individuals, not to couples.

• The intermarriage rate includes only current intact marriages.

Definitions of Intermarriage

38%43% 43%

Before 1970 1970-1979 1980-1984 1985-1990 1991-1995 1996-2001

Rates of intermarriage have increased since 1970, but the rate of increase has slowed since the 1980’s.

Year Married

Parentsintermarried

Parents in-married

Jews with intermarried parents are much more likely to be intermarried themselves.

Percent Intermarried

37% 37% 37%

18-34 35-54 55 and older

MaleFemale

In younger and older age groups, Jewish men are more likely to be intermarried than Jewish women.

23%29%

Jewish daySchool/yeshiva

Part-time Jewishschool that met more

than once a week

One-day-a-weekJewish program

No Jewish education

More intensive forms of Jewish education in childhood are associated with lower rates of intermarriage in adulthood.

41% 39%

Light Shabbatcandles*

Half or more of closefriends Jewish

In-marriedIntermarried

In-married Jews report stronger Jewish connections than intermarried Jews.

Belong to synagogue* Belong to JCC* Give to Federation*

In-marriedIntermarried

Proportionally more in-married Jews are communally affiliated than intermarried Jews.

Children ofintermarriages

being raised Jewish

Children of in-marriages being

raised Jewish

Almost all children of in-marriages are being raised as Jews, compared with one-third of children of intermarriages.

Special Topics• Elderly• Immigrants• Poverty

Special TopicsSpecial Topics

A greater percentage of elderly Jews (age 65 and older) live alone than other Jewish adults.

17% 18%24%

35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75 and older

Jews over 65 report more health problems.

Health is poor/fair

Someone in thehousehold has healthconditions that limit

activities

Under age 65Above age 65

Proportionally more elderly Jews earn low incomes than Jews under 65.

Under $15,000 $15,000-25,000 $25,000-35,000

Household income

29%23%

JCC membership* Belong to Jewishorganizations*

Give to Federation*

In some cases, proportionally more elderly Jews are affiliated with Jewish organizations.

In other cases, nearly equal proportions of Jewish elderly and other adults are involved with Jewish organizations and programs.

47%43%

26% 22% 25% 22%

Synagoguemembership*

Volunteer for Jewishorganizations*

Adult Jewisheducation*

FSUIsraelCanadaIranOther

More than two-thirds of Jewish immigrants to the U.S. since 1980 come from the former Soviet Union (FSU).

FSU immigrants Non-FSU immigrants U.S. born andimmigrants pre-1980

Most immigrants from the FSU live in the Northeast.

13%7% 7% 10%

Below poverty level Under $15,000 $15-25,000 $25-35,000

FSU immigrants

Non-FSU immigrants

Immigrants from the FSU report lower household incomes than other immigrants.

68% 71%51% 47%

In-married Half or more of closefriends are Jewish

Date only Jews*

FSU immigrantsOther Jews

FSU Jews are more connected to other Jews through marriage and friendship.

Americans living below poverty level 11%

American Jews living below poverty level

Total adults living in Jewish households with incomes below poverty level1

272,000

Total children living in Jewish households with incomes below poverty level1

81,000

Households living in poverty* are a growing concern for the American Jewish community.

1. Based on estimation procedure for total Jewish households

8% 9% 10% 11%

Singlemothers

Elderly Notemployed

High schooland below

Immigrantssince 1980

The overall Jewish poverty rate is 5%, but poverty is more common among some groups of Jews.

Health is poor or fair Health condition limits activities ofsomeone in household

Jews living below poverty lineAll other Jews

Jews living below the poverty line report proportionally more health problems.

37%28%

57%51%

Light Shabbat candles Keep kosher Regard being Jewish asvery important

Jews living below the poverty line are more likely than other Jews to observe individual rituals and have strong ethnic attachments.

63%78%

32%47%

15%25%

Synagogue membership Adult Jewish learning

Jews living below poverty level are less engaged in some areas of Jewish life than other Jews.

Next StepsNext Steps

• General Assembly in Israel

• Specialized report series

• Community presentations

• Policy conference

•For information call: 1-888-711-4490

email: NJPS@ujc.org

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