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NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY (NGRBA)
(Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India)
Draft Environmental and Social Assessment with Management
Plan (for Disclosure) for Sewerage Works in Sewerage District
‘A’ of Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh
February 2014
The Energy and Resources Institute
Consultant
* This report is not for public disclosure and the contents herein are not to be published, forwarded or
copied without permission of the authors.
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary ...........................................................................................................1
Chapter 1 Introduction......................................................................................................9
1.1 Ganga Clean up Initiatives ............................................................................9
1.2 The Ganga River Basin Project ..................................................................10
1.2.1 World Bank Assistance ..................................................................................11
1.3 Project Components .....................................................................................11
1.3.1 Component One: Institutional Development ..................................................11
1.3.2 Component Two: Priority Infrastructure Investments ....................................11
1.4 Structure of the Report ................................................................................13
Chapter 2 Project Description .......................................................................................14
2.1 About the City ...............................................................................................14
2.2 Existing Sewerage Facilities in Allahabad City .........................................15
2.2.1 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase – I (GAP-I) ...................16
2.2.2 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase II ...................................17
2.2.3 On-going works in Sewerage District ‘D’ Under JNNURM .........................17
2.2.4 Works Approved Under NGRBA for District A ............................................18
2.2.5 City Sewerage Plan ........................................................................................19
2.3 Necessity of this project ...............................................................................22
2.4 Location of Proposed Sewerage Project .....................................................23
2.5 Proposed Sewerage System ..........................................................................26
2.5.1 Components of Proposed Sewerage Work .....................................................26
2.5.2 Implementation Schedule ...............................................................................28
2.5.3 Financing ........................................................................................................28
Chapter 3 Approach and Methodology ........................................................................30
3.1 Methodology ..................................................................................................30
3.2 Project Screening ..........................................................................................33
3.3 Conclusion of Screening Activity ................................................................44
Chapter 4 Regulations and Legal Framework .............................................................46
4.1 Applicable Laws and Regulations – Environmental .................................46
4.1.1 Legal Framework of Government of India .....................................................46
4.1.2 Key Environmental Laws and Regulations ....................................................46
4.2 Applicable Laws and Regulations - Social .................................................49
4.2.1 National Policies and Acts .............................................................................50
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
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4.2.2 National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy for Project Affected
Families – 2007 ..............................................................................................50
4.2.3 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (As Modified Until 1st September, 1985) ........51
4.2.4 Forest Rights Act 2006 ...................................................................................52
4.3 Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects under NGRBP .52
Chapter 5 Baseline Status ..............................................................................................55
5.1 Baseline Environmental ...............................................................................55
5.1.1 Physiography and Topography .......................................................................55
5.1.2 Climate ...........................................................................................................56
5.1.3 Geological and Geophysical features .............................................................57
5.1.4 Ambient Air Quality .......................................................................................58
5.1.5 Noise Environment .........................................................................................61
5.1.6 Water Environment ........................................................................................63
5.1.7 Storm Water Drainage ....................................................................................70
5.1.8 Waste Water Management .............................................................................73
5.1.9 Solid Waste Management ...............................................................................74
5.1.10 Biological Environment .................................................................................76
5.2.1 Details of Social Survey .................................................................................86
Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Impacts .............................................................91
6.1 Potential Environmental Impacts ...............................................................91
6.1.1 Design and Development Phase .....................................................................91
6.1.2 Impacts during construction phase .................................................................91
6.1.3 Impacts during operation phase ......................................................................95
6.2 Potential Social Impacts ...............................................................................96
6.3 Conclusion ...................................................................................................101
Chapter 7 Mitigation and Management Plan .............................................................102
7.1 Environmental Management Plan ............................................................102
7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan ...............................................................116
7.3 EMP Budget ............................................................................................................117
7.4 Social Management Plan ............................................................................128
7.4.1 Social mitigation plans during construction phase .......................................128
7.4.2 Social mitigation plans during operation phase ...........................................130
7.4.3 Mitigation measures adopted by locals during similar nature of project
activities ........................................................................................................131
7.4.4 Consultation Framework for Participatory Planning and Implementation of
Mitigation Plan .............................................................................................134
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
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7.4.5 Assess the Capacity of Institutions and Mechanisms for Implementing Social
Development Aspects and Social Safeguard Plans; Recommend Capacity
building measures .........................................................................................134
7.4.6 Develop Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms to Assess Social
Development Outcomes ...............................................................................135
Chapter 8 Social Development Outcomes and Issues ................................................137
8.1 Social Development Outcomes of the sub project ...................................137
8.2 Social Development Issues in Project Vicinity and Social Services to be
provided by the project ..............................................................................138
Chapter 9 Conclusion ....................................................................................................140
Annexure 1 Questionnaire ............................................................................................141
Annexure 2 Minutes of meeting with key stakeholders ..............................................145
Annexure 3 Census Data ...............................................................................................150
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
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List of Tables
Table 2.1 District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of Sewage Treatment in
Allahabad* ......................................................................................................20
Table 2.2 Projected Populations for Allahabad Sewerage District ‘A’ ..........................22
Table 2.3 Sewage Flow Generation (Capacities in MLD) .............................................23
Table 3.1 Environment and Social information format for screening ............................33
Table 4.1 Environmental Regulations and Legislations .................................................47
Table 4.2 The Land Acquisition Process ........................................................................51
Table 5.1 Climatological Normal of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at
Allahabad ........................................................................................................56
Table 5.2 Generalized Stratigraphic Sequence Time .....................................................57
Table 5.3 Quality of soil sample .....................................................................................58
Table 5.4 Latest air quality data of two monitoring stations in Allahabad
(March 2010 to April 2011) ...........................................................................59
Table 5.5 Summary of Noise Level Monitored Data Code Range of noise levels
[Leq in dB (A)] ...............................................................................................62
Table 5.6 Water consumption in sewerage district ‘A’ ..................................................64
Table 5.7 Discharge of the Ganga at Allahabad (Sangam) (m3/s) .................................65
Table 5.8 Water Quality of River Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during
Maghmela (Ardh Kumbha) 2007 ...................................................................68
Table 5.9 Water Quality data of Ganga and Yamuna river at Allahabad monitored
during March 2010 to April 2011 ...................................................................68
Table 5.10 Wastewater characteristics of Chachar nala and Ghaghar Nala in sewerage
district ‘A’ ......................................................................................................74
Table 5.11 Wastewater Characteristics measured at Naini STP ......................................74
Table 5.12 Solid waste generation in sewerage district ‘A ..............................................75
Table 5.13 Percentage distribution of the household population by age and sex,
Allahabad ........................................................................................................81
Table 5.14 Ward wise census population and projected population and observed land
use. ..................................................................................................................82
Table 5.15 Ward wise population density of Allahabad ..................................................84
Table 5.16 Ward wise details of the survey is enlisted below in the table .......................88
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
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Table 7.1 Generic Environmental Guidelines / Management Plan for Low impact
category Investments ....................................................................................104
Table 7.2 Social Management Plan ..............................................................................132
Table 7.3 Role of stakeholder in implementation and mitigation ................................135
Table 7.4 Cost information of EMP .............................................................................116
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
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List of Figures
Figure 2.1 City sewerage Plan of Allahabad city ............................................................21
Figure 2.2 Location of Sewerage District ‘A’ in Allahabad City, Uttar
Pradesh. ..........................................................................................................25
Figure 3.1 Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Project Impact
Assessment .....................................................................................................30
Figure 3.2 Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the sides of the roads in
District A ........................................................................................................42
Figure 5.1 SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentration (mg/m3) in Allahabad during
2008-2009 .......................................................................................................60
Figure 5.2 Monthwise variation of NO2 and RSPM at two monitoring stations in
Allahabad ........................................................................................................61
Figure 5.3 Noise levels in Allahabad City monitoring during 2010 and 2011 ................63
Figure 5.4 BOD measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different
years ................................................................................................................66
Figure 5.5 DO measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different
years ................................................................................................................67
Figure 5.6 Map showing the drainage system in sewerage district ‘A ............................72
Figure 5.7 Map of parks in sewerage district ‘A’ ............................................................77
Figure 5.8 Mapping of eco-sensitive areas around Allahabad city ..................................79
Figure 5.9 Allahabad urban population growth rate ........................................................80
Figure 5.10 Map indicating major land use and social survey locations for
District A ........................................................................................................85
Figure 5.11 Connection to sewers ......................................................................................87
Figure 5.12 Problems encountered during construction phase ..........................................88
Figure 6.1 Road network map of District A indicating majority of roads have width less
than 5 units. Around 97.39% of the roads have width less than 5 units, where
the chances of traffic congestion could be high .............................................98
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
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List of Plates
Plate 2.1 Anand Bhawan- house of Jawaharlal Nehru’s Family (left) and night view of
New Yamuna bridge (right) ...........................................................................15
Plate 2.2 Chanchar Nala (left) and Wastewater discharged behind the house (right) ...16
Plate 3.1 Consultation with ambulatory vendors ...........................................................31
Plate 3.2 Consultation with local community ...............................................................32
Plate 3.3 Slum region near Yamuna bridge, where residents have had complaints
related to flooding due to the low lying location. ...........................................43
Plate 3.4 Typical sewage construction area with material (background) and re-instated
road (foreground) ...........................................................................................43
Plate 3.5 Image shows the good practice of fencing-off construction areas; this was
followed in the JNNURM phase project in Allahabad ...................................44
Plate 5.1 Storm water drains visibly clogged with waste in Civil Lines (top) and
flooding upon rainfall in sewerage district ‘A’ (bottom) ...............................71
Plate 5.2 Open sewage drain behind residence in Krishna Nagar. ................................73
Plate 5.3 Open waste dumping at Kydganj area (top) and Yamuna Bank (bottom). ....76
Plate 5.4 Road side trees in Civil line area ....................................................................78
Plate 5.5 Auspicious bathing at Allahabad Kumbh mela 2007 (left) and Aarti pooja
delivery during Kumbh ..................................................................................86
Plate 6.1 Traffic at Rambagh Chauraha ........................................................................97
Plate 6.2 Interview- Mobile vendors .............................................................................99
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad 2014
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Executive Summary
Introduction As a major first step in achieving the Ganga Clean up Initiatives, the
Government of India (GoI) constituted the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA),
on 20th February 2009, for the comprehensive management of the river. In regards to this
initiative, the World Bank has been formally requested by GOI to provide long-term support
to NGRBA through several phases of substantive financing and knowledge support. The first
project of several phases of support aims at:
i. Establishing and operationalizing central and state level NGRBA institutions capable of
planning and implementing a multi sectoral river water quality improvement program
ii. Reducing pollution loads into the river through selected investments.
In continuance with the pollution abatement programs by NGRBA, sewerage works for
Allahabad sewerage district ‘A’ has been recently proposed, as this area has only 45%
sewerage coverage. As per the Environmental and Social Management Framework (NGRBA,
2011), the implementation of such river pollution mitigation projects under the NGRBP is
anticipated to encounter a variety of environmental and social issues/problems. Therefore the
study of environment and social sector is required for analyzing the impacts of proposed
project, and suggesting the management plans to handle any negative impacts. The Detailed
Project Report for the above components has been prepared by UPJN and TERI has been
working closely with them for preparing the Environmental and Social Assessment with
Management Plan (ESAMP).
Project Description
Allahabad city’s main land is surrounded by river Ganga and Yamuna in three directions
(North, South and East). The sewerage system in the city was first introduced in the year
1901. Sewerage district A forms the core of the city. Considering the density of population,
absence of complete sewerage network (not 100% covered), proximity to the Yamuna river
and hence its impact at the point of confluence, it becomes more important to provide
sewerage and treatment infrastructure in the district ‘A’. Sewerage district A has 3 zones and
27 wards. Old sewers are egged shaped brick sewers. Some of the important sewers are:
62”X 93” in Atala area
42”X 72” & 32” X48” in Darashah Ajmal area
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad 2014
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39”X 57” on Jahawar Lal Nehru Road
39”X45” on GT Road
18”X24” on Lowther Road
18”X24” & 18”27” in Lukarganj area
Sewage from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing rising
mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP. Defined under the previous master
plan as Zone I, the sewerage network has been reconfigured under this Master Plan to provide
a smaller catchment area that will not exceed the maximum capacity of Gaughat MPS and
Naini STP (ultimate design capacity of 80 MLD with expansion). Population densities in this
area are generally greater than 300 persons per hectare and water distribution sufficiently
good to support full coverage with sewerage. Sewage that does not enter the sewer system
finds its way to Chachar nala, Ghaghar nala and many smaller tributary drains. Chachar nala
flow is at present tapped and pumped to Gaughat MPS.
Status of sewage treatment in Sewerage District A
With the growing population, the total waste water generated in this district during the year
2040 would be 79.85 mld against the installed capacity of 60mld, thus an additional unit of
around 20 mld is needed.
District Existing
STP
Capacity
(MLD)
Required
STP in
2025
(MLD)
Required
in 2040
(MLD)
Total STP
Capacity by
2040 (MLD)
Proposed
Capacity for Sub-
project (MLD)
District A 60.00 74.36 79.85 80 20
The modification of STP capacity is already taken up under a separate package for NGRBA
funding. The UPJN along with NMCG has prepared an Environment and Social Due
Diligence Report along with EMP for the following project components:
Expansion of existing STP from 60 MLD to 80 MLD at Naini;
Expansion of SPS at Gaughat;
Expansion of SPS at Chachar Nala;
Laying and replacement of Trunk sewer; and,
Desilting & rehabilitation of Trunk Sewer
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad 2014
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The evaluated proposed project system is designed for 30 years period. The major
components of the proposed project include:
Approximately 240.6227km long sewerage network
Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations at Bairahana, Kydganj (Gate No.9),
Bargadghat SPS
Sewer cleaning equipment
As per DPR, total cost of the proposed projects is estimated to be Rs. 28894.71Lakhs.i. e. Rs
288.95 Crores.
Approach and Methodology
The methodology adopted for the environmental and social assessment included secondary
data analysis, carrying out scoping in the field, survey of the host population and discussion
with key stakeholders including government officials and local residents. Based on these
outcomes, a screening activity was conducted with the help of the screening checklist format
provided in Environmental and Social Management Framework of NGRBA. Thereafter,
environmental and social impacts were identified and assessed and a mitigation plan was
developed based on the aforementioned.
The screening checklist included criteria that detailed out the impact level of various
activities during the construction and operation phases. These criteria included environmental
factors such as the presence of eco-sensitive region in and around the project area, clearance
of tree cover, improper storage of excavation spoils, flooding of adjacent areas, elevated
noise and dust levels, damage to existing utilities. Social criteria included factors such as
requirement for land acquisition, displacement of tribes, loss of livelihood and gender issues.
Based on the criteria-wise screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects
of the NGRBP, the present project of Sewerage work in Sewerage District ‘A’ in Allahabad
City falls under low impact category, which do not have any fresh land acquisition and has an
overall positive impact by tapping the wastewater which was earlier polluting the river
Ganga.
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad 2014
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Environmental and Social Baseline status
As a part of ESAMP, baseline study of the sewerage district ‘A’ was prepared to understand
the region's existing physical and biological characteristics along with cultural and social
status of the residing community. The baseline information forms the basis to analyse the
probable impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the present background environmental
quality of the core study area. In environmental scenario it reflects the status of
environmental entities like status of climate, geological features, air quality, water quality,
waste management and existing green cover in the study area. As per the study, wastewater
generated from sewerage district ‘A’ is observed to be mostly from residential with limited
commercial and no industrial wastes. As mentioned earlier, most of sewerage district ‘A’ area
has limited sewer system (45%) and wastewater flows to the river through drains. Summary
of wastewater characteristics of Ghaghar and Chachar nala located in sewer district ‘A’
indicates that some of the wastewater quality parameters are exceeding the general discharges
standards laid out by CPCB. As reported in DPR, BOD (5dat Sat 20°C) is 32 mg/l at Chachar
Nala and 67 mg/l at Ghaghar nala as against the CPCB standard of 30mg/l. They may worsen
the water quality, causing direct impact not only on the drinking water sector but also other
sectors such as fisheries, irrigation, and recreation. Even the recorded temperature as per DPR
is higher than the prescribed standard of CPCB of 5 °C. Ghaghar nala recorded 28° C and
Chachar nala recorded 29° C.
As far as air quality is concerned, Allahabad city doesn’t fall under the identified list of
polluted cities in India, but the available data from NAMP monitoring shows that the dust
levels, PM10 (RSPM and SPM) have violated the annual average standards of 60 micro
gram/m3. The concentration of both sulphur- dioxide and nitrogen-dioxide are within the
permissible standards of CPCB.
For Allahabad, limited noise level monitoring has been carried out by JICA at three locations;
Numaya Dahi, Sulem Sarai and near DM office. Out of these 3 sites, only Sulem Sarai comes
in District A. At this site the noise level was higher than the desirable level for residential
area but below the permissible level of commercial and industrial area.
With respect to solid waste it was observed that the waste is not properly handled and is
dumped to open sites at different places in the district. As a result of such practices, the entire
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad 2014
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area in and around the disposal sites is unhygienic and poses a serious threat to the
environment and to public health.
While in the baseline status of social section, it brings out the status of demographic
composition of the population, general land-use feature of the wards and also details of the
social survey outcomes at various consultations held in different wards of the sewerage
district.
Potential Environmental and Social Impacts
Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental or social
impacts, but will have temporary impacts on water quality, air quality (impact on health),
traffic blockages, safety hazards for pedestrians, possible damage to private property,
possible interruption in commercial activity, and accidental breakage of other public
infrastructure such as water pipes. The identified environmental impacts were further
classified under the heads of low lying area near Kydganj that are vulnerable to flooding and
crowded/congested areas such as Muthi ganj, Rambagh area that are susceptible in to impacts
of poor air quality, noise levels and contaminated water resources.
Social assessment clearly defines that no issue of land acquisition and livelihood loss is
foreseen in the project. Hence, no compensation provision is required. However, if any loss
of livelihood is noticed during implementation of this project, then the affected parties will be
compensated according to Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF)
guidelines set by the NGRBA. Moreover, some inconvenience caused to the local public has
been reported along with the local mitigation plan which they are adopting to overcome any
nuisance in the ongoing JNNURM project. A strong suggestion which was identified from
the consultations was execution of construction work within a scheduled time frame with
provision of prior notice to residents, shop-owners. A public grievance mechanism (as
prescribed by ESMF of NGRBA) is to be followed. There is a clear mention and highlighting
if the social development issues and outcomes in this report. A section chalking out
institutional mechanism, capacity building requirements and monitoring and evaluation
mechanism is also present.
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad 2014
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Environmental Management Plan
For all the identified issues a mitigation measure is suggested and if the measure is not
included in the DPR, lumpsum cost estimation has been done and given as EMP cost. The
table below briefly describes the Environment Management Plan.
Phase Component Key temporary Impacts Key Mitigation Measures
Environmental
Construction
Phase
Environmental
sensitive areas
There are no environmental
sensitive areas in the proposed
project area. Further the small
residential parks and road side
trees which will not be affected,
since the sewers are planned to be
laid in the middle of the road and
will not pass through these areas.
-
Air quality
Probable increase in the dust levels
(RSPM and SPM), during the
construction may temporary
deteriorate the air quality, causing
health problems like respiratory
ailments, eye, ear, nose and throat
infections and related discomfort.
Emissions from fuel use in
construction equipment and
vehicles deployed at the site
Sprinkling of water at
regular intervals to control
dust especially places where
soil is stockpiled and
provision of top cover for
vehicles involved in disposal
of the excess soil material
Ensuring use of low fume
emitting. Newer generators
and vehicles with well-
maintained engines and
control devices.
Noise levels Increased noise levels due to
construction activities like plying
of construction vehicles, pumping
machines, machinery such as
cranes, riveting machines,
hammering etc, may cause general
disturbances to the human
habitations like sleeplessness in
case construction activity is
extended into the night hours.
Providing curtains or sound
barriers (polysheets/ sheets)
all around the construction
site.
Proper maintenance of
construction equipment and
vehicles
Water resources
Contamination of nearby water
bodies via storm drains (during
rainfall) by un-managed
construction related material like
suspended particles, pollutants like
oil, grease, cement etc, There may
also be temporary blockage of
drains due to unmanaged material
and construction debris.
Suggestion to ensure proper
handling and disposing off
construction wastes at
identified refusal sites.
Proper stock piling of
excavated soil and not in any
storm drains or any other
areas where water would
naturally accumulate
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad 2014
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causing flooding.
Operation
Phase
Noise air quality
Water quality
No air and noise problem from
sewer line as they will be laid
underground.
Inappropriate handling at IPS
Proper handling and regular
maintenance of operating
machines at SPS including
pumps, generators, air
diffusers, etc.
Social
Construction Livelihood No impact, as there will be no
impact on livelihood of any
permanent shop-owners, licensed
kiosks
But suggested if noticed
during construction, then
should be compensated
according to ESMF
Land acquisition No impact, as no fresh land is
required for any construction
-
Inconvenience to
public
There will be some minor
inconveniences to the public due
to construction like access to their
premises, etc.
Public notice to be
circulated, construction
should be completed in the
given time, debris should be
cleared in time
Health issues-due
to dust, noise
pollution
During construction dust and noise
generated, can cause nuisance to
people especially elderly and
children, but impact is very
limited.
Use of acoustics and water
sprinkling
These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans, which have
been suggested as well, along with monitoring and evaluation of future projects. In order to
implement the Environmental Management and Monitoring a budget of Rs. 7571696/- has
been estimated and this is also integrated the DPR cost.
Social Management Plan:
Implementation of EMP: In general, the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam (UPJN) (with assistance
from Contractor and Independent Engineer/Supervision Consultant) is the responsible entity
for ensuring that the mitigation measures as suggested in the ESAMP are carried out.
Though the project envisages to have some environmental and social impacts , however they
are temporary in nature can be mitigated with the implementation of the EMP and Social
management plan designed for the project along with effective monitoring of the
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad 2014
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implementation. The larger environmental value of the project greatly outweighs these
impacts. The project is expected to benefit the Allahabad City, as the wastewater that
currently flows untreated into the Ganga river will be captured, treated and the remainder of
the treated effluent will be allowed to flow into the river.
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad 2014
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Chapter 1 Introduction
The river Ganga has significant economic, environmental and cultural value in India. Rising
in the Himalayas and flowing in to the Bay of Bengal, the river traverses a course of more
than 2,500 km through the plains of north and eastern India. The Ganga main stem – which
also extends into parts of Nepal, China and Bangladesh – accounts for 26 per cent of India’s
landmass, 30 per cent of its water resources and more than 40 per cent of its population. The
Ganga also serves as one of India’s holiest rivers whose cultural and spiritual significance
transcends the boundaries of the basin.
Despite its importance, extreme pollution pressures from increasing population and
industrialization pose a great threat to the biodiversity and environmental sustainability of the
Ganga, with detrimental effects on both the quantity and quality of its flows. Discharge of
untreated sewage and industrial wastewater, non-point pollution sources from religious
activities along the river, agriculture and livestock as well as poor solid waste management
are the main causes for pollution in river Ganga.
1.1 Ganga Clean up Initiatives
The Government of India (GoI) has undertaken clean-up initiatives in the past. The most
prominent of such efforts was the Ganga Action Plan, launched in 1985 later complemented
by a similar plan for the Yamuna, the biggest tributary of the Ganga. These programmes have
faced significant public scrutiny and, despite some gains made in slowing the rate of water
quality degradation, they have been widely perceived as failure. The main shortcomings of
these initiatives were: (1) inadequate attention to institutional dimensions, including the
absence of a long-tem-basin planning and implementation framework; (2) little effort made in
addressing systemic weakness in the critical sectors of urban wastewater, solid waste
management, environmental monitoring, regulation and water resources management; and (3)
inadequate scale, coordination and prioritization of investments, with little emphasis on
ensuring their sustainability. These programs also did not pay sufficient attention to the social
dimensions of river clean-up, failing to recognize the importance of consultation,
participation and awareness-raising.
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad 2014
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The lessons drawn from these prior experiences indicate that improving water quality in the
Ganga cannot be achieved by plugging the infrastructure gap alone. Rather, any effective
initiative will have to adopt a three-pronged approach:
Establishing a basin-level, multi-sectoral framework for addressing pollution in the
river (including national/state policies and river basin management institutions);
Making relevant institutions operational and effective (e.g. with the capacity to plan,
implement and manage investments and enforce regulations); and,
Implementing a phased program of prioritized infrastructure investments (with
emphasis on sustainable operations and mobilization of community support)
1.2 The Ganga River Basin Project
As a major first step in achieving the above, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the
National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 2009, for the
comprehensive management of the river. The NGRBA will adopt a river-basin approach and
has been given a multi-sector mandate to address both water quantity and quality aspects. The
NGRBA has resolved that by year 2020, no untreated municipal sewage or industrial
effluents will be discharged into River Ganga.
Building on the high-level dialogue with GOI on Ganga, The World Bank has been formally
requested to provide long-term support to NGRBA, through several phases of substantive
financing and knowledge support. While, the overall technical assistance and program
development under the proposed project will focus on the entire Ganga main stem, the initial
emphasis of the specific investments under the first project will focus on main stem of Ganga
flowing through five basin states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West
Bengal in India. Specifically, pollution abatement programs in cities on the banks of these
States which would include a range of municipal investments such as sewer networks, waste
water treatment facilities, industrial pollution control measures, river front management and
solid waste disposal in the river through improved management in these cities and other
required supportive improvements. This is expected to be enabled through several phases of
substantive financing and knowledge support.
The first project of such several phases of support aims at;
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i) Establishing and operationalizing central and state level NGRBA institutions capable
of planning and implementing a multi sectoral river water quality improvement
program and;
ii) Reducing pollution loads into the river through selected investments.
To achieve the above, the proposed World Bank assisted National Ganga River Basin Project
(NGRBP) envisages two main components.
1.2.1 World Bank Assistance
The Government of India is implementing program with the assistance from the World
Bank to support the NGRBA in the long term. This project is, first operation, and aims to
support the NGRBA in establishing its operational-level institutions and implementing
priority investments.
1.3 Project Components
The project will have two components relating to institutional development and priority
infrastructure investments. The first component would seek to build the institutional capacity
to effectively implement the overall NGRBA program, including infrastructure investments
funded by the second component.
1.3.1 Component One: Institutional Development
1.3.1.1 Objective
The objectives of this component are to: (i) build functional capacity of the NGRBA’s
operational institutions at both the central and state levels; and (ii) provide support to
associated institutions for implementing the NGRBA program. The activities financed under
this component are grouped under the following sub-components:
(a) Sub-component A: NGRBA Operationalization and Program Management
(b) Sub-component B: Technical Assistance for ULB Service Providers
(c) Sub-component C: Technical Assistance for Environmental Regulators
1.3.2 Component Two: Priority Infrastructure Investments
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1.3.2.1 Objective
The objective of this component is to finance demonstrative infrastructure investments to
reduce pollution loads in priority locations on the river.
1.3.2.2 Four Investment Sectors
The majority of investments are expected to be in the wastewater sector, particularly in
wastewater treatment plants and sewerage networks. Investments will also be supported in
industrial pollution control and prevention (e.g. common effluent treatment plants), solid
waste management (e.g. collection, transport and disposal systems), and river front
management (e.g. improvement of the built environment along river stretches, improvement
of small ghats and electric crematoria, and the conservation and preservation of ecologically
sensitive sites). Many investments are likely to combine elements of more than one of these
sectors.
1.3.2.3 The Framework Approach
In lieu of defining and appraising specific investments, the project preparation has focused on
developing investments framework covering all four key sectors of intervention under the
NGRBA program. This single framework will apply to all investments under the NGRBA
program.
1.3.2.4 Investment Execution
The investments program will be planned and managed by the NGRBA PMG and SPMGs,
while the execution of specific infrastructure investments will be done by the selected
existing and qualified state-level technical agencies.
1.3.2.5 Rehabilitation of existing infrastructure
Investments involving rehabilitation of existing infrastructure will be included on priority,
due to their intrinsically higher returns in terms of reductions in pollution loads entering the
Ganga.
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1.4 Structure of the Report
The Detailed project Report is being prepared by UPJN and TERI has been working closely
with them while carrying out environmental and social assessment. This report deals with the
Environment and Social Assessment with Management Plan for the Sewerage works in
Sewerage District ‘A’ of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. It rolls out the baseline status of the
existing sewage situation and analyzes the situation if the proposed project is implemented,
with its possible implications and to negate those implications management plan is advised
which is as per the Environment and Social Management Framework. The present ESAMP
report is described in following 9 chapters as given below:
Chapter 1 is an introduction about the programme to clean up River Ganga and various
mechanisms to implement the project. This chapter details out the functionalities of the
institutions involved in the project.
Chapter 2 details put specific project description pertaining to the proposed sewerage project
in District A of Allahabad.
Chapter 3 of the report talks about the methodology adopted for the environmental and social
assessment.
Chapter 4 of the report presents the applicable laws and guidelines related to such kind of
projects.
Chapter 5 presents detailed baseline scenario of the information available for city and for
sewerage district A for both environmental and social aspects. Thereafter, Chapter 6,
discusses associated environmental and social impacts.
For the identified impacts, mitigation measures have been suggested in Chapter 7 of the
report.
Chapter 8 is a presentation of social development outcomes of the proposed project and
related issues.
Chapter 9 finally concludes the inferences brought out from the environmental and social
analysis of the project activities in Allahabad District ‘A’. It also highlights the conclusion
based on the analysis which shows that the proposed project can be categorized as ‘Low
Impact’.
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Chapter 2 Project Description
2.1 About the City
Allahabad city lies on the 25°28’ North latitude and 81° 52’ East longitude. Main land of the
city is surrounded by river Ganga and Yamuna in three directions i.e. North, South and east
direction. The river Ganga flows on the north and east boundary of the old city while river
Yamuna flows on south boundary of old city as shown in the Figure 2.1. Allahabad is among
the largest cities in Uttar Pradesh. The city is situated at the auspicious confluence (Sangam)
of three holy rivers 'Ganga', 'Yamuna' and the river of enlightenment, the mythical
'Saraswati'. There are very few places parallel to Allahabad not only in India but also around
the world, which is described in ancient scriptures as Prayag -Prayagraj or Teerthraaj (the
holiest pilgrimage centre). With the additional magnetism of Maha Kumbh Mela, hailed as
the world's largest congregation of devotees, attended by millions of pilgrims, its importance
can hardly be over emphasized. Over the centuries that followed, Allahabad remained on the
forefront of national importance - more so, during the days of the Indian independence
struggle. The chequered history of Allahabad with its religious, cultural and historical ethos
also gave rise to several renowned scholars, poets, writers, thinkers, statesmen and leaders.
The city being an important cantonment during the British Raj has some beautiful remnants
of colonial architecture. In the early 20th century, Allahabad University was the foremost
center of learning in the country. Allahabad, today has served as commercial, academic,
tourism and industrial centre of eastern Uttar Pradesh and adjoining parts of the nearby
States.
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Plate 2.1 Anand Bhawan- house of Jawaharlal Nehru’s Family (left) and night view of New Yamuna
bridge (right)1
2.2 Existing Sewerage Facilities in Allahabad City
The Sewerage system in the Allahabad city was first introduced in the year 1910. The facility
was subsequently extended in a number of developing areas according to the need and
financial position of the local body. The collection system covers about 45% of the city area
and most of this is within the central core of the city. The total amount of wastewater
measured in drains and at the STPs in the year 2000 was about 210 mld of which 89 mld was
diverted into the sewer collection system. The wastewater flowing into the SPS (Sewage
Pumping Station) is greater than the existing treatment capacity of STP, leading to overflow
of untreated wastewater into the river as shown in Plate 2.2. Further the existing sewers have
outlived their design life and suffer from insufficient hydraulic capabilities, heavy silt
deposition, severe choking due to ingress of solid waste and poor structural conditions in
most of the stretches.
Presently there are 57 drains/ nalas which discharge into the rivers Ganga & Yamuna at
Allahabad. Out of 57 drains, 2 drains fall in the cantonment area under the control of the
defense ministry. Out of remaining 55 polluting drains, 7 major drains have been intercepted
under Ganga Action Plan Phase I (GAP - I), 2 drains have been tapped under Ganga Action
Plan Phase II (GAP - II), further 16 drains will be tapped under the ongoing scheme under
JNNURM, 10 drains are proposed to be tapped under a scheme pending for approval and new
DPR’s are under preparation for tapping of the remaining 20 drains. UPJN (Uttar Pradesh Jal
1 Allahabad district government website, <http://allahabad.nic.in/PictureGallery.htm>
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Nigam) is responsible for pollution prevention and planning capital projects for sewerage.
UPJN also operates and maintains large pumping stations and the treatment plant. Jal
Sansthan is responsible for maintenance of trunk sewers, lateral sewers and collection of
revenue from house connections. The brief details about the completed/ on-going/ approved
sewerage projects in Allahabad city are described below.
Plate 2.2 Chanchar Nala (left) and Wastewater discharged behind the house (right)
2.2.1 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase – I (GAP-I)
With the objective of abatement of pollution to improve the river water quality and to reduce
the environmental degradation, Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1985 by the Ministry of
Environment & Forests, Government of India. The main focus of the Plan was on
Interception & Diversion and treatment of sewage through 261 schemes spread over 25 Class
I towns of U.P., Bihar and West Bengal. Nearly 34 Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) with a
treatment capacity of 869 mld have been set up under the Plan, which was completed in
March 2000 at a cost of Rs. 452 crores. The Schemes completed under GAP-I in the district
of Allahabad city are summarized below:
Renovation of Gaughat Main Sewage Pumping Station
Renovation of Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations
Relieving sewer in Kydganj area
Daraganj sewer and Sewage Pumping Station
Relieving sewer in Daraganj area
Tapping of Mumfordganj nala
Tapping of Chachar nala
Partial tapping of Ghaghar nala
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60 mld sewage treatment works at Naini based on Activated Sludge Process
2.2.2 Works Completed under Ganga Action Plan Phase II
In continuation with the pollution abatement programme, Ganga Action Plan-II was started in
1993, which planned to cover 59 towns located along the river in the five states of
Uttarakhand, U.P, Jharkhand, Bihar and West-Bengal. Nearly 319 schemes have been taken
up under the plan, out of which 200 have been completed. An expenditure of Rs. 370.40 crore
has been incurred so far creating sewage treatment capacity of 130 mld. Later in 1996, this
plan was expanded into the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP), which presently
covers polluted stretches of 36 rivers in 20 States in the country. The Schemes completed
under GAP-I in the district of Allahabad are summarized below:
Renovation/ Rehabilitation of Chachar nala SPS
Tapping Salori nala and Construction of Sewage pumping station
29 mld Salori STP with land acquisition
Construction of Morigate Sewage Pumping Station
2.2.3 On-going works in Sewerage District ‘D’ Under JNNURM
In order to encourage the cities in taking up the initiative steps to bring about improvement in
the existing service levels in a financially sustainable manner, Jawaharlal Nehru National
Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) was launched in December 2005 by the Government of
India. The primary objective of the JnNURM is to create economically productive, efficient,
equitable and responsive cities. With reference to Allahabad city, the under mentioned works
have been approved by the Central Sanctioning & Monitoring Committee (CSMC) of the
Ministry of Urban Development Govt. of India in 2009. Completion period of the approved
works is 3 years.
Construction of new Trunk Sewer 7.20 Km
Replacement of old Trunk Sewer 3.800 Km
Lateral & Branch sewers 225.000 Km
Desilting and Rehabilitation of existing old Trunk Sewer 5.474 Km
Renovation & Upgradation of Alopibagh SPS and its rising main
Renovation & Upgradation of Morigate SPS and its rising main
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Renovation & Upgradation of Allahpur SPS
Renovation & Upgradation of Daraganj SPS
55 mld Capacity MPS and its rising main at Mumfordganj
25 mld Capacity MPS and its rising main at Rajapur
60 mld Sewage Treatment Plant at Rajapur
2.2.4 Works Approved Under NGRBA for District A
To ensure effective abatement of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga, keeping with
sustainable development needs, the Government of India (GoI) constituted the National
Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), on 20th February 2009. The prime objectives of the
NGRBA program are to finance infrastructure investments to reduce pollution loads at
priority locations on the river Ganga. The investments are intended to exemplify, among
other attributes, the high standards of technical preparation and implementation, sustainability
of operations, and public participation. With reference to Allahabad city, DPRs amounting to
Rs. 305.34 Crore, has been approved under the National Ganga River Basin Authority
(NGRBA), Ministry of Environment & Forest Govt. of India. Following sewerage works are
going on in sewerage District A under the “Sewerage & Non sewerage Scheme for Pollution
abatement of river Ganga at Allahabad”. This scheme, amounting to Rs. 305.34 Cr was
approved by the NRCD, MoEF, Govt. of India in May 2010.
a. Sewer Laying works
i On MG marg from High Court to Rambag Railway crossing – 3.80 km
ii. On attersuiya road, Meerapur, Hatia etc. 5.40 km
b. De-silting & Re-habitation of old trunk sewer
c. Renovation & Up-gradation of Chachar Nala Sewage Pumping Station.
d. Renovation & Up-gradation of Gaughat Sewage Pumping Station.
e. Up-gradation of Naini STP by 20 mld.
The proposed work in District A has following major components:
Approximately 240.627 km long sewerage network
Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations at Bairahana, Kydganj (Gate No.9),
Bargadghat SPS
Sewer cleaning equipment
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2.2.5 City Sewerage Plan
As per the recent master plan of city development, Allahabad city has been divided into seven
sewerage districts A-G as shown in Figure 2.1. The District wise (A to G) arrangements and
status of sewage treatment in Allahabad is given in Table 2.1.
District A: District ‘A’ covers central core conveying sewage to existing Gaughat
MPS and Naini STP. This area includes the old city core with an old sewerage
network dating back to as early as 1910. Wastewater from this area is collected at
Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing rising mains across the Yamuna railway
bridge to Naini STP. Defined under the previous master plan as Zone I, the sewerage
network has been reconfigured under this Master Plan to provide a smaller catchment
area that will not exceed the maximum capacity of Gaughat MPS and Naini STP
(ultimate design capacity of 80 mld with expansion). Population densities in this area
are generally greater than 300 persons per hectare and water distribution sufficiently
good to support full coverage with sewerage. Wastewater that does not enter the
sewer system finds its way to Chachar nala, Ghaghar nala and many smaller tributary
drains. Chachar nala flow is at present tapped and pumped to Gaughat MPS.
District B: From Lukerganj SPS to Ghaghar nala SPS, conveying sewage upstream of
Yamuna River to Numaya Dahi STP. This district is located to the west of district A
from Ghaghar nala to Sasur Khaderi river.
District C: Area north of cantonment conveying sewage to sanctioned Salori STP.
Wastewater from Allapur area has been reassigned to the Salori STP catchment since
crossing the bridge to Phaphamau as previously proposed was not possible. At present
the area has no sewers and waste water flow through the Salori, Allenganj and
Buxibund nala which are intercepted and diverted to 29 mld capacity Salori STP
constructed under GAP II.
District D: Alopibagh SPS area will convey sewage to proposed Rajapur STP. This
zone is experiencing rapid growth and projected populations indicate that densities
will be much greater than 300 persons per hectare before 2025.
District E: West Allahabad conveying sewage to Kodara STP and Ponghat STP in
Sulem Sarai area. This district is divided into three nala catchments, namely Ponghat
nala to the west, Kodara nala (central), and Nehru Park nala to the east.
District F: Phaphamau area conveying sewage to Phaphamau STP. At present the area
has no sewers but in future sewers will be laid as per requirement.
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District G: South of Yamuna river conveying sewage to proposed Mawaiya STP.
Proposed sewerage District G is largely un-sewered at present.
In addition to the seven sewerage districts, the Master Plan has identified two future service
areas (FSA) which are outside the municipal limits but have or will have, within the design
horizon, a population density of more than 120 person / ha. Hence, the sewerage system
needs to be extended to FSAs in the future.
Table 2.1 District wise (A to G) arrangements and status of Sewage Treatment in Allahabad*
Sewer
Service
Areas
Population
in 2001
Projected Population Projected Sewage Flow in
MLD
2010 2025 2040 2010 2025 2040
District A* 304643 405176 479731 515155 62.80 74.36 79.35
District B 160416 179826 279169 343674 27.87 43.27 53.27
District C 147126 198473 267180 323679 30.76 41.41 50.17
District D 225846 314514 361352 496859 48.75 56.01 77.01
District E 164672 177845 223789 322577 27.57 34.69 50.00
District F 29628 36000 65196 129500 5.58 10.11 20.07
District G 160000 185121 232280 418000 28.69 36.00 64.79
Total 1192331 1496955 1908697 2549444 232.03 295.85 395.16
Source: Detailed Project Report (revised as per ECC Recommendations) of Sewerage Works in Sewerage
District ‘A’ by U P Jal Nigam, 2010-11
*Population figures include daily floating population but do not include population of Kumb
Mela.
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Figure 2.1 City sewerage Plan of Allahabad city Source: City Development Plan, Allahabad Nagar Niga
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
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2.3 Necessity of this project
NGRBA is the authority working under the nodal Ministry of Environment and Forest
(MoEF). NGRBA has formulated a mission named “Mission Clean Ganga” for preventing,
controlling and effective abatement of pollution happening for river Ganga and is taking
measures for controlling pollution. Under the ‘Mission Clean Ganga’, no untreated municipal
sewage or industrial effluent would be allowed to be discharged into the river Ganga by the
year 2020.
Allahabad city is part of Ganga River Basins and sewerage system does not exist in many
part of the city. At present there is no sewage collection system in many parts of sewerage
District A and existing sewerage system is not capable to tackle the present sewage
generation. Most of the houses have individual soak pits for collecting sewage and sullage is
discharged in open drains which ultimately meets Yamuna River which finally meets the
river Ganga in the downstream side called holy Sangam. Soak pits are required to be cleaned
periodically. People living in this area are facing problem of odour and nuisance and leading
to unhygienic condition and health concerns.
With view to Mission Clean Ganga objective of NGRBA, it is proposed to provide sewerage
system of laterals, branches and trunk sewers in Sewerage District –A in this DPR. By this
system entire sewage of this sewerage district A will be collected in integrated manner and
brought it up to Gaughat SPS from where it will be diverted to Naini STP for treatment
before discharging into Yamuna River. It will improve sanitation level and prevention of
untreated discharge of sewage into river Yamuna and finally in Ganga River.
Table 2.2 Projected Populations for Allahabad Sewerage District ‘A’
Method/Year 2020 2035 2050
Arithmetic Increase 13,64,123 15,11,527 16,44,190
Geometrical Increase 15,05,092 18,61,813 22,54,612
Incremental Increase 13,79,334 15,57,160 17,30,208
Graphical 17,03,814 21,72,480 27,03,560
Average of above 14,88,091 17,75,745 20,83,143
Source: Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ by U P Jal Nigam, 2013
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
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Table 2.3 Sewage Flow Generation (Capacities in MLD)
District Existing
STP
Capacity
(MLD)
Required
STP in
2025
(MLD)
Required
in 2040
(MLD)
Total STP
Capacity by
2040 (MLD)
Proposed Capacity for
Sub-project (MLD)
District A 60.00 74.36 79.85 80 20
**DPRs approved
Source: Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ by U P Jal Nigam, 2013
Under other sanctioned project of NGRBA following components are aleady taken up in Allahabad A, namely:
Expansion of existing STP from 60mld to 80 mld at Naini;
Espansion of SPS (Sewage Pumping Station) at Gaughat;
Expansion of SPS at Chachar Nala;
Laying and replacement of Trunk sewer;and,
Desilting and Rehabilitation of Trunk Sewer
As part of the present design of the sewage network these details are considered and the present project has been
proposed with:
Approximately 240.6227km long sewerage network
Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations at Bairahana, Kydganj (Gate No.9),
Bargadghat SPS
Sewer cleaning equipment
2.4 Location of Proposed Sewerage Project
Sewerage District A of the City of Allahabad covers central core and conveys sewage to
existing Gaughat Main Pumping Station (MPS) and Naini Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)
(refer figure 2.1). This area includes the old city core with an old sewerage network dating
back to as early as 1910. There are totally 27 wards falling under this project area, having a
total population of 405176 as of 20102. The area is mostly residential with some main
markets, institutes and hospitals.
The state of existing sewers is summarized below:
• Most of the existing sewers are old brick sewers which have outlived their design life
• The structural condition of sewers in most stretches is poor
2 Detailed Project Report (revised as per ECC Recommendations) of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’
by U P Jal Nigam, 2010-11
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
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• Hydraulic capacities are insufficient even for the present flows
• All existing lines have heavy silt deposition
• Sewers are severely choked due to ingress of solid waste
• All lines have large variations in constructed slopes
Wastewater from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing rising
mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP. The existing capacity of Gaughat
MPS does not get fully utilized because of extensive daily power cuts. MPS has a single
supply source and often the diesel is inadequate to operate the pumps during long power cuts.
MPS is also facing problems due to the large load of solid waste being carried in with the
wastewater. The wastewater flowing into the MPS is greater than the treatment capacity at
Naini STP and hence, large amounts simply overflow untreated into Yamuna River.
Defined under the previous master plan as Zone I, the sewerage network has been
reconfigured under this Master Plan to provide a smaller catchment area that will not exceed
the maximum capacity of Gaughat MPS and Naini STP (ultimate design capacity of 80 mld
with expansion). The sewer connection ratio in the district is around 45%. Wastewater that
does not enter the sewer system finds its way to Chachar nala, Ghaghar nala and many
smaller tributary drains. Chachar nala flow is at present tapped and pumped to Gaughat MPS.
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Figure 2.2 Location of Sewerage District ‘A’ in Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh.
Source: City Development Plan, Allahabad Nagar Nigam
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2.5 Proposed Sewerage System
The Detailed project Report is being prepared by UP Jal Nigam and TERI has been
working closely with them while carrying out environmental and social assessment.
The proposed sub-project aims to provide complete sewerage facilities in the
sewerage district ‘A’ of the Allahabad city. The sub-projects covered under this
present sewage projects of district A includes:
Approximately 240.6227km long sewerage network
Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations at Bairahana, Kydganj (Gate No.9),
Bargadghat SPS
Sewer cleaning equipment
2.5.1 Components of Proposed Sewerage Work
Comprehensive sewerage network is proposed for sewerage district ‘A’ to cover the
remaining area with sewerage system, so that sewage flows can be collected in an
integrated manner and conveyed to STP for treatment before discharge into Ganga
river via Nallah. The proposed sewerage system is designed for 30 years period with
design year 2050. The 240 km stretch will be divided into 3 zones of approximately
80 Kms each.
A. Sewer System
(i) Sewer Pipes: It is proposed to lay 240 km long sewer network in sewerage
district A of the city. In proposed system, laterals are proposed along the roads
to connect sewage from individual houses and it is connected to branch
sewers. Branch sewers are joined to trunk sewers and finally to trunk main.
The proposed sewers are of RCC pipes (Class NP3) for all the diameters. The
provision is also made for HDPE pipes for 200 & 250 mm dia. in the
congested and narrow lanes to speed up the construction work at site. The
table below presents the size and length of the proposed sewers in the 3 zones
of District A.
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(ii) Manholes: The ordinary circular manholes of brick masonry are proposed at
all the junctions, change of diameters, and change in pipe gradients and on
straight run of sewer at 30m interval for dia. upto 900mm. Drop manholes are
proposed where the difference between invert level of lateral / branch sewer
and maximum water level (at design peak flows) of main sewer is more than
600mm. RCC precast manholes (for depth upto 2m) are considered in
congested areas with narrow roads for speedy construction.
(iii) House connection: The sewer house connections are progressive work and
expected to be achieved more than 95% by year 2020 House connections are
proposed along with sewerage system. Single and multiple connections are
proposed. 100% house connections are proposed for District A since these
areas are mostly un-sewered. Sewer connection ratio of more than 95% is
proposed to be achieved by year 2020.
B. Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations
a) Proposed New Bairahana SPS of 22.00 MLD capacity
The proposed SPS in New Bairahana area in the sewerage network of Allahabad,
District A Zone I is designed to pump the sewage of Zone I to manhole no. M2-6942.
Size/ Dia in mm Zone wise Length (m) Total Length
(m) Zone I Zone II Zone III
200 77132.5 75151.9 63495 215779.4
250 2015.8 2640.2 1149.1 5805.1
300 921.6 2465.5 1011.1 4398.2
350 894.2 1106.2 1090.1 3090.5
400 1271.1 736 411.5 2418.6
500 2631.3 2315.1 1115.5 6061.9
600 158.2 703 406.8 1268
700 0 0 712 712
800 0 142.4 797.8 940.2
900 0 0 153.2 153.2
Total Length 85024.7 85260.3 70342.1 240627.1
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From where it will be conveyed by gravity to downstream network which will be
ultimately collected at Gaughat SPS from where it will be pumped to Naini STP for
treatment.
b) Proposed Kydganj SPS of 12 MLD capacity
The proposed SPS in Kydganj area along bank or Yamuna river in the
sewerage network of Allahabad, District A Zone II is designed to pump the
sewage to manhole no. M2-66500. From where it will be conveyed by gravity
to downstream network which will be ultimately collected at Gaughat SPS
from where it will be pumped to Naini STP for treatment.
c) Proposed Bargadghat SPS of 60 MLD capacity
The proposed SPS at Bargad Ghat on the bank of river Yamuna in the
sewerage network of Allahabad, District A Zone II is designed to pump the
sewage to manhole no. M2-5194. From where it will be conveyed by gravity
to downstream network which will be ultimately collected at Gaughat SPS
from where it will be pumped to Naini STP for treatment.
C. Sewer Cleaning Equipment
For proper maintenance of the sewerage system, provision has been made for one no.
Jetting cum suction machine, one no. tractor trolley, mounted tanker and one no.
submersible dredger pump.
2.5.2 Implementation Schedule
It is anticipated that entire work will be completed within 36 months from the date of
approval and allotment of funds.
2.5.3 Financing
Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ by U P Jal
Nigam, 2013 under National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) programme
amounting to Rs. 288.94 Crores.
Under the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP), the Central Government will
provide financial assistance of 70% of the total project cost. The remaining 30% of
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
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the project cost will be borne by the State Government of UP and the ULB/ Allahabad
Municipal Corporation. The share of the Central Government shall accordingly be Rs.
202.26crore. Balance amount of Rs. 86.68crore will be shared by the Govt. of UP.
The State Government has given its commitment to bear their share of the cost and
accordingly tripartite MoA has been executed in between NMCG, State Government
and Allahabad Municipal Corporation.
ABSTRACT COST ESTIMATION (Rs. In Lakhs)
Sl.No Description Estimated Cost (Rs. In Lakhs)
Civil Work E/ M
Works
Total
A Sewerage work in Zone I
1 Sewer Laying by Open Excavation method 7357.92 0 7357.92
2 New Bairahana SPS 332.41 450.11 782.52
3 Rising Main 36 36
4 Kydganj (Gate No.9) SPS 397.51 401.17 798.68
5 Rising Main 120 120
Sub Total (Zone I) of A 8243.84 851.28 9095.12
B Sewerage work in Zone II
1 Sewer Laying by Open Excavation method 7053.58 0 7053.58
2 Bargadghat SPS 394.3 518 912.3
3 Rising Main 379 0 379
Sub Total (Zone II) of B 7826.88 518 8344.88
C Sewerage work in Zone III
1 Sewer Laying by Open Excavation method 5297.61 0 5297.61
2 Sewer Laying by Trenchless method 908.67 0 908.67
3 Desilting& CIPP lining 816.81 0 816.81
Sub Total (Zone III) of C 7023.09 7023.09
D Communication & Public Outreach 105 0 105
E GAAP 30 0 30
F ESAMP 90 0 90
G Total of (A+B+C+D+E+F) 23318.81 1369.28 24688.09
H Centage charges of (G)
1 Cost of Project preparation @ 4% (maximum) 987.52
2 Cost of supervision of project @ 4% as per
NGRBA PROGRAMME guidelines (maximum)
987.52
I Sub Total of H 1975.05
J Provision for sewer cleaning equipment’s 112.22 112.22
K Five Years O & M Cost 2119.35
L Sub Total of (J+K) 2231.57
Total cost (G+I+L) 28894.71
Total cost in crore 288.94 Cr
.
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
30
Chapter 3 Approach and Methodology
3.1 Methodology
The Detailed project Report is being prepared by UPJN and TERI has been working
closely with them while carrying out environmental and social assessment.
As per Environmental and Social Management Frame work (NGRBA, 2011)3, the
river pollution mitigation projects under the NGRBP is anticipated to encounter a
variety of environmental and social problems. Hence, an environmental and social
assessment with corresponding management plans for the proposed project of
sewerage works in sewerage district ‘A’ of Allahabad City has been conducted using
the following methodology:
Figure 3.1 Flowchart describing the steps adopted for Project Impact Assessment
a. Secondary Data analysis (Identify Information/Data Requirements and their
Sources): All the available information and data (quantitative, qualitative)
regarding the proposed project was collected mainly from the Detailed Project
3 For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank
Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin
Authority, MoEF.
Developing mitigation plan
Identification and assessment of
environmental/ social impacts
Screening activity
Secondary data analysis Field survey and stake-
holder consultation
Brief description & analysis of
the sub project activities
Detailed environmental profile of the
project influence area
Discussion with host population
and key stake-holders
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
31
Report (DPR), consultation with stake-holders and other secondary sources
including the water/air/noise monitoring reports of UP Pollution Board, Water
Quality Management Plan of Ganga River Report of JICA and NRCD, City
Development Plan of Allahabad and many others. Through this secondary
information a brief description and analysis of the sub-project activities along
with baseline environmental profile of the project influence was established.
Based on initial understanding, the list of required information was drafted
before conducting the field survey.
b. Defining the project area and carrying out scoping in the field: Team
undertook the field survey and transect walk of the sewerage district ‘A’ area
to develop the understanding of the proposed project (refer Plate 3.1, 3.2).
GPS surveying of the study area was also conducted for mapping the social
and environmental issue. Field visits helped to understand the local knowledge
and were valuable in finding alternatives that help avoid or at least reduce the
magnitude and severity of adverse impacts.
Plate 3.1 Consultation with ambulatory vendors
c. Survey of the host population: With the help of questionnaires, local people
were interviewed in groups. A wide range of potentially affected people were
interviewed in District A including street vendors, residents of households,
residents of temporary settlements, shop keepers, hospital patients, hospital
staff, etc. Both men and women were interviewed from different sections of
the society. Team undertook three field visits to carry out the survey and
understand the ground situation. The interviewees were asked about their
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
32
awareness of the project, their response to it and if the project is affecting
them (during construction phase) and how it will affect them (after completion
phase). Also they were asked about the mitigation plans they have adopted or
are planning to adopt, suggestions for improvement and any public grievances.
Surveys were conducted along the path of construction site. Questionnaire
used for the survey is attached as Annexure (1).
Plate 3.2 Consultation with local community
d. Discussion with the key stakeholders: Most of the interactions with important
key stakeholders were through both informal and formal discussions with
them. All the associated government departments were visited to collect the
relevant data and their feedback on the project activities. Minutes of meeting
for all these discussions are attached as Annexure (2).
e. Conduct Screening: Screening is undertaken in the very beginning stages of
project development. The purpose of screening is to screen out “no significant
impacts” from those with significant impacts and get a broad picture of the
nature, scale and magnitude of the issues. Team conducted screening process
using the screening checklist format provided in ESMF report of NGRBA,
which is described in subsequent section.
f. Identify and assess the impacts: Based on the analysis of the data gathered
from field survey, stakeholder interaction/ consultation and secondary sources,
issues related to the environmental and social sectors were been identified.
The impacts so identified were compared with the existing baseline
environmental and social condition of the study region. The impacts of the
activities are mostly positive with few adverse impacts.
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
33
g. Develop a mitigation plan: Based on the environmental and social issues
identified, measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for
adverse impacts and improve environmental performance were recommended.
The mitigation plans is suggested in all three stages: designing phase,
construction phase and, operation and maintenance phase.
3.2 Project Screening
The project screening was carried out to understand the nature, scale and magnitude
of environmental and social issues associated with the project. The screening activity
was conducted as per the guidelines provided in Environmental and Social
Management Framework of NGRBA (NGRBA, 2011)4 and on the secondary data
analysis, field assessments and stakeholder interaction/ consultation. The detail of
screening is summarized in the Table 3.1 below.
Table 3.1 Environment and Social information format for screening
Environment and Social information format for screening
Project Title: Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’ in Allahabad City of Uttar Pradesh
Implementing agency: Ganga Pollution Control Unit, Allahabad
Project cost: Rs 25108.87 Lakhs
Project components:
a). Sewer System (~240 km long)
b). 3 Intermediate Sewage Pumping Station
c). Sewer Cleaning Equipment
Project location (Area/ district): Sewerage District A in Allahabad
District A covers central core conveying sewage to existing Gaughat MPS AND Naini STP.
This area includes the old city core with an old sewerage network dating back to as early as
1910. Wastewater from this area is collected at Gaughat MPS and pumped through existing
rising mains across the Yamuna railway bridge to Naini STP.
Screening Criteria Assessment
of category
Explanatory note for
categorization
Evidence and
references
4 For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank
Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin
Authority, MoEF.
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
34
1 Is the project in an eco-
sensitive area or
adjoining an eco-
sensitive area?
(Yes/No) If Yes,
which is t h e area?
Elaborate i m p a c t
accordingly.
No There are no eco-
sensitive areas such as
water bodies, or
protected forested areas
surrounding the project.
The only ASI monument
in sewerage district A
namely Kydganj
Cemetery
will not be impacted also
the proposed sewage line
passes more than 200 m
away from the cemetery.
Figure 5.8 : Map
showing the Eco-
sensitive areas closest to
Allahabad District A.
Field visits, secondary
information and
interaction with U.P. Jal
Nigam, ASI official and
other Government
officials.
2
Will the project create significant/limited/no social impacts?
2.1 Land acquisition
resulting in loss of
income from
agricultural land,
plantation or other
existing land-use.
No social
impacts
Land acquisition is not
required.
As per the first hand
observation in the field
and through interviews
of key stakeholders,
residents, local people,
and other sources like
DPR, CRR, it is clear
that no private land
would be acquired for
either laying of sewer
network or for SPS.
Sewer line would be laid
on the public roads.
So there is no loss of
income from agricultural
land. Moreover there are
no agricultural fields in
the district.
Also there exist no
squatters or encroachers
in and around the
premises which will get
affected due to it
Figure 5.10: indicating
that the sewer line will
pass through the
residential colonies,
commercial areas of the
district and would not
enter or pass through
agricultural fields.
Field visits,
consultation with
stakeholders, like local
people (for JNNURM
projects), local
residents, government
officials.
2.2 Loss of livelihood No Loss of livelihood would
not take place and since
mobile vendors can shift
their position only minor
disruption in terms of
access to shops would
occur.
Consultation with
stakeholders, like (for
JNNURM projects),
DPR & CRR
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
35
2.3 Land acquisition
resulting in
relocation of
households.
No social
impacts
Land acquisition is not
required.
As per the first hand
observation in the field
and through interviews
of key stakeholders,
residents, local people,
and other sources like
DPR, CRR, it is clear
that no private land
would be acquired for
either laying of sewer
network or for building
up new SPS.
The project land is
already available with
the government and also
Revenue department has
confirmed the
ownership.
Also there exist no
squatters or encroachers
in and around the
premises which will get
affected due to it
Field survey,
Consultations with
stakeholders, like local
people (for JNNURM
projects), local
residents, government
officials.
DPR & CRR
2.4 Any reduction of
access to
traditional and
river dependent
communities (to
river and areas
where they earn for
their primary or
substantial
livelihood).
No social
impacts
No access problem to
river
Field visits and
consultations with the
shop keepers, mobile
vendors, expert opinions
2.5 Any displacement
or adverse impact
on tribal
settlement(s).
No social
impacts
There are no tribal
settlements in the project
area.
Consultations with
stakeholders, like local
people (for JNNURM
projects), local
residents, government
officials.
2.6 Any specific gender
issues.
No social
impacts
No gender issues were
reported during survey
Consultations,
interviews, which were
taken up with females
specifically.
3 Will the project create significant / limited / no environmental impacts during the
construction stage? (Significant / limited / no impacts)
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
36
3.1 Clearance of
vegetation/ tree-
cover
No
environmenta
l impacts
The major land use
pattern of sewerage
district A is mostly
residential and
commercial, with no
agricultural and no
forested areas.
Also no tree cutting is
involved in the pumping
station sites
Vegetation and tree
cover were insignificant
in the proposed project
area. Also, sewer lines
will be laid in the centre
of the roads hence no
impact on trees (which
are aligned along the
sides of roads)
Field visits and
Interaction with UP Jal
Nigam, Nagar Nigam
department.
Figure 5.10 GIS map of
ward localities in
District A.
Figure 3.2: Satellite
image showing the
alignment of trees along
the sides of the roads in
District A.
Figure 5.7: GIS map of
identified parks in
District A.
3.2 Direct discharge of
construction run-
off, improper
storage and
disposal of
excavation spoils,
wastes and other
construction
materials adversely
affecting water
quality and flow
regimes.
Limited Possibility of temporary
flushing away of un-
managed spoils and
construction wastes
during rainfall to river
Ganga via storm water
drains.
If not appropriately
managed, there may be
potential for temporarily
affecting storm water
flows by obstruction to
flows and blockage of
drains, especially during
rainfall. This may cause
floods.
Interaction with UP Jal
Nigam and other
Government officials and
consultation with local
residents of sewerage
district ‘A’.
Figure 5.7: GIS map
showing the drainage
network of District A.
3.3 Flooding of
adjacent areas
Limited
For sewerage works in
the entire sewerage
district A, flooding could
be an issue during the
monsoons, since the
drainage system in
sewerage district ‘A’
covers approximately 60-
65 %, which is further
ineffective due to
blocked drains and poor
City Development Plan
for Allahabad, Final
Report by Feedback
Ventures.
Plate 5.1: Image
showing flooded streets
of Allahabad District A
after rainfall.
.
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
37
solid waste management.
The areas which are
expected to face
temporary flooding
issues include slum area
in Kydganj
Additionally, if water
pipes are inadvertently
breached, flooding will
result.
3.4 Improper storage
and handling of
substances leading
to contamination of
soil and water
Limited
The storage of
construction related
material will not cause
any contamination since
these materials would
typically include:
Concrete, pipes,
masonry, rubber pipes.
There are no water
bodies within the study
area. However, with
other finer materials such
as powders, fluids and
greases, if not
appropriately managed
or in the event of an
accident, there may be
potential for temporary
contamination of the
river Yamuna and Ganga
via the various drains
and nalas in sewerage
district A, during
rainfall.
Plate 3.4: Image
showing a typical
sewage construction
area with material.
Figure 5.6 highlights
the drainage network.
Section 5.1.10.1
provides details about
agricultural land in
sewerage district ‘A’.
Additionally, there is a
provision in the DPR for
Allahabad Sewerage
District ‘A’, Volume I,
for clearance of site
after construction period
and unforeseen items
3.5 Elevated noise and
dust emission
Limited
For sewage works,
construction is likely to
increase dust and noise
levels temporarily.
Temporary impacts may
especially be felt at
educational facilities like
schools/colleges
Allahabd Degree
College, Kesrvidyapith
Inter College, Ewing
Consultation with local
residents, and
interaction with UP Jal
Nigam and other
Government officials.
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
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Christian College, Shiv
Charan Das,
Kanhaiyalal Intermediate
College
Provided that
construction works near
schools and colleges are
carried out during
vacations and works near
hospitals are completed
on priority basis (in
shorter time period with
alternate provision of
traffic, accessibility of
exit/entry gates etc.), the
impacts may be limited.
If construction schedule
is followed, then impacts
will be temporary as 1
km of sewer line is
approximated to be
completed within 3 days.
3.6 Disruption to
traffic movements
Limited Sewer construction leads
to the temporary tearing-
up of roads and increase
in large construction
vehicles, which might
impair traffic movement,
especially in the
narrower roads and lanes
as seen mainly in
Muthiganj, Rambagh.
Figure 6.1: GIS map
distinguishing road
network of District A
with majority of roads
in the Narrow category
(<=5 units).
Plate 6.1: Image
showing a typical busy
street at Rambagh
Chauraha in District A
Additionally, there is a
provision in the DPR for
Allahabad Sewerage
District ‘A’, Volume-I
for diversion of
traffic/regulation during
construction period
3.7 Damage to existing
infrastructure,
public utilities,
Limited If not appropriately
managed, there may be
potential for temporarily
Interaction with UP Jal
Nigam and other
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
39
amenities etc. affecting the existing
public utilities like water
supply, telephone,
electricity cables etc.
Records and layout plans
of existing underground
utilities and cable
networks (like telephone,
electricity water etc.)
were unavailable.
Government officials.
Additionally, there is a
provision in the DPR for
Allahabad Sewerage
District ‘A’, Volume-
for shifting &
reinstatement of utilities
3.8 Failure to restore
temporary
construction sites
Limited From field visits and as
per JNNURM project
reinstatement of
dismantled roads after
filling and proper
compaction was
observed.
Although temporary,
concerns regarding
failure to restore
construction sites
including failure to close
and appropriately fence-
off open pits were cited
as safety concerns
especially for children.
Field visits and
interaction with U.P. Jal
Nigam and other
Government officials and
consultation with local
residents.
Plate 3.5: Image shows
the good practice of
fencing-off construction
areas; this was followed
in the JNNURM phase
sewerage project in
Allahabad.
Additionally, there is a
provision in the DPR for
Allahabad Sewerage
District ‘A’, Volume I,
for clearance of site
after construction period
and unforeseen items
3.9 Possible conflicts
with and/or
disruption to local
community
Limited
For the laying of sewer
works, there will be
temporary disruption to
the local community in
terms of access to roads
(narrow roads), shops
and residences.
Conflicts/disruption to
local community was
inferred as limited based
on survey responses
which indicated the
community’s ability to
adapt to temporary
disruptions, and their
Consultation with local
people.
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
40
overall preference for the
project.
3.1
0
Health risks due to
unhygienic
conditions at
workers camps
Limited
Field visits and as per
JNNURM project no
worker camps were seen.
However there might be
small camps within
which, if hygienic
conditions are not
maintained, there may be
temporary impacts.
3.1
1
Safety hazards
during construction
Limited From field visits and as
per JNNURM project
practices for safety
precautions such as
fencing-off construction
areas, sign posts etc.
were observed.
If not appropriately
managed, there may be
potential for temporary
hazards such as injuries
and damage to property
during the construction
phase.
Consultation with local
residents of sewerage
district ‘A’ and
interaction with UP Jal
Nigam and other
Government officials.
Plate 3.5: Image shows
the good practice of
fencing-off construction
areas; this was followed
in the JNNURM phase
sewerage project in
Allahabad.
4 Will the project create significant / limited / no environmental impacts during the
operational stage? (Significant / limited / no impacts)
4.1 Flooding of
adjacent areas
Limited Due to the
construction of sewer
lines, raw sewage that
currently flows into
the river and/or
overflows into the
streets will now be
routed to the STP.
This will prevent
flooding of adjacent
areas.
However, accidental
leakages during the
operational stage will
lead to flooding.
Additionally,
Interaction with UP Jal
Nigam and other
Government officials.
Refer to Plate 5.1 for
area which has been
flooded
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
41
overloading and
blockage of sewage
lines will also lead to
backlogging of sewers
and flooding of
branch sewers.
4.2 Impacts to water
quality due to
effluent discharge
No impacts
There will be a
significant
improvement in water
quality due to effluent
discharge being
treated.
Table 5.11: Sewage
flow quality values
before and after existing
STP. section 5.1.8
4.3 Gas emissions No impacts There will be
reduction in gas
emissions from open
sewage drains since
the proposed sewage
networks will be
underground.
4.4 Safety hazards No impacts There will be
minimum safety
hazards since the
pipes will be
underground.
5 Do projects of this nature
/ type require prior
environmental
clearance either from the
MOEF or from a relevant
state Government
department? (MOEF/
relevant State
Government department/
No clearance at all)
No clearance at
all
Project such as these
have an overall
positive impact for
the environment and
society. Hence no
clearance would be
required under the
Environmental Impact
Assessment
Notification, 2006.
Refer to Figure 5.8
Refer to Figure 5.7
6 Does the project involve
any prior clearance from
the MOEF or State Forest
department for either the
conversion of forest
land or for tree-
cutting? (Yes/ No).If yes,
which?
No As the project is in
urban provinces and
does not cover any
forested area
(protected nor
reserved forest area),
hence no prior
clearance is required
from relevant
authorities (MoEF
and State Forest
Refer to Figure 3.2
Refer to Figure 5.8
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
42
departments) under
the Forest
(Conservation) Act,
1980.
The following figures and pictures given below provide substantial insights into
potential problems during construction which have been addressed in screening
checklist.
Figure 3.2 Satellite image showing the alignment of trees along the sides of the roads
in District A (Source: Google Earth)
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
43
Plate 3.3 Slum region near Yamuna bridge, where residents have had complaints
related to flooding due to the low lying location.
Plate 3.4 Typical sewage construction area with material (background) and re-
instated road (foreground)
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
44
Plate 3.5 Image shows the good practice of fencing-off construction areas; this was
followed in the JNNURM phase project in Allahabad
3.3 Conclusion of Screening Activity
In order to facilitate effective management and mitigation of the any impacts arising
from the proposed projects, the Environmental and Social Management Framework of
NRGBA (Section # 4 of ESMF report, NGRBA 2011)5 has grouped the pollution
abatement projects/ investments into the following two categories high and low
High: Mainly include the sub-projects which are likely to have adverse impact
on the environmental and social aspects of the project influence area
(including land acquisition). This category projects will also include
mandatory environmental clearance as per the EIA notification.
Low: Projects which are likely to cause minimal or no adverse environmental
impacts on human populations.
Based on the screening activity and the categorization of potential sub-projects of the
NGRBP, the present project of Sewerage work in Sewerage District ‘A’ in Allahabad
City falls under low impact category, which do not have any land acquisition. In view
of the above, these projects would require preparation of an Environmental and Social
5 For more details refer “Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank
Assisted National Ganga River Basin Project, 2011”. PMG, National Ganga River Basin
Authority, MoEF.
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
45
Assessment, as part of the DPR, and implementation of Generic Safeguard
Management Plan (SMP), relevant to the project.
Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental
impacts, but will have temporary impacts like traffic blockages, dust, noise, safety
hazards for pedestrians, possible damage to private property, possible interruption in
commercial activity, and accidental breakage of other public infrastructure such as
water pipes. These temporary impacts can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation
plans. However, the large environmental benefit of the project greatly outweighs the
temporary inconveniences.
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
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Chapter 4 Regulations and Legal Framework
4.1 Applicable Laws and Regulations – Environmental
The following laws and regulations are applicable to the environmental and social
aspects of the investments implemented under the programme:
Policy and Regulatory Framework of Government of India (GoI)
Environmental Policy and Regulations of the respective State Governments
Legislations applicable to construction activities
4.1.1 Legal Framework of Government of India
The Government of India has laid out various policy guidelines, acts and regulations
pertaining to environment. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is umbrella
legislation for the protection of environment. As per this Act, the responsibility to
administer the legislation has been jointly entrusted to the Ministry of Environment
and Forests (MoEF) and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)/ State Pollution
Control Boards (SPCBs).
4.1.2 Key Environmental Laws and Regulations
The key environmental laws and regulations as relevant to the projects under the
NGRBP are given in Table 4.1. The key environmental regulations can also be
accessed at www.moef.nic.in/rules-and-regulations
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
47
Table 4.1 Environmental Regulations and Legislations
S.
No
Act / Rules Purpose Applicable
Yes/ No
Reason for
Applicability
Authority
1 Environment
Protection Act-
1986
To protect and
improve overall
environment
Yes As all environmental
notifications, rules and
schedules are issued
under this act.
MoEF, Gol,
DoE, State Gov.
CPCB, SPCB
2 Environmental
Impact Assessment
Notification
14th Sep-2006
To provide
environmental
clearance to new
development
activities following
environmental
impact assessment
No
The present project is
only a sewerage
network project and
hence as per the
notification including
its amendments does
not attract requirement
of environmental
clearance as per the
notification.
MoEF, EIAA
3 Municipal
Wastes(Manageme
nt and Handling)
Rules, 2000
To manage the
collection,
transportation,
segregation,
treatment, and
disposal of
municipal solid
wastes
No The present project
does not involved
solid waste
management
measures.
MoEF, EIAA,
CPCB, SPCBs
4 Coastal Regulation
Zone(CRZ)
Notification 1991
(2002)
Protection of fragile
coastal belt
No The project does not
fall within CRZ areas.
5 The Land
Acquisition Act
1894 (As amended
in 1985)
Set out rule for
acquisition. of land
by government
No This act will be
applicable only if there
will be acquisition of
land for investments
but no land acquisition
is involved in the
project.
Revenue
Department
State
Government
6 The Forest
(Conservation)
Act. 1980
To check
deforestation by
restricting
conversion of
forested areas into
non- forested areas
No No forest land
diversion is required in
the project.
Forest
Department,
State
Government and
Ministry of
Environment
and Forests,
Government of
India
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48
S.
No
Act / Rules Purpose Applicable
Yes/ No
Reason for
Applicability
Authority
7 Wild Life
Protection Act
1972
To protect wildlife
through certain of
National Parks and
Sanctuaries
No The project does not
pass through any
national
park/sanctuary are nor
fall within 10km
radius of such
protected areas.
Chief
Conservator
Wildlife,
Wildlife Wing,
State Forest
Department and
Ministry of
Environment
and Forests,
Government of
India
8 Air (Prevention
and Control of
Pollution) Act,
1981
To control air
pollution by
controlling emission
of air pollutants as
per the prescribed
standards.
Yes This act will be
applicable during
construction.
SPCBs
9 Water Prevention
and Control of
Pollution) Act1974
To control water
pollution by
controlling discharge
of pollutants as per
the prescribed
standards
Yes This act will be
applicable during
construction.
SPCBs
10 The Noise
Pollution
(Regulation and
Control) Rules,
2000
The standards for
noise for day and
night have been
promulgated by the
MoEF for various
land uses.
Yes This act will be
applicable for all
construction
equipment deployed at
worksite.
SPCBs
11 Ancient
Monuments and
Archaeological
Sites and Remains
Act1958
Conservation of
cultural and
historical remains
found in India
No Kydganj Cemetery ,
the only ASI
recognized structure in
sewerage district A is
more than 200m away
from the proposed
sewer line. Hence the
act is not applicable
for the project.
Archaeological
Department Gol,
Indian Heritage
Society and
Indian National
Trust for Art and
Culture Heritage
(INTACH).
12 Public Liability
and Insurance Act
1991
Protection form
hazardous materials
and accidents.
Yes Contractor need to
stock hazardous
material like diesel,
Bitumen, Emulsions
etc.
SPCBs
13 Explosive Act
1984
Safe transportation,
storage and use of
explosive material
Yes For transporting and
storing diesel, Oil and
lubricants etc.
Chief Controller
of Explosives
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49
S.
No
Act / Rules Purpose Applicable
Yes/ No
Reason for
Applicability
Authority
14 Minor Mineral and
concession Rules
For opening new
quarry.
No Regulate use of minor
minerals like stone,
soil, river sand etc.
District
Collector
15 Central Motor
Vehicle Act 1988
To check vehicular
air and noise
pollution.
Yes This rule will be
applicable to vehicles
deployed for
construction activities
and construction
Machinery.
Motor Vehicle
Department
16 National Forest
Policy, 1988
To maintain
ecological stability
through preservation
and restoration of
biological diversity.
No This policy will be
applicable if any eco
sensitive feature exists
in and around the
investments
Forest
Department,
State
Government and
Ministry of
Environment
and Forests,
Government of
India
17 The Mining Act The mining act has
been notified for
safe and sound
mining activity.
No The construction
activities for
investments will
require aggregates.
These will be procured
through mining from
approved quarries
Department of
mining, State
Government
4.2 Applicable Laws and Regulations - Social
All strategic interventions on human development, spread across all social issues,
need directives of policies and legal support to operationalize the appropriate actions.
These policies and legislations help to overcome the constraints and support
administrator, implementer, community and individual in delivery of justice. This
section includes the National policies and Acts as detailed under:
National Policies and Acts
i) National Tribal Policy, 2006
ii) National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, 2007
iii) Land (Acquisition) Act 1894 (as amended)
iv) Forest Rights Act, 2006
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However for the present project, none of the above policies and acts are applicable.
4.2.1 National Policies and Acts
The National Tribal Policy (2006)
The Policy has the following objectives:
Regulatory Protection
Providing an environment conducive to the preservation of traditional and
customary systems and regime of rights and concessions enjoyed by different
ST communities, and reconciliation of modes of socio-economic development
with these.
Preventing alienation of land owned by STs and restoring possession of
wrongfully alienated lands.
Protection and vesting of rights of STs on forestlands and other forest rights
including ownership over minor forest produce (MFP), minerals and water
bodies through appropriate legislations and conversion of all forest villages
into revenue villages.
Providing a legislative frame for rehabilitation and resettlement in order to
minimize displacement, ensure that affected persons are partners in the growth
in the zone of influence, provide for compensation of social and opportunity
cost in addition to market value of the land and rights over common property
(NPV).
Empowerment of tribal communities to promote self-governance and self-rule
as per the provisions and spirit of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled
Areas) Act, 1996.
Protection of political rights to ensure greater and active participation of tribal
peoples in political bodies at all levels.
4.2.2 National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy for Project Affected Families – 2007
The national policy on resettlement and rehabilitation represents a significant
milestone in the development of a systematic approach to addressing resettlement.
The policy establishes a Guideline for extending additional assistance to project-
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51
affected families, over and above the compensation for affected assets provided under
the Land Acquisition (LA) Act.
This policy strikes a balance between the need for land for developmental activities
and protecting the interests of land owners and others. The benefits under the new
policy are available to all Affected Persons (AP) and families whose land, property or
livelihood is adversely affected by land acquisition, involuntary displacement due to
natural calamities, etc.
4.2.3 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (As Modified Until 1st September,
1985)
The Act is applicable to the whole of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
The policy provides a broad guideline of procedure of land acquisition. The Land
Acquisition (LA) Act of 1984 is commonly used for acquisition of land for any public
purpose. It is used at the State level with State amendments made to suit local
requirements. Expropriation of and compensation for land, houses and other
immovable assets are carried out under the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act,
1984. The Act deals with compulsory acquisition of private land for public purpose.
The LA Act does not contain any provision specifically dealing with resettlement
including income restoration aspects.
Table 4.2 The Land Acquisition Process
Legal
Provision
Actions
Section 4
Draft prepared by requiring body, verified by the Ministry of Law, printing and
proof reading. Publish in official gazette and two local newspapers; post notice
locality
No further land sales, transfers or subdivisions after notice
Appoint Land Acquisition Officer (LAO) to survey land
Notices under section 4(1) issued to individual owners and interested parties (one
month)
Declaration of
Public purpose
Government certifies that land is required for a public purpose
Declaration is published
Collector / Deputy Commissioner receives order from Revenue Department,
State Government
Land appraisal begins (two weeks to a month)
Section 5(a)
Enquiry
Enquire objections to LA
Land owners and interested parties appear before LAO
Revenue commissioner calls for comments of acquiring agency if objections
are raised – (one to three months)
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4.2.4 Forest Rights Act 2006
The Act basically does two things:
Grants legal recognition to the rights of traditional forest dwelling
communities, partially correcting the injustice caused by the forest laws.
Makes a beginning towards giving communities and the public a voice in
forest and wildlife conservation
4.3 Other Legislations applicable to Construction Projects
under NGRBP
Construction stage generally involves equity, safety and public health issues. The
construction agencies therefore will be required to comply with laws of the land,
which include inter alia, the following:
1. Workmen's Compensation Act 1923 (the Act provides for compensation in case
of injury by accident arising out of and during the course of employment);
2. Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 (gratuity is payable to an employee under the Act
on satisfaction of certain conditions on separation if an employee has completed
5 years);
3. Employees PF and Miscellaneous Provision Act 1952 (the Act provides for
monthly contributions by the employer plus workers);
4. Maternity Benefit Act, 1951 (the Act provides for leave and some other benefits
to women employees in case of confinement or miscarriage, etc.);
Section 6 State government issues notices
LAO serves individual notice on all interested parties of government’s intention
to take possession of land
Time and place set for claims to LAO
Public notice given
Collector or LAO investigate claims (12 months)
Section 9 LAO conducts on-site inquiry regarding area of LA and compensation payable
LAO determines compensation (12 months)
Section 11 and
12
Declaration of final award by Collector/Commissioner/State Government after
inquiry of total valuation
Notice of awards given to interested parties for payment of compensation
Government can take possession of land and hand over to implementing agency
(14 months)
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5. Contract Labor (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 (the Act provides for
certain welfare measures to be provided by the contractor to contract labour);
6. Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (the employer is supposed to pay not less than the
Minimum Wages fixed by the Government as per provisions of the Act);
7. Payment of Wages Act, 1936 (it lays down as to by what date the wages are to be
paid, when it will be paid and what deductions can be made from the wages of
the workers);
8. Equal Remuneration Act, 1979 (the Act provides for payment of equal wages for
work of equal nature to Male and Female workers and not for making
discrimination against Female employees);
9. Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 (the Act provides for payments of annual bonus
subject to a minimum of 83.3% of wages and maximum of 20% of wages);
10. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (the Act lays down the machinery and procedure
for resolution of industrial disputes, in what situations a strike or lock-out
becomes illegal and what are the requirements for laying off or retrenching the
employees or closing down the establishment);
11. Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act; 1946 (the Act provides for laying
down rules governing the conditions of employment);
12. Trade Unions Act, 1926 (the Act lays down the procedure for registration of
trade unions of workers and employers. The trade unions registered under the
Act have been given certain immunities from civil and criminal liabilities);
13. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (the Act prohibits
employment of children below 14 years of age in certain occupations and
processes and provides for regulation of employment of children in all other
occupations and processes. Employment of child labour is prohibited in Building
and Construction Industry);
14. Inter-State Migrant Workmen’s (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of
Service) Act, 1979 (the inter-state migrant workers, in an establishment to which
this Act becomes applicable, are required to be provided certain facilities such as
housing, medical aid, travelling expenses from home to the establishment and
back, etc.);
15. The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and
Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 and the Cess Act of 1996 (all the
establishments who carry on any building or other construction work and
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54
employs 10 or more workers are covered under this Act; the employer of the
establishment is required to provide safety measures at the building or
construction work and other welfare measures, such as canteens, first-aid
facilities, ambulance, housing accommodation for Workers near the workplace,
etc.);
16. The Factories Act, 1948 (the Act lays down the procedure for approval of plans
before setting up a factory, health and safety provisions, welfare provisions,
working hours and rendering information-regarding accidents or dangerous
occurrences to designated authorities);
17. Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 (the Rules govern
handling, movement and disposal of hazardous waste);
18. Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989, amended
1994 and 2000 (the Rules provide indicative criteria for hazardous chemicals and
require occupiers to identify major accident hazards and prepare on-site and off-
site emergency plans).
All the laws and regulations set by different authorities (MoEF, NGRBA, CPCB, etc.)
have been reviewed to understand the applicable laws in the context of this proposed
sub-project in Allahabad District A. All the applicable laws enlist the responsible
authority and reasons for its applicability. It is therefore proposed that during the
implementation of this project responsible authorities should be contacted acted by
the implementing agency for monitoring the law and regulation.
Conclusion:
The applicable laws and regulations pertaining to environment and social safeguards
for the present project are listed below:
1. Environment Protection Act 1986;
2. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
3. Water Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act1974
4. The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000
5. Public Liability and Insurance Act 1991
6. Explosive Act 1984
7. Central Motor Vehicle Act 1988
8. Other legislations are mentioned in section 4.3
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Chapter 5 Baseline Status
The baseline environmental and social status is important to understand the region's
existing physical and biological characteristics along with cultural and social status of
the residing community. Information and data presented in this section is based on
field surveys, stake-holder interaction/consultation and secondary data collection
which majorly include the draft Detailed Project Report (DPR) of proposed sewerage
work in Allahabad city, City Development Plan (CDP) report by Nagar Nigam,
Water/ Air/ Noise quality monitoring report of UP Pollution Control Board, City
census data and others. The information on the baseline environmental conditions
forms the basis to analyse the probable impacts of the proposed project vis-à-vis the
present background environmental quality of the core study area.
5.1 Baseline Environmental
5.1.1 Physiography and Topography
Allahabad city as a whole occupies the inter-fluvial belt of Ganga River in the north
and the Yamuna in the south. The confluence (Sangam) of the two rivers lies in the
south east of the city. These rivers are perennial rivers, which carry huge volumes of
water during the rainy season. Sewerage district ‘A’ is located in the southern part of
the city, adjoining the river Yamuna in the south side.
Allahabad district is mainly characterized with Ganga, Yamuna alluvial plain and
Vindhyan Plateau. Geological Survey of India (2001) has identified the following
geomorphic features,
Active Flood Plain: It is quite localized and confined only to the river system.
Older Alluvial Plain: It is characterized by depositional and erosional terraces
found in patches along the active plain.
Rocky Surface (Denudational hills): These are prominent in trans-Yamuna
area formed mainly of quartzitic nature.
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Allahabad district may be divided into three distinct Physical parts, the trans-Ganga
or the Gangapar Plain, the Doab and the trans-Yamuna or the Yamunapar tract
which is formed by the Ganga and its tributary, the Yamuna, the latter joining the
former at Allahabad, the confluence being known as Sangam. The master slope of
trans-Ganga is towards east or south east, with the altitude ranging from 89.30 -
93.57m above MSL.
5.1.2 Climate
Climate of Allahabad district is continental. The climate of Allahabad is tropical with
moderate winter and severe extended summer. The nearest large body of water i.e. the
Bay of Bengal is more than 700 km eastward. Due to this, there is a large range of
variation in temperatures of day and night. Allahabad experiences both very dry hot
summers and very cold winters every year. Dust storms in summer and cold north
winds in winter are common. The average normal maximum temperature has been
observed as 41.8ºC during May and minimum of 8.9ºC during January. The highest
relative humidity in the morning is 85% during August and the lowest being 32% in
April. The district receives rainfall from the south-west monsoon from June to
September. The average rainfall being 962.68 mm takes place normally in 53 days.
The climate information of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at Allahabad is given
in Table 5.1 below.
Table 5.1 Climatological Normal of Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall at
Allahabad
Source: India Metrological Department data from 1901-2000 (except Humidity data which is
1951-1980)
Month Temperature (oC) Mean rainfall in mm Humidity (%)
Maximum Minimum 0830 Hrs 1730 Hrs
January 23.5 8.9 17.9 78 53
February 26.7 11.4 17.3 66 40
March 33.3 16.6 9.6 46 25
April 39 22.3 5.5 32 18
May 41.8 26.7 8.7 36 36
June 39.8 28.4 88.8 55 41
July 34 26.5 280.8 80 71
August 32.5 25.9 296.1 85 77
September 33 24.9 184.9 80 71
October 32.9 20.2 36.6 69 55
November 29.2 13.5 9.3 65 49
December 24.6 9.3 6.9 75 56
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5.1.3 Geological and Geophysical features
The sewerage district ‘A’ and whole city of Allahabad occupies the inter-fluvial
sediment of the Ganga River and Yamuna River. These sediments are essentially a
sequence of clays, sands, silts with inter-spread bands of Kankar having limited
extent. Broadly these fluvial sediments are grouped as younger and older alluvium.
The younger alluvium is generally confined to a depth of 60 m below the ground and
it occupies the present day flood plain area. The older alluvial sediments marginally
differ in lithology from that of younger alluvium sediments, with presence of sandy
clay and lenses of gravel/pebbles and Kankar. The older alluvium overlies the
Siwalik group of formations, which in turn overlies the pre-Cambrian formation. The
generalized stratigraphic sequence of the formations is given in Table 5.2. The age of
these formations range from Proterozoic to recent. Granite of Bundelkhand massit
group forms the basement in the area which is unconformably overlain by Quaternary
alluvium.
Table 5.2 Generalized Stratigraphic Sequence Time
Time Unit Formation Rock Unit Thickness (m)
Recent to 0.01 m year Newer Alluvium Sand & Clay 60-100
Holocene < 1m year Older Alluvium Sand, clay, pebble, gravel
and Kankar 100-200
------------------------------- Unconformity-------------------------------
Pleistocene &
Pleocene Siwalik
Conglomerate, sandstone
shale etc. Above 350 m
------------------------------- Unconformity-------------------------------
Pre Cambrian Vindhyan Sand stone, Limestone Not known
------------------------------- Unconformity-------------------------------
Archean Bundelkhand
massit Granite Basement
Source: CGWB, 2009 and Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River,
July 2005. Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme
5.1.3.1 Soil
Soils in sewerage district ‘A’ usually comprises a layer of clay on the top surface,
with a thickness ranging between 10-15 m. Thick sandy horizon occurs beneath the
top clay layer having sufficiently large thickness. The soil in this area, i.e., Doab has
three distinct types. Sandy soil is found on the the banks/ flood plain of the rivers
(Yamuna bank of District A) , clay is found in the depressions and loam, a mixture of
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sand and clay that is usually a rich and rather dark soil, the less fertile variety.
Chemical analysis study of the soil for Allahabad city carried out by JICA has been
presented in the Table 5.3 below:
Table 5.3 Quality of soil sample
S. No. Parameters Range of test results
1 Type Silty Clay
2 pH 7.9-8.0
3 Bulk density (g/cm) 1.2-1.28
4 Conductivity (µmhos/cm) 390.5-371.6
5 Water holding capacity (%
by mass)
47.7-49.54
6 Organic matter (% by mass) 1.08-1.16
Source: Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July 2005.
Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme
5.1.4 Ambient Air Quality
Air quality is a measure of the condition of air relative to the requirements of one or
more biotic species and/or to any human need or purpose. Presently, air quality
monitoring is conducted by the NAMP (National Air Monitoring Programme-CPCB)
and UP Pollution Control Board at two locations: Bharat Yantra Nigam Limited office
and Square crossing near Laxmi talkies in Allahabad City. Although, Allahabad city
does not fall under the identified list of polluted cities in India, but the available data
from NAMP monitoring shows that the dust levels, PM10 (RSPM and SPM) have
violated the annual average standards of 60µg/m3 from 2007 to 2010. The sulphur-di
oxide (SO2) concentration have gone down with reduced sulphur content in the fuels
from 2007 to 2009 as shown in Figure 5.1 and is well within the permissible standards
of 50 µg/m3. The nitrogen-di-oxide (NO2) concentrations, though not violating the
standards of 40µg/m3, may exceed in future due to urbanization and rise in vehicular
activities.
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Table 5.4 Latest air quality data of two monitoring stations in Allahabad (March 2010
to April 2011)
Source: UP Pollution Control Board, 2011
Location Landuse Sulphur-
di-oxide
Nitrogen-
di-oxide
Respirable
Suspended
particulate
matter
(RSPM)
Suspended
particulate
matter
(SPM)
Square crossing circle
of Laxmi talkies
Mixed 5.7 23.6 237.7 469.4
Bharat Yantra Nigam
Ltd.
Residential 5.4 23.7 232.6 459.4
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SO2
0
5
10
15
20
25
2007 2008 2009
Co
ncen
trait
on
(m
g/m
³)
Figure 5.1 SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentration (mg/m3) in Allahabad during 2008-2009
Source: NAMP, Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India
Seasonal Variation
Month-wise variations of NO2 and RSPM concentrations at the two monitoring stations
are presented in Figure 5.2. Both the stations violate the permissible standards of RSPM
during all the months. Lowest pollutant concentrations are observed in monsoon months
and maximum were observed during winters due to inversion conditions. The effects of
inhaling particulate matter that have been widely studied in humans and animals now
include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, birth defects, and premature death.
Annual avg std. 50 mg/m³
NO2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2007 2008 2009
Co
ncen
trait
on
(m
g/m
³)
Annual avg. std.
40 mg/m³
PM10
0
50
100
150
200
250
2007 2008 2009
Co
ncen
trait
on
(m
g/m
³)
An
nu
al
av
g.
std
.
60
mg/
m³
(RSPM)
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Figure 5.2 Monthwise variation of NO2 and RSPM at two monitoring stations in
Allahabad (Source: UP Pollution Control Board, 2011)
5.1.5 Noise Environment
Noise, in general, is sound that is composed of many frequency components of varying
loudness distributed over the audible frequency range. Increasing ambient noise levels in
public places from various sources, inter-alia, industrial activity, construction activity, fire
crackers, sound producing instruments, generator sets, loud speakers, public address
systems, music systems, vehicular horns and other mechanical devices may have
deleterious effects on human health and the psychological well-being of the people; hence
it is considered necessary to regulate and control any such noise pollution. Limited noise
level monitoring was carried out by JICA at three locations: Numaya Dahi, Sulem Sarai
and near DM office, is as shown in Table 5.5 below. Although, the monitoring stations do
not come under sewerage district ‘A’ except for Sulem Sarai but provide a probable idea
of expected noise levels. The noise levels at Numaya Dahi village are well within the
permissible limits laid down by CPCB (for both day and night time), whereas the noise
levels at Sulem Sarai and near DM office are higher than the desirable level for residential
area but below the permissible level of commercial and industrial area, respectively.
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Table 5.5 Summary of Noise Level Monitored Data Code Range of noise levels [Leq in
dB (A)]
S.No. Location Levels in dB(A) Leq*
Day Night Average
1 Numaya Dahi 45.8 41.1 44.0
2 Sulem Sarai 56.3 48.4 53.4
3 Near Office DM 72.4 54.5 65.7
Note:
Permissible limit laid down by CPCB: Residential area (55 day time and 45 night time),
Commercial area (65 day time and 55 night time)and Industrial area (75 day time and 70
night time)
* dB(A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A
which is relatable to human hearing.
Leq: It is an energy mean of the noise level over a specified time period
Source: The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000, CPCB, and Final Report on
Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July 2005. Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for
Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme
Seasonal Variation
The more recent results of monitoring carried out by the UP Pollution Control Board,
during 2010-2011 on various days and at various locations in Allahabad city are presented
in Figure 5.3. Results are averaged for various locations in different area categories
(residential, commercial, industrial and sensitive). It can be seen that overall, day noise
levels are higher than the night ones and are above the standard at most of the locations.
From Figure 5.3, it can be seen that for residential area like in most parts of District A the
noise levels are almost within the permissible limits for most of the days.
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
28-M
ar-1
1
26-O
ct-1
0
19-A
ug-1
0
24-A
pr-1
0
23-M
ar-1
0
26th A
pril 20
11
18-N
ov-1
0
26-F
eb-1
1
22-Jan
-11
23-D
ec-1
0
25-S
ep-1
0
24-Jul-1
0
19-Jun
-10
28-M
ay-1
0
26th A
pril 20
11
28-M
ar-1
1
28-M
ay-1
0
18-N
ov-1
0
24-Jul-1
0
26-F
eb-1
1
22-Jan
-11
23-D
ec-1
0
25-S
ep-1
0
19-Jun
-10
24-A
pr-1
0
23-M
ar-1
0
26-O
ct-1
0
19-A
ug-1
0
Res Com Ind Sens
Night
Day
Figure 5.3 Noise levels in Allahabad City monitoring during 2010 and 2011 Source: UP Pollution Control Board, 2011
5.1.6 Water Environment
Both ground water and surface water sources are utilized to provide for the drinking water
requirement of sewerage district ‘A and Allahabad city in general. Allahabad Jal Sansthan
is the responsible agency for drawing surface water from river Yamuna and installing tube
wells for supply to residential/ commercial and industrial sector. The raw water from
River Yamuna is being tapped for water supply at Karelibagh raw water pumping station
which is pumped to Khusro Bagh water works for treatment before it is supplied to the
consumers. As of 2003, about 217mld of water was supplied by Jal Sansthan department
to entire Allahabad city. In addition to this, there is sizable amount of unaccounted water
supply from private/ institutional bore wells. Considering the per capita water
consumption of 190 litres (including UFW allowance and institutional demand), as
provided in the detailed project report (DPR) for sewer works in sewerage district ‘A’ by
Ganga Pollution Control Unit (GPCU), the total water consumption in sewerage district
‘A’ is approximately 76.98 million litres as shown in Table 5.6 below. This consumption
is expected to increase with growing population and urbanization.
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Table 5.6 Water consumption in sewerage district ‘A’
Location Population (as of
2010)
Per capita water
consumption per
day as per DPR
Total water
consumption in
million litres
Sewerage District ‘A’ of
Allahabad city
405176 190 76.98
5.1.6.1 Surface Water
An important surface water system of the city is the easterly flowing Yamuna river which
lies south of the main city. The Ganga is second important source of surface water which
flows easterly and then abruptly turns south wards close to eastern end of city and finally
meets Yamuna River close to celebrated temple of Lord Hanuman in Sangam area of the
city. River Yamuna lies to the southern side of the district A and River Ganga is towards
eastern side of sewerage district ‘A’, The maximum discharge of river Ganga at Sangam is
about 16187-12265 m3/s mainly during the months of August and September and the
minimum discharge is 366 to 339 m3/s during April and May as shown in table 5.7. A lack
of water in river increases their susceptibility to water pollution, due to discharge of
untreated waste water especially during the dry season.
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Table 5.7 Discharge of the Ganga at Allahabad (Sangam) (m3/s)
Source: Final Report on Water Quality Management Plan for Ganga River, July 2005. Volume IV-3, Feasibility Study for Allahabad City, Part I, Sewerage Scheme
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1972 401.38 433.61 294.13 288.22 362.67 230.12 2609.37 6664.86 13253.85 2065.6 644.51 489.48
1973 389.03 347.81 283.07 225.23 221.7 478.79 13784 21527.1 28809.04 4651.25 1073.44 598.22
1974 507.35 384.54 325.14 267.79 307.61 260.77 9149.19 19693.1 3915.68 1100.98 691.88 488.52
1975 462.97 303.01 265.96 270.39 189.88 572.22 9742.86 18209.5 15767.68 4366.54 1303.98 724.01
1976 669.83 557.91 420.13 420.78 383.05 1117.08 3359.8 18221.7 161.42.34 1893.42 553.63 482.89
1977 335.1 327.9 270.71 394.99 373.86 332.77 9115.64 17417.4 14236.34 3051.76 1121.82 750.47
1978 707.07 623.33 740.88 707.16 556.8 1077.63 7994.05 29786.2 22399.45 3980.05 1346.27 964.36
1979 924.76 1123.35 217.99 678.51 582.7 474.02 4357.59 5701.17 1476.75 598.01 318.43 518.45
1980 380.91 288.71 224.58 151.84 123.71 406.3 6804.97 21670.9 11438.9 1441.81 684.11 443.14
1981 430.99 439.37 337.12 329.04 314.16 303.28 5841.3 11215 3259.22 2337.97 674.15 507.81
1982 476.17 741.79 645.68 689.06 624.22 626.4 1779.81 28824.3 16981.02 1398.27 763.93 616.34
1983 565.77 552.64 357.87 312.95 499.11 503.91 3738.99 12823 22159.27 7019.81 1522.83 767.78
1984 721.53 551.58 486.94 367.11 279.16 575.6 2261.22 10243.4 11080.78 1237.75 571.11 400.81
1985 433.23 323.99 238.99 262.01 237.49 257.07 1827.61 15588.6 10073.87 12078.5 2174.33 745.18
1986 588.76 736.23 554.26 372.11 309.6 382.35 11078.1 17832 4199.39 1539.24 740.38 519.89
1987 497.74 399.46 334.12 271.71 238.36 247.44 1116.56 3277.58 12471.41 1968.6 589.38 366.13
1988 327.21 279.35 261.2 216.16 173.64 165.69 5489.87 16483.9 4730.56 4060.86 9520.2 476.83
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Surface Water Quality
Water quality status of river Ganga at two places in Allahabad is shown in Figure 5.4 and
Figure 5.5. As per the monitoring results, a slight increase in Biological Oxygen Demand
(BOD) concentrations has been observed during last few years. The values have crossed the 3
mg/l mark and depicts that the quality is not within permissible limits. But, the Dissolved
Oxygen (DO) levels in the river have been sufficiently high and consistent over the past few
years (Figure 5.5). In recent years, there had been an increasing trend of BOD concentrations
in incoming water (Rasoolabad ghat) and more evident trend observed in the outgoing water
(Sangam). From the year 2004 to 2008 an increase in BOD of around 0.4 mg/l to 0.6 mg/l in
outgoing water of river Ganga has been witnessed. This increase can be attributed to the
untreated sewage that has been directly discharged to the river Ganga including some
proportion from District A also.
Figure 5.4 BOD measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years
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Figure 5.5 DO measured at various stretches of Ganga river for different years
Source: Ganga water quality trend, 2009. Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India
Sangam, the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna, is the venue of many sacred fairs and
rituals, and attracts thousands of pilgrims throughout the year. This number swells to millions
during the world-famous Kumbh Mela creating high stress on public utilities. Table 5.8
shows the water quality of river Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during Maghmela
(Ardh Kumbha) 2007. It is quite evident that during events like Khumb Mela, the pollution
levels are very high with Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentration more than 6mg/l,
crossing the permissible limit (standards as per IS Code – 2296-1982) of 2mg/l for drinking
and 3 mg/l for bathing as per CPCB. The biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen
demand, and fecal coliform levels were all elevated during bathing6.
6 Srivastava, R. K., Sinha, A. K., Pande, D. P., Singh, K. P. and Chandra, H., 1996. Water quality of
the River Ganga at Phaphamau (Allahabad)- effect of mass bathing during Mahakumbh.
Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality, 11: 1–5.
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Table 5.8 Water Quality of River Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad (UP) during Maghmela
(Ardh Kumbha) 2007
Location BOD
(mg/l)
DO (mg/l)
Yamuna at Naini Bridge (U/s Sangam) 1.7 8.6
Ganga at Shstri Bridge (U/s sangam) 5.7 10.4
Sangam 4.3 9.3
Yamuna at Karella Bagh 1.8 6.8
Ganga at Phaphamau u/s Sangam 6.4 8.3
Ganga at Diha Ghat d/s Allahabad 4.3 6.3
Recent Data
As per the latest water quality monitoring conducted by UP Pollution Control Board (Table
5.9), the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) levels at all stations are often above the
permissible 3.0 mg/l for outdoor bathing waters and also above 2.0 mg/l limit for the drinking
water standard, as set by the Indian Standard code. However, the water quality parameter of
dissolved oxygen (DO) seems within permissible limits. The minimum DO levels for water
as per the Indian standard code ranges from 4.0-6.0 mg/l for drinking and bathing
respectively.
Total coliform and fecal coliform were present at all stations, indicating possible
contamination from municipal waste water discharges from the city. The presence of fecal
coliform in the water also indicates a greater potential of the presence of pathogenic
microorganisms, which may cause waterborne diseases, leading to detrimental impacts on the
health of the community. During summer, the river flow reduces and at increased temperature
the bacterial activities increases to oxidize the organic matter discharged into it from various
domestic and industrial sources.
Table 5.9 Water Quality data of Ganga and Yamuna river at Allahabad monitored during
March 2010 to April 2011
Parameters
U/S
Rasoolabad
Ghat,
Ganga
Rasoolabad
Ghat, Ganga
Main
Sangam
D/S Ganga
on Mawaiya
Ghat
Temp ( C ) 24.9 24.9 25.4 25.5
pH 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3
DO (mg/l) 7.9 7.7 7.5 7.4
BOD (mg/l) 4.1 4.5 4.2 4.5
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COD (mg/l) 28.4 31.4 30.4 34.9
Turbidity (NTU) 94.3 104.5 85.6 90.7
Alkalinity CaCO3 (mg/l) 168.1 174.6 205.4 213.0
Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/l) 146.9 153.0 166.4 173.6
Calcium as CaCO3 (mg/l) 87.0 90.6 94.0 99.0
Magnesium as MgCO3
(mg/l)
59.9 62.4 72.4 74.6
Conductivity (umho/cm) 427.7 429.4 520.6 531.1
Total Coliform (PN/100
ml)
4678.6 7857.1 6571.4 9428.6
Fecal Coliform
(MPN/100ml)
2742.9 3492.9 3142.9 3785.7
Source: Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board, 2011
5.1.6.2 Ground Water
As discussed before, in addition to Jal Sansthan tube wells, there are many other private/
institutional tube wells which are unaccounted for in the region. According to the Central
Ground Water Board (CGWB), the groundwater problems of Allahabad are not very serious
although, due to rapid urbanization and increasing population levels, the dependence on
groundwater has increased over the years. With reference to the exploratory drilling data of
CGWB and state tubewell department, it is evident that there are three distinct granular zones
at Allahabad city
i) Shallow aquifers ranging from 20 to 50 mbgl7
ii) Middle aquifer ranging from 70 to 120 mbgl and
iii) Deeper aquifer lies below 150 down to depth 300 mbgl.
The extension of individual zones is variable over the district. The ground water generally
occurs in unconfined state within the first shallow aquifer within 50 m from the ground while
in deeper aquifers it occurs in semi confined to confined conditions. The ground water flow is
towards the river Ganga in the north and river Yamuna in the south i.e., both the rivers are
effluent in nature.
7 Meters below ground level
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Ground Water Quality8
Pre Monsoon water quality
The pH at all the locations in residential area is ranging between 7.2-8.1 which is well within
the standard limit indicating thereby that the water in this area is suitable for drinking. The
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) are ranging between 281 to 1372 mg/L and the Conductivity
ranges between 475 to 1875 mmhos/cm, which shows that both TDS and conductivity are
slightly on the higher side in the residential area. The BOD ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 mg/L in
the residential area and COD ranges from 1.0 to 6.0 mg/L, which though being negligible is
slightly higher than the industrial area, indicating thereby that this increase is due to higher
organic content in the effluents from residential area. The values of Fluoride are ranging
between 0.24 to 1.03 mg/L and Hardness between 180 to 1128 mg/L which are within the
specified limits at all the locations in district A. The value of Phosphate is ranging between
0.38 to 0.61 mg/L at all the locations, which is acceptable. Also no pesticides were found in
this area. However, Iron is found to be on the higher side at most of the locations, the highest
being 6.25 mg/L at the hand pump at Zero Road
Post Monsoon water quality
The average value of pH, of pre and post monsoon period, at all the locations in the
residential area is almost neutral ranging between 7.1-7.8 which is well within the standard
limit for drinking water indicating thereby that the water in this area is suitable for drinking.
In regard to sewerage district A the values of TDS are higher than the desirable limit at
Keetganj, Zero Road but within the permissible limit at this location. The average values of
Phosphate are ranging between 0.24 to 0.55 mg/L at all the locations in District A, which is
acceptable, though no limit has been specified for phosphate in the IS for drinking water. The
average values of Fluoride are ranging between 0.23 to 0.93 mg/L, the maximum being 1.03
mg/L at Keetganj during pre-monsoon period and Hardness between 154 to 1092 mg/L. None
of the samples showed the presence of Pesticides.
5.1.7 Storm Water Drainage
Storm water drainage system is not proper throughout Allahabad city. The city has been
divided into the six storm water planning zones (Morigate, Mumfordganj, Rajapur, Chachar
8 Source: Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Hardwar
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Nala, Gate No. 9 and Gate No. 13); each zone is identified by the pumping station or the
channel dealing with its discharge. As per the GIS maps provided by Allahabad Nagar Nigam
department, approximately 60-65 percent of area in sewerage district ‘A’ has storm drainage
system as shown in Figure 5.6. Rainwater flows through these drains to nearby nallas,
eventually falling into river Ganga and Yamuna. The human and animal waste accumulated
on the surface is flushed by runoff and carried to rivers by these drains thereby polluting river
waters. As these drains pass from residential areas, they create foul smell and unhygienic
conditions. Further the problem of choking of storm drains due to polythene bags and solid
waste causes water logging during the off-season rains and flooding during monsoon.
Plate 5.1 Storm water drains visibly clogged with waste in Civil Lines (top) and flooding
upon rainfall in sewerage district ‘A’ (bottom)
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Figure 5.6 Map showing the drainage system in sewerage district ‘A
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5.1.8 Waste Water Management
As already explained in section 2.2 of this report, the sewerage system in the Allahabad city
is old and covers only 45% of the city area and most of this is within the central core of the
city i.e. District A and D. As of 2010, about 232 million liters of waste water is generated
every day in Allahabad city with an average per capita wastewater discharge of 152 liters. Jal
Sansthan is responsible for maintenance and collection of revenue from house connections
for whole of Allahabad city. Sewerage district ‘A’ is located in the southern part of the city,
with river Yamuna on its southern side and Ganga on its eastern side. As per the detailed
project report, most of sewerage district ‘A’ area has around 45% coverage of sewer system
as of year 2010.
Plate 5.2 Open sewage drain behind residence in Krishna Nagar.
Wastewater generated from sewerage district ‘A’ is mostly residential with limited
commercial and no industrial wastes. Summary of wastewater characteristics of Chachar and
Ghaghar nala located in sewer district ‘A’ is provided in Table 5.10 which indicates that
some of the wastewater quality parameters are exceeding little above the general discharges
standards laid out by CPCB. The major issue of waste water disposal is the associated
environmental impact which is derived from worsening of water quality and causing direct
impact not only on the drinking water sector but also other sectors such as fisheries,
irrigation, and recreation.
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Table 5.10 Wastewater characteristics of Chachar nala and Ghaghar Nala in sewerage
district ‘A’
Parameter Chachar Nala Ghaghar nala General standard for
discharge on inland surface
water as per CPCB
BOD(5 day sat 20°C)
(mg/l)
32 67 30
COD (mg/l) 69 144 250
TSS (mg/l) 98 648 100
pH 7.0 7.5 5.5 to 9.0
Temperature (°C) 29 28 shall not exceed 5°C above the
receiving water temperature Source: DPR for Sewerage district A9
As per 2010 population data, nearly 62.80 mld of wastewater is generated from sewer district
‘A’ which generally flows in the open drains. 60 mld capacity Naini STP has been
constructed in sewerage district ‘A’ for tapping and treating the wastewater flowing in such
drains. Table 5.11 provides information about the wastewater treatment characteristics of
STP at Naini, monitored by both the UP Jal Nigam and the State Pollution Control Board.
Significant reduction in pollution load occurs due to treatment of wastewater in the STP. It is
further projected that the total sewage generation in this sewerage district will increase to
74.36 mld by the year 2025, thus creating a gap of 14.36 mld.
Table 5.11 Wastewater Characteristics measured at Naini STP
Parameter Influent Effluent
Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) 648 384
BOD (5 day sat 20°C) (mg/l) 250 142
Source: Ganga Pollution Control Unit, Allahabad
5.1.9 Solid Waste Management
9 Draft Detailed Project Report of Sewerage Project in Sewerage District ‘A’ of Allahabad City,
2010.
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As per Nagar Nigam, about 540.0 MT of solid waste is generated every day in Allahabad
city. It has been assumed that the local residents of towns generate solid waste at the rate of
about 400 grams per capita per day on an average. This average generation of solid waste
includes local inhabitants (comprising the wastes generated by the resident population, shops
and commercial establishments, vegetable and fruit markets, construction and demolition and
hospital wastes – non-infectious and non-hazardous) and the floating population in the town.
The solid waste from sewerage district ‘A’ is mainly from residential areas and very little
comes from commercial areas. As per the data provided by Nagar Nigam, the total solid
waste generated from sewerage district ‘A’ is approximately 162.07 MT as shown in Table
5.12. With growth in population, the per capita waste generation is also expected to increase
thereby increasing the solid waste.
Table 5.12 Solid waste generation in sewerage district ‘A
Location Population (as of
2010)
Average solid waste
generation per
capita per day
Total solid waste
generated in MT
Sewerage District ‘A’ of
Allahabad city
405176 400 162.07
The solid waste management in sewerage district ‘A’ is handled by Allahabad Nagar Nigam,
which involves primary collection, storage at source of generation, segregation of recyclable
materials, transportation, and treatment & disposal. Recently a new solid waste management
plan for the entire Allahabad city has been prepared and is being implemented under
JNNURM scheme. Practically, the wastes are not being treated properly as the solid waste is
not being collected and transported to the current waste processing plant at Baswal. Further,
the waste generated is being transported to different sites for open dumping on land.
Representative pictures of observed open dumping of solid waste in sewerage district ‘A’ are
shown in Plate 5.3.
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Plate 5.3 Open waste dumping at Kydganj area (top) and Yamuna Bank (bottom).
As a result of such practices the entire area in and around the disposal sites is unhygienic and
poses a serious threat to the environment and to the public health. Open dumping of wastes
also causes choking of sewers which in turn leads to water logging throughout the city.
5.1.10 Biological Environment 5.1.10.1 Green cover
1. Gardens/ Parks: There are no important or archeologically identified gardens/ parks in
sewerage district ‘A’. However the region has small residential parks as sited from the
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GIS maps provided by Allahabad Nagar Nigam department, which will not be threatened
by the proposed sewer works, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the middle of the
road and will not pass through these areas. The location of these parks in sewerage district
‘A’ is be represented in Figure 5.7. Some of the residential parks include Habib Park,
Guru Teg Bahadur Park, Jaagriti Park
Figure 5.7 Map of parks in sewerage district ‘A’
Tree Cover: Trees can be seen along the road side in almost all parts of sewerage district
‘A’. Practically none of the trees will be disturbed nor damaged (tree cutting), since they are
located on the edges and sides of roads, away from the centre, along which the sewers are
planned to be laid as shown in Plate 5.4.
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Plate 5.4 Road side trees in Civil line area
Agriculture: There is no agricultural practice in sewerage district ‘A’ of Allahabad city.
This district is the core city area with mix of residents, commercial areas, institutes, hospitals
etc.
5.1.10.2 Flora
Allahabad district as a whole has around 19839 hectares of reserved forest area falling under
the jurisdiction of the state forest department. Until the beginning of the present century,
patches of 'dhak' were found in the trans-Ganga tract mostly between Phulpur and Sarai
Mamrez, along the bank of the Sasur Khaderi, but most of them were cleared for agricultural
purposes during the following decades. Patches of Baul could also be seen towards the right
bank of the Ganga. Forests now exist mainly in the trans-Yamuna tracts in Bara tahsil and the
southern tracts of tahsil Meja.
Presently there is no forest cover in and around the sewerage district ‘A’ of Allahabad city.
The project site is mostly residential area and does not have any protected or reserved forest
area. The site also does not fall under India’s notified ecological sensitive areas. This is
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evident from Figure 5.8 a, which shows the closest eco-sensitive zones (points A, C and D)
and their average distance from Allahabad.
Figure 5.8 Mapping of eco-sensitive areas around Allahabad city
Source: Google Maps
5.1.10.3 Fauna
The number and species of wild animals are much greater in the trans-Yamuna tract than
elsewhere in the district. The Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) and the Boar (sus secrofa), which do
much damage to the crops, are also found in the flood plain of the Ganga and the doab. The
Fox (Kulpus bengalensis), the Hare (Lepus rufica udatus), and the Sahi or Indian porcupine
(Hystrix leucura) are found throughout the district. Apart from these, the Gangetic Dolphins
were once found in abundance in the river Ganges. But over the years a steady increase in
pollution in the river has reduced the population of Dolphins. The River Dolphin was
declared as the National Aquatic Animal of India and on January 19, 2010, the Ministry of
Environment & Forests (MoEF) included it in Schedule I for the Wildlife (Protection) Act,
1972.
As mentioned in section 5.10.2 above, there is no eco-sensitive zone in and around the
sewerage district ‘A’ and Allahabad city as a whole as shown in Figure 5.8a. The proposed
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project will have a positive impact on aquatic life, as it intends to tap all the waste water
discharge into the river and this will directly improve the river water quality.
5.2 Baseline Social Status
Allahabad city been growing continuously and there has also not been much variation in the
growth rates over the past few decades except for the decade 1961-71. In this particular
decade the growth rate of the city had fallen to 19.11%, the reasons for which are unknown.
Apart from that Allahabad has been growing at a pace faster than the state.
Figure 5.9 Allahabad urban population growth rate Source: City Development Plan report
Allahabad district is a large, rural district with a very vulnerable population. Its Scheduled
Tribe population (21.58%), consisting primarly of the Chamar and Pasi casts. It also has a
relatively low literacy rate of 62.11% in which, predicatbly, women fall far below the
average at 46.38% while men bouy the average with a rate of 75.81%. Women are also at a
disadvantage in terms of sex ratio, though this appears to be improving as the age 0-6
population shows an increase of 38 females (from 879 to 917) per 1,000 males. Most people
in the city are unemployed (~66%); among those that are employed, 33% are marginal
workers while the rest are main workers. In terms of education, only 6% of the district’s
population has no education at all, while a little less than 35% has a Diploma-equivalnt or
above. This distribution leaves the vast majority of the population somewhere in the middle
with only a basic education; for example, the percentage of the population (43%) with
Primary or less than Primary education exceeds those with Diploma or above, making these
former two groups the largest segment of the population. This lack of education contributes
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to populations overall vulnerability. In the distrct, roughly half of all houses are permanent,
while nearly all of the rest are semi-permanent; only a small percentage are considered
temporary.
Table 5.13 Percentage distribution of the household population by age and sex, Allahabad
Drinking water facilities, safe drinking water, and power supply are quite common; electricity
access if more common for domestic uses than agricultural ones. Fitting with the educational
background of the area, primary schools are common while institutes of higher education are
very few . Medical facilties also appear to be in relatively short supply. Paved and mud roads
are nearly equal in prominence, and both appear fairly common. For more details refer to
Annexure (3).
Allahabad has 185 slums spread all over the city. The total population living in slums is
318,000 which is about 30% of the entire city population. It is estimated that one-third of the
slum population can be categorized in the urban poor category. Meera Ganj slum is located in
the middle of Allahabad city. The population in the low-income group is mainly found in
Wards 11, 34, 41, 57, 66, 71, 75 and 77, which includes localities such as Malakraj,
Minhajpur, Nai Basti, Sarai Garhi, Narayan Singh Nagar, Meera Gunj, and Bashi Bazar.
Meera Gunj slum is located at the centre of Allahabad city. Apart from the slums, there are
many people who live in housing that falls under the categories of S.D.P. (Integrated Housing
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and Slum Development Programme), S.C.S.P. (Schedule Caste Sub Plan), and I.L.C.S.
(Integrated Low Cost Sanitation).10
Allahabad’s sewage system dates back to 1910 and covers 45% of the city. The city has two
STPs: Naini (60mld) and Salori (29mld; will be expanded by 14mld under proposed project).
Allahabad sewerage district A comprises of 27 wards. Most of the land use in District A
has been identified as residential and commercial, through the field survey.
The existing population and the projected population for the design period year are described
in the table below;
Table 5.14 Ward wise census population and projected population and observed land use.
Ward
Ref.
No.
Ward Land use observation in field Population Projected Population
2001 2010 2025 2040
10 Civil Lines Mix Residential/Commercial, High income
groups, heavy traffic, roads comparatively
wider and better. Posh colony with a mix of
commercial and residential. Not congested.
Sewer line had been laid down before the
rains causing a few problems to residents,
shop keepers and pedestrians. The dug up area
has not been properly laid back
12434 16537 19584 21026
11 Malakraj Mix Residential/Commercial, middle and low
income groups. Congested
10612 14114 16714 17945
17 Nyaymarg Mostly Institutes and Government offices, not
congested
12062 16042 18998 20397
23 Krishna
Nagar
Mostly residential, some shops and institutes,
banks, etc. Very congested
10654 14170 16780 18016
31 Medical
College
Institutional area, not congested, few residents 8395 11165 13222 14196
34 Minhaj Pur Mix Residential/Commercial, Middle and low
income groups, very congested
11011 14645 17342 18620
41 New Basti Residential with slums near the Yamuna
Banks, Middle and low income groups, very
congested
10600 14098 16695 17925
51 Katghar Mix Residential/Commercial, middle income
groups, congested
11774 15659 18544 19910
55 Chaukhand
i
Residential with markets, congested 10521 13993 16571 17791
57 Sarai Garhi Middle and low income groups, extremely
Congested
11333 15073 17849 19164
10 Source: www.uhi-india.org - Allahabad City Profile – February 2010
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58 Dariyabad Mostly residential, Congested 10996 14625 17319 18594
60 Muthi Ganj Mostly Commercial (with a few residing in
floors above shops), extremely congested
12080 16066 19026 20427
61 Khalashi
Line
Mostly residential, extremely Congested 11734 15606 18481 19842
63 Shahganj Mix Residential/Commercial, Congested 10817 14387 17037 18292
65 Dariyabad Mostly residential, Congested 13660 18168 21515 23099
66 Moht Mix Residential/Commercial, Middle and low
income groups, Congested
10603 14102 16700 17930
67 Rambagh Mostly Commercial (with a few residing in
floors above shops), congested
10752 14300 16850 18182
68 Muthi Ganj Mostly Commercial (with a few residing in
floors above shops), very congested
10875 14464 17128 18390
71 Narain
Singh
Nagar
Mix Residential/Commercial, Middle and low
income groups, Congested
10602 14101 16698 17928
72 Sultanpur
Bhawa
Commercial with mix of residential, very
congested
12584 16737 19820 21280
73 Malviya
Nagar
Mostly residential, Congested 13295 14567 17251 18522
74 Bahadur
Ganj
Extremely Congested 10961 14578 17264 18535
75 Meera
Ganj
Middle and low income groups, Slums,
Congested
11815 15714 15609 19979
77 Bakshi
Bazaar
Commercial, Middle and low income groups,
congested
13650 18155 21499 23082
78 Atala Residential, Middle to low income groups,
larger Muslim population, Extremely
congested
13316 16198 19182 20595
79 Attar Suiya Mostly residential, very congested 11996 14033 16618 17842
80 Dayra Shah
Azmal
Mix Residential/Commercial, Very congested 10435 13879 16435 17646
Sub Total
(A)
309567 405176 479731 515155
Population density in Allahabad Sewerage District A: Allahabad sewerage district A
accounts for the central city core and as a result is very dense (300 persons/ha).
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Table 5.15 Ward wise population density of Allahabad
The table shows that out of twenty seven wards only four wards i.e. Civil Area, Nyaymarg,
Medical college and Rambagh are in the category of under 200 people per hectare. However
it was observed during the field visit that Rambagh had areas that were very congested. As
per the analysis done by District Urban Development Authority (DUDA) all of the six wards
that had a density of more than 600 people per hectare including all the six wards with a
density of 400- 600 people per hectare fall in district A.
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Figure 5.10 Map indicating major land use and social survey locations for District A
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Cultural Significance
Allahabad or City of God in Persian is also known famous by the name of Prayag and
Sangam. Haridwar, Allahabad, and Varanasi are the three holy towns which attract thousands
of pilgrims to its waters. Allahabad stands at the confluence of two of India’s holiest rivers,
the Ganga and the Yamuna. Sangam, as the confluence is called, is the venue of many sacred
fairs and rituals, and attracts thousands of pilgrims throughout the year. This number swells
to millions during the world-famous Kumbh Mela. A third mythical Saraswati river, believed
to flow underground towards the Sangam, gives the confluence its other name
'Triveni'. Thousands of Hindu pilgrims arrive at this town to take a dip in the Ganges (Plate
5.5), which is believed to cleanse oneself of sins and help attain salvation. During festival of
Chatth, Ganga ghats attracts thousands of devotes and tourists.
Plate 5.5 Auspicious bathing at Allahabad Kumbh mela 2007 (left) and Aarti pooja delivery
during Kumbh
5.2.1 Details of Social Survey
The approach and methodology followed for social baseline study as well as the social survey
has been discussed in the Section 2.6.
Group discussion and stakeholder consultations were performed during the field surveys to
assess the situation and get the feedback about the project from all the concerned
stakeholders. Household owners in all the 27 wards were consulted, additionally other
important set of locals interviewed or consulted were pedestrians, shop-owners, mobile
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vendors, members of sensitive places like hospital staff, school teachers, etc. Some of these
27 wards have academic and government institutions and most of them are residential in
landuse. There were no tribal population in the surveyed areas and it is in agreement with the
fact stated by census of India also.
All these people are already witnessing the construction impacts happening during ongoing
execution of JNNURM project. General perception about the ongoing project of JNNURM
and upcoming project of NGRBA was good. All the local stakeholders accepted the project
with positive gesture and have just given few suggestions based on their experience with the
ongoing project, which could help in better execution of the project.
Households surveyed were from both rich and poor colonies and was a heterogeneous group
of male and females. Most of the household have access to drinking water facilities and
electricity and have toilets as well, but most of the toilets are not connected to sewer
networks. They have pit toilets as disposal system. But most of them responded that they are
not aware that whether their household will be connected to sewer network or not.
Figure 5.11 Connection to sewers
One of the important question that was asked to communities was on the consequence of
construction of this project on certain factors like traffic, health, noise, livelihood etc. showed
the following result;
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Figure 5.12 Problems encountered during construction phase
The figure clearly shows that traffic congestion is the most highly ranked problem. 50% of
the respondents feel that construction will lead to more traffic congestion. This is followed by
noise as a problem during the construction phase. Pollution in terms of dust generation is the
next problematic area according to the respondents and finally 10% of the respondents
mentioned that basic services like water and electricity lines will be damaged.
Table 5.16 Ward wise details of the survey is enlisted below in the table
Consultat
ion no.
Place Date No. of
Participants
Nature of
participants
Key issues raised
1 Civil Lines 22/8/11 4 Residents,
shop keepers,
women
Execution to happen in
time
Construction should not
happen in monsoon
2 Malakraj 22/8/11 4 Mix
residential and
commercial.
Traffic congestion
3 Nyaymarg 22/8/11 3 Officials
visiting
institutional
area
Noise and dust during
construction
4 Krishna
Nagar
22/8/11 4 Residents Traffic congestion, dust
generation
5 Medical 22/8/11 4 Members of Noise and dust pollution.
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College institutions,
hospital staff
Debris is not cleared on
time
6 Minhaj Pur 22/8/11 3 Residents :
females
Traffic congestion.
But overall impact will
be good
7 New Basti 22/8/11 3 Residents Inconvenience to daily
life routine
8 Katghar 22/8/11 4 Residents:
females
Traffic congestion, no
prior information is
provided to the residents
9 Chaukhandi 22/8/11 3 Shop owners Congestion and dust
generation
10 Sarai Garhi 22/8/11 4 Residents,
mobile
vendors
Traffic congestion, piles
of excavated soil which
is not disposed off
11 Dariyabad 22/8/11 5 Residents, and
pedestrians
Traffic congestion and
inconvenience to daily
life
12 Muthi Ganj 22/8/11 5 Show owners Already congested area,
so will be more chaotic
13 Khalashi
Line
23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion
14 Shahganj 23/8/11 5 Mix group
(residential
and
commercial)
Traffic congestion
15 Dariyabad 23/8/11 3 Residents:
female
Traffic congestion, dust,
inconvenience in daily
routine life
16 Moht 23/8/11 3 Shop owners Dust generation
17 Rambagh 23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion
18 Muthi Ganj 23/8/11 5 Shop owners Traffic congestion
19 Narain
Singh Nagar
23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion
20 Sultanpur
Bhawa
23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion, Dust
generation
21 Malviya
Nagar
23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion, noise
pollution
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22 Bahadur
Ganj
23/8/11 4 Residents Traffic congestion, noise
pollution
23 Meera Ganj 23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion, Dust
generation
24 Bakshi
Bazaar
23/8/11 4 Shop owners Traffic congestion, Dust
generation
25 Atala 23/8/11 3 Residents Traffic congestion, noise
pollution
26 Attar Suiya 23/8/11 3 Residents:
Female
Traffic congestion, Dust
generation
27 Dayra Shah
Azmal
23/8/11 6 Mix group
(residential
and
commercial)
Traffic congestion
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Chapter 6 Environmental and Social Impacts
Pollution abetment projects may prove beneficial for the environment and society or they
may have some adverse impacts as well. Planners and decision makers have realized the
importance of understanding the consequences of any such projects on both environmental
and social sectors, and have started taking steps to avoid any adverse impacts. Based on the
major findings obtained from the field visits and secondary data analysis, the possible
environmental and social issues with reference to the proposed sewer works in sewerage
district ‘A’ of Allahabad city is been discussed in these sections.
6.1 Potential Environmental Impacts
The proposed project of sewer works in sewerage district ‘A’ would influence the
environment in three distinct phases:
During Designing phase
During the construction phase which would be temporary and short term;
During the operation phase which would have long term effects
6.1.1 Design and Development Phase
Sewer lines
All sewer lines including trunk, lateral and branch sewer lines must be designed considering
the future population and waste generation rate. Otherwise the constructed sewer may not
carry the waste load, leading to failure and financial loss. The alignment of sewer lines and
sewerage pumping station must be properly planned; else it may lead to both technical and
social problems along with environmental issues of back flow creating foul smell and
unhygienic conditions.
6.1.2 Impacts during construction phase
The proposed sub-project consists of the following activities which include:
Approximately 240.6227km long sewerage network
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Intermediate Sewage Pumping Stations at Bairahana, Kydganj (Gate No.9),
Bargadghat SPS
Sewer cleaning equipment
The construction activities would generally include earthworks (excavation, filling,
shuttering, compacting), temporary diversion of existing sewer lines, civil construction
(sewer lines, STP, SPS, etc) and E & M installation and commissioning. The impacts of these
construction stage activities on the various environmental parameters are examined below:
i) Environmental sensitive areas
Based on observations and findings from field visits, interaction with government officials
and consultation with local residents, an assessment of the environmentally and ecologically
sensitive areas was made (Refer to screening checklist Table 3.1). As explained in section
5.1.10 of baseline environment status, sewerage district ‘A’ area of Allahabad city does not
have any flora and fauna components. As seen in Figure 5.8a, the nearest eco-sensitive areas
such as the Panna National Park, Dudhwa National Park and Jim Corbett National Park are at
a minimum distance of about 150 km away from the proposed project site. However the
region has small residential parks (Figure 5.7) and road side trees (Plate 5.4), which will not
be affected by the proposed sewer works, since the sewers are planned to be laid in the
middle of the road and will not pass through these areas. With regard to sensitive aquatic
areas and water bodies, there are none. It was also observed that the major land use pattern of
District A is residential, with no agricultural and no forest areas.
There are no major tourist areas falling under sewerage district ‘A’, except Sangam area
which is mainly utilized by tourists/ pilgrims for conducting aarthi Pooja or homm-havans
and for having a holy bath especially during festival times. Out of the four ASI
(Archeological Survey of India) monuments in Allahabad city which include Allahabad fort,
Alfred park, Khusrau Bhag, and Cemetery at Kydganj, only 1 is within the boundary of
sewerage district ‘A’ which is the cemetery in Kydganj. This will not be affected by the
proposed sewer works as the sewerage lines will pass through considerable distance (more
than 200m away) away from the cemetery boundary. As the Central Government has
declared upto 100 meters from the protected limits to be prohibited area and further beyond it
up to 200 meters to be regulated area for purposes of both mining operation and construction.
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So, as per ASI official, permission would be required if the construction of the sewer line
falls within 200 m distance.
ii) Air quality
Based on the field observation of ongoing JNNRUM projects and interaction/consultation
with stake-holders, it is expected that the levels of dust (RSPM and SPM), carbon mono-
oxide (CO), hydrocarbons and NOx (NO &NO2) is likely to increase during the construction
phase mainly because of:
Excavation, backfilling, compaction activity and movement of vehicles on un-paved
roads (increases dust level)
Vehicle exhausts from construction machinery and from light and heavy vehicles for
transportation of pipes and construction material like cement, etc (increases NO2).
Use of portable diesel generators and other fuel fired machinery, and (increases CO).
With reference to sewerage district ‘A’, the air quality with respect to dust level has already
violated their annual average standards (60µg/m3) from past three years as described in
section 5.1.4 of baseline chapter. Further these construction activities cause temporary
deterioration of the air quality, causing health problems of respiratory ailments such as
bronchitis and asthma due to increased suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the air. A high
concentration of SPM could also be a leading cause for eye, ear, nose and throat infections
and related discomfort. Laying of sewerage lines mainly falls in the residential area, hence
temporary impact on air quality in these areas is of greater concern.
iii) Noise levels
The proposed construction activities are expected to increase the noise levels mainly due to
plying of construction vehicles, pumping machines, use of portable generators, mechanical
machinery such as cranes, riveting machines, hammering etc. These activities will occur
round the clock and the noise pollution thus created may affect human habitations,
particularly during the night time. Increase of noise level at night may produce disturbances,
causing sleeplessness in people in the vicinity of the site in case construction activity is
extended into the night hours. As per the baseline environmental status, the noise levels in
sewerage district ‘A, are expected to be within permissible limits as the area is mostly
residential and has limited commercial, and no industrial area. Facilities that are expected to
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feel the temporary impacts more than others include schools/colleges (Allahabad Degree
College, Kesrvidyapith Inter College, Ewing Christian College), hospitals (Swarup Rani
Nehru Hospital.
Jeevan Jyoti Multispeciality Hospital) and cultural centres like Shree Swami Narayan
Temple, Masjid – e- imam Sajjad, etc. However, these impacts are of temporary nature,
lasting only during the construction period.
iv) Water resources
From field visits, interactions and consultations, it was found that there were no water bodies
in the project area. The natural drainage channels of the project area are likely to be affected
in the following ways:
Direct discharge from construction activities – If the construction wastes and
construction related material are not properly handled/ managed, then certain
impurities like suspended particles, pollutants like oil, grease, cement etc, may find
their way to the river Yamuna via storm drains during rainfall. (refer to Figure 5.6 for
drainage network of District A). There may also be temporary blockage of drains due
to unmanaged material and construction debris.
Flooding is likely during monsoon as drainage paths could be obstructed and
redirected by the debris (noted during field visits and as per the Section 5.1.9 of
baseline environmental status); this concern was also voiced by residents. During
construction of sewerage works in District A, there may be flooding due to the
already blocked state of drains and nalas, due to poor solid waste management (refer
to Plate 5.3). Areas that are expected to face temporary flooding issues include Civil
Line area, Kydganj, etc.
The excavation activities will be carried out up to a depth of 15 m or so, and will not
impact the groundwater levels of the region since a provision for dewatering and
lowering of water table has been made in the detailed project report.11
11 Detailed Project Report (revised as per ECC Recommendations) of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’
by U P Jal Nigam, 2010-11
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As explained in Section 5.1.6.1 of per the baseline environmental status, the Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels, Total coliform and faecal coliform in the rivers are often
above the permissible limits indicating possible contamination from municipal waste water
discharges from the city. Therefore this new sewer project will be have a positive effect on
the river Ganga and Yamuna, as the untreated sewage would now be diverted to sewerage
district A (Naini STP) and would not be let into the Yamuna12. Improved water quality
provides cleaner water supply to the city of Allahabad, safer irrigation water for the farmers
around and downstream of the city, and an improved bathing experience for the religious
pilgrims that visit the city.
v) Management and Disposal of Excavated Material during construction
The proposed project will have lot of construction involved and as such if the management
and disposal of excavated material is not properly done, it will impose a problem to local
people and residents. This would be a temporary impact but a mitigation measure for this has
been suggested.
6.1.3 Impacts during operation phase
i) Water environment
Water resources in the project area would be the most positively benefited by the sanitation
project since additional sewage will now be routed to the STP. Therefore proper operation
and maintenance mechanism must be followed for efficient working of the system. The
probably environmental impacts related to water during operation stage may include
unpredictable events such as:
Temporary flooding of adjacent areas due to accidental leakages/bursts and also due
to blockages and backlogging of lines.
Water pollution and possibility of mixing with water supply line due to leakages/
overflows from the sewer lines
Impairment of receiving water quality in surface/sub-surface source due to inadequate
/inefficient sewage treatment process.
12 Mr. Rohit, Asst. Project Engineer, State Pollution Control Board, Allahabad
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ii) Noise and air quality
Improper handling and irregular maintenance of operating machines including pumps,
generators, air diffusers, etc may lead to increased noise pollution during operation activity.
There will also be minimisation of gas being emitted from the sewage drains, since during
operation, most of the works will be laid underground.
iii) Sludge Disposal from the Pumping Station
It is possible that during the operation of pumping station sludge generated may not be
properly handled. This could be a cause of concern from environmental aspect.
6.2 Potential Social Impacts
The proposed project of sewer works in sewerage district ‘A’ would influence the social
sector in a distinct phase of construction period which would be temporary and short term.
Social Impacts
i. Impact on human health
One of the potential impacts of the proposed sub-projects will be on the air quality due to the
dust generated during excavation and tunneling. The amount of dust generated will depend
upon the level of digging and the prevailing weather conditions and can have an adverse
impact on the health of the persons residing or working near the project sites. Increased dust
was witnessed during the field visit during construction of JNNURM-related sewage projects.
Since the district has more of residential land use, the number of people who will be affected
is more. Residential population includes more vulnerable groups such as the elderly and
children. Some of the residential colonies are Krishna Nagar, New Basti, Chaukhandi,
Khalashi Line, Dariyabad, Atala, Attar Suiya, etc.
ii. Traffic Congestion
Due to the excavation work which will take place on the main roads of the city, there will be
a disturbance in the traffic movement. People may suffer some inconvenience during the
morning and evening peak hours. This issue is discussed in the DPR, and suggests de-routing
of the traffic as the mitigation measure. Few residents at Civil Lines also complained that
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they were unable to move their cars due to the excavation outside their house. Commercial
areas such as Rambagh, Muthi ganj, etc. are very busy congested areas; any excavation in this
area will inhibit traffic movement. Diversion of traffic maybe required for such areas. This
issue is discussed in the DPR.
Plate 6.1 Traffic at Rambagh Chauraha
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Figure 6.1 Road network map of District A indicating majority of roads have width less than
5 units. Around 97.39% of the roads have width less than 5 units, where the chances of traffic
congestion could be high
iii. Impact on livelihood
The excavation and tunneling work will lead to road blockage and as a result the commercial
establishments and vendors will have some trouble in operating their business on daily basis.
But there will be no loss of livelihood. Ambulatory vendors can very well shift their place as
and when required. So, overall no loss of livelihood has been reported during the survey.
As per anecdotal evidence gathered in the field visit, most shop-owners and mobile vendors
are welcoming the sewage project implementation as they see a direct benefit of improved
living and working conditions. They are aware of, and prepared to face temporary
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inconveniences caused by construction if the project is implemented in a timely manner.
However, the same interviewees felt that they had little confidence in the ability of the
agency to execute a project in an efficient manner. They had grievances with the long
duration of construction work.
Plate 6.2 Interview- Mobile vendors
iv. Impact on existing utility services
The road opening activities may damage the underground water pipelines or electricity poles
in the vicinity of the site for the proposed sub-projects. This will lead to water supply
interruptions, disruption in electricity supply and will involve expensive repair costs.
Flooding of areas could also occur. Officials of UP Jal Nigam stated that they receive some
complaints about water line brakeage during the construction phase. With no other alternative
source readily available, people have to buy water from private tanks or buy bottled water for
drinking purpose till the time service is restored to normal. The DPR also notes impacts on
utility services as a potential issue.
v. Safety hazards
There are potential hazards for the workers as well as for the pedestrians. Additionally, there
have been reports, gathered during the field visit and interviewing that, of children falling
into holes left open by construction crews on JNNURM projects, and children were seen
playing around active construction sites. Resident of locality Allahabad stated that they have
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witnessed such causality during construction. Safety equipment for workers is provided as
part of the DPR.
vi. Elevated Noise Levels
Increased noise pollution was noted during JNNRUM construction from construction
equipment. This will disturb residences, and especially schools and institutes in and around
Civil Lines area, Medical College area, etc. For elderly and students, noise is disturbing and
affects their comfort. This could be a problem especially in sensitive areas like school and
hospitals.
vii. Failure to Restore Temporary Construction Sites
Excessive debris, trash or construction remnants (e.g. dirt piles) would create problems
related to drainage, unhygienic conditions and poor aesthetics; however, clean-up and debris
clearance is budgeted in the DPR so this should not be a concern.
viii. Affect to daily life
Resident of Civil Lines colonies complained that during construction in JNNURM projects,
they were not able to take out their vehicles from their house premises and even there was no
space outside for parking.
ix. Land Acquisition
Consultations with relevant officials including UP Jal Nigam officials, Revenue Department,
community, other sources13 and first-hand observations during the field visit no additional
land is required for the project, as sewage construction will not result in land seizures of any
kind. Moreover, the SPS compound would need around 1000 m2 of land. The land on which
the SPS is proposed to come up belongs to the government and has no habitation. Hence, no
relocation would be needed, as per the dialogue with UP Jal Nigam officials. Moreover there
would be no loss of community assets during the construction as noticed during field survey
and interaction with the local people. Also Figure 5.10 indicate that the project construction
13 Detailed Project Report (revised as per ECC Recommendations) of Sewerage Works in Sewerage District ‘A’
by U P Jal Nigam, 2010-11.
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will happen in public land, there will be no agricultural or forest community land requirement
for laying sewer lines.
6.3 Conclusion
Based on the overall secondary data analysis and field investigation, the proposed project is
expected to benefit the Allahabad City, as the wastewater that currently flows untreated into
the Ganga river will be captured, treated and the remainder of the treated effluent will be
allowed to flow into the river. The likely beneficial impacts of the projects include
Improvement in sewerage collection and treatment within the cities/towns
Prevention of storm drains carrying sanitary sullage or dry weather flow
Prevention of ground water and soil pollution due to infiltration of untreated liquid
waste
Prevention of discharge of untreated sewage into River Ganga
Improvement in water quality of River Ganga, a national resource
Improvement in environmental sanitation health and reduction in associated health
hazards within the cities/towns
Improvement in quality of life, human dignity and increased productivity
Reduced nuisance of open defecation due to low cost sanitation and reduced malarial
risks and other health hazards
Although there would not be any permanent negative or adverse environmental impacts, but
will have temporary impacts, that can be mitigated with appropriate mitigation plans.
However, the large environmental benefit of the project greatly outweighs the temporary
inconveniences.
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Chapter 7 Mitigation and Management Plan
7.1 Environmental Management Plan
Table 7.1 summarizes the generic environmental management plan for low category
investment that identifies the potential issues of various activities that are anticipated in the
design and development, construction, and operation phases of the proposed sewer work in
sewerage district ‘A’. The environmental management plan ensures to suggest appropriate
mitigation measure against the issues/ concerns identified during the environmental and
social assessment study.
In general, the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam (UPJN) (with assistance from Contractor and
Independent Engineer/Supervision Consultant) is the responsible entity for ensuring that the
mitigation measures as suggested in the ESMP. The roles and responsibilities of the involved
institutes are described below.
7.1.1 Implementation of EMP Specific activities by UPJN
The role of UPJN in the implementation of EMP involves the following activities:
EMP clearance from NMCG and World Bank and disclosure as required;
Integrating the EMP in the bid document of contractor as an addendum;
7.1.2 Specific activities by Contractor
The activities to be performed by the contractor to implement the EMP shall comprise the
following:
7.1.3 Implementation of EMP
The contractor shall be responsible to implement the EMP primarily in assistance with the
Project Management Consultant team. The Environmental Specialist from the Independent
Engineer/ Supervision Consultant shall monitor the compliance of the EMP and all the design
drawings of various civil structures shall be implemented after his approval.
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The State, local Government will be responsible for Coordination, Monitoring and evaluation
of the Environment Management Plan. It should ensure all the safeguarding plans are in line
and acted upon. Contractor shall report the implementation of the Environment Management
Plan to the Environmental Expert and the Project management consultant as well as to UP Jal
Nigam through monthly reports. Further a quarterly report is required to be prepared and
required to be given to National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) for the progress made in
implementing the Environment Management Plan.
Feedback from the local residents can also be taken from time to time to cross check the
contractor’s report. Project management consultants should make inspection visits at
construction site to check the implementation of Environment Management Plan as per the
contract. Broad Institutional arrangement for implementation of EMP is shown in figure 7.1
below:
Chief Engineer-Allahabad Zone
Scheme Implementation Team (including EMP and R&R implementation)
UPJN
Project Manager
(Contractor)
Environmental Officer
(Contractor)
Team Leader
(Supervision Consultant)
Environmental Expert
(Supervision Consultant)
State Pollution
Control Board
PM-1 PM-2 PM-3
GM-Ganga Pollution control unit
Figure 7.1: Organization Structure for Implementation of EMP
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Table 7.1 Generic Environmental Guidelines / Management Plan for Low impact category Investments
Activity Potential Negative
Impact/Concern
Duration of
impact
Mitigation Measures Responsible agency
Sewerage and Sanitation Investments
A. Design and Development Phase
Sewerage Accidental leakages/ bursts Due to accidental
burst or leakage of
sewers, flooding
of the nearby areas
could take place
Backlogging due
to unexpected
heavy flow rates
Temporary Designing sewers with adequate capacity
and flow velocity
Regular inspection and maintenance of
the sewers
UP Jal Nigam
Design consultants
Allahabad Jal
Sansthan
Sewage
Pumping
Station
Pumping of sewage from
District A
to STP
Noise and odour
nuisance to
surrounding areas.
Permanent Selection of appropriate location away
from sensitive locations such as schools
and hospitals. However, if appropriate
location is not available then extra
precautions can be taken.
Ensure that the pumping station is within
a noise reducing structure or in an
enclosed space (such as concrete/brick
structure)
Use of less noise generating equipment
with regular maintenance.
Tree plantation around SPS
Solid waste should not be kept for more
than 24 hours and herbicide should be
sprayed.
UP Jal Nigam
Design consultants
Jal Sansthan (for O
and M)
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Solid waste can be disposed at disposal
sites, preferably a sanitary landfill
B. Construction phase
Sewerage
(laying of
sewers)
Excavation, cutting, back
filling and compaction
operations
Damage to
underground utilities
like water, gas line,
electricity and
telephone conduits,
etc due to
construction
activities.
Temporary Review all available drawings, notes, and
information on the existing underground
lines and structures in determining the
location of the existing facilities.
Concerned authorities should be
informed and their assistance sought to
remove, relocate and restore services of
these utilities prior to commencement of
construction.
All these underground utilities
encountered in excavating trenches
carefully shall be supported, maintained
and protected from injury or interruption
of service until backfill is complete and
settlement has taken place.
Minimize time for replacement
operations; and appropriate scheduling as
necessary especially for water supply
line.
Contractor
Project management
consultant
UP Jal Nigam
Allahabad Jal
Sansthan
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
106
Accidents/ damages
due to erosion/
sliding of vertical
sides of excavated
trenches while places
the pipes
Temporary Maintaining the excavation by Shoring
trench sides by placing sheeting, timber
shores, trench jacks, bracing, sheet
piling materials to resist pressures
surrounding the excavation
Exposed surface will be resurfaced and
stabilized by making the sloping sides of
trench to the angle of repose at which the
soil will remain safely at rest.
Contractor
Project management
consultant
UP Jal Nigam
Allahabad Jal
Sansthan
Dust Generation due
to excavation,
cutting, back filling
and compaction
operations
Temporary The dust levels in sewerage district ‘A’ are
already above the permissible limits, further
this construction activity may increase the
dust causing nuisance to local residents and
vendors.
Dust is generated due to the disturbance
of soil and roadways. It is recommended
to minimize dust generated by wetting all
unprotected cleared areas and stockpiles
with water twice a day, especially during
dry and windy periods. Water tankers
will carry the water and labourers will
spray on the dusted land
Additionally, it is recommended to wet
and cover excavated material transported
by trucks.
Contractor
Project management
consultant
UP Jal Nigam
Allahabad Jal
Sansthan
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
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Noise and vibration
disturbances to
residents and
businesses
Temporary Noise is a temporary nuisance caused due to
construction activity. It is recommended
that construction activities be carried out
only during normal working hours after
providing prior intimation to local residents
and shop keepers.
Construction works near schools and
colleges should be carried out during
vacations and works near hospitals
should be completed on priority basis (in
shorter time period with alternate
provision of traffic, accessibility of
exit/entry gates etc.).
Wherever possible, the use of less noise
generating equipment for all activities is
recommended.
Construction noise is not only a nuisance
for the local community, but can also be
a health hazard to construction workers
due to prolonged exposure. Provision of
protective equipment like ear muffs and
plugs for operating personnel is
recommended.
It is recommended that where feasible, a
sound barrier be provided in inhabited
areas, particularly if there are sensitive
zones like hospitals, schools etc.
Contractor
Project management
consultant
UP Jal Nigam
Allahabad Jal
Sansthan
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
108
Temporary flooding
due to excavation
during monsoons or
blockage of surface
drains
Temporary Ensure that excavated soil material is
stored on the higher lying areas of the
site and not in any storm water run-off
channels or any other areas where it is
likely to cause erosion or where water
would naturally accumulate causing
flooding.
The areas where excavated soil will be
stockpiled must be bordered by berms to
prevent soil loss caused by rain.
Excess soil is to be transported to
dumping location within 24 hrs of
completion of task in vehicles which
have top cover that will prevent dust
dispersal.
Contractor
Project management
consultant
UP Jal Nigam
Allahabad Jal
Sansthan
Increased traffic
inconvenience
(emissions,
congestions, longer
travel times, blockage
of access)
Temporary Since most of the roads in the project
area are narrow there will be some traffic
congestion, hence alternate traffic routing
must be adopted in consultation with
concerned traffic police authorities.
Traffic dislocations also have some
adverse impact on trade and commerce,
hence works at business and market area
must be completed earlier.
Care should be taken to minimize
congestion and negative impacts at
schools and hospitals
Provide temporary crossing/ bridges to
Contractor
Project management
consultant
UP Jal Nigam
Traffic police
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
109
facilitate normal life and business
Settlement of
backfilled area after
construction
Temporary The backfilling material shall be free
from petroleum products, slag, cinders,
ashes and rubbish, or other material.
Backfilling activity should follow the
construction schedule, as recommended
by the DPR, which estimates that a 1 km
stretch of construction work is to be
completed in approximately 3 days.
Proper compaction as per the soil
condition and retain the original level/
alignment and grade as it was before the
work commenced.
Contractor
Project management
consultant
UP Jal Nigam
Spillage of fuel and
oil
Temporary Store tanks and drums for excess
capacity; forbid pouring into soils or
drains; enforce adequate equipment
maintenance procedures
Excess soil is to be transported to
dumping location in vehicles which have
top cover that will prevent dust dispersal
Contractor
Project management
consultant
UP Jal Nigam
Sewage
pumping
station
Excavation Damage to topsoil
due to excavation
activities.
Temporary To prevent excessive disturbance of
natural vegetation, the top soil excavated
should be stored and utilized for re-
vegetation after completion of work.
Topsoil and subsoil must be placed on
opposite sides of the trench and must be
kept separate throughout construction
and rehabilitation.
Contractor
Project management
consultant
UP Jal
Allahabad Jal
Sansthan
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
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Construction waste Temporary All the associated construction waste
should be properly managed by storing
and disposing off at identified refusal
sites.
Contractor
Project management
consultant
UP Jal Nigam
Allahabad Jal
Sansthan
Soil erosion during
excavation/ filling
operation (while
constructing
foundation of
structure)
Temporary Proper stock piling of excavated soil and
must be bordered by berms.
Shoring trench sides by placing sheeting,
timber shores, trench jacks, bracing,
piles, or other materials to resist
pressures surrounding the excavation
Contractor
Project management
consultant
UP Jal Nigam
Allahabad Jal
Sansthan
Dust Generation due
to construction
activities
Temporary Excavated material transported by trucks
will be covered and/or wetted to prevent
dust nuisance.
Suppressing dust generation by spraying
water on stockpiles
Contractor
Project management
consultant
UP Jal Nigam
Allahabad Jal
Sansthan
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
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Temporary flooding
due to uneven
dumping of
construction waste
Temporary The construction waste material should
be stored on the higher lying areas of the
site and not in any storm water run-off
channels or any other areas where it is
likely to cause erosion or where water
would naturally accumulate causing
flooding.
Contractor
Project management
consultant
UP Jal Nigam
Allahabad Jal
Sansthan
General: Air
Environmen
t due to all
construction
activities
Air pollution due to
particulate matter
emissions from
excavation,
construction material
handling,
transportation of
materials
Temporary Providing curtains (polysheets/ sheets)
all around the site to control dust
spreading beyond the site.
Sprinkling of water at regular intervals to
control dust especially places where soil
is stockpiled.
Preventive maintenance of construction
equipment and vehicles to meet emission
standards
Contractor
Project management
consultant
UP Jal Nigam
General:
Noise
Environmen
t due to all
construction
activities
Noise hazards Temporary Noise attenuation with sound proof
insulation for noise generation sources
like pumps, generators or using less
noise making equipment
Proper maintenance of construction
equipment and vehicles to keep them
with low noise.
Contractor
Project management
consultant
UP Jal Nigam
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
112
General
waste during
construction
Nuisance due to solid
waste disposal
Temporary Ensure that no litter, refuse, wastes,
rubbish, rubble, debris and builders
wastes generated on the premises must
be collected in rubbish bins and disposed
of weekly at registered refuse facility
sites.
Toilet facility must be provided at
construction site and should be
maintained properly. Toilets must be
emptied regularly at treatment plants and
every effort must be made to prevent the
contamination of surface or sub-surface
water
Contractor
Project management
consultant
UP Jal Nigam
General:
safety
during
construction
Safety hazards to
labours and public
Temporary Comply with the Occupational health and
Safety act of India
Ensure that the contact details of the
police or security company and
ambulance services nearby to the site.
Ensure that the handling of equipment
and materials is supervised and
adequately instructed.
Erect warning signs/ tapes and temporary
barriers and/or danger tape, marking
flags, lights and flagmen around the
exposed construction works warn the
public and traffic flow of the inherent
dangers.
Provide adequate safety precautions such
as helmets, safety shoes, gloves, dust
masks, gumboots, etc.
Contractor
Project management
consultant
UP Jal Nigam
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Constructio
n camps (if
adopted)
Nuisance due to
absence of facility of
sanitation and solid
waste management
Temporary Labour camps are not required, if the
labours are from the native place.
If labours are not from native place, than
following measures must be undertaken:
1) The camps must be not be in an
environmentally sensitive area such
as in close proximity to a
watercourse, on a steep slope or on
erosive soils.
2) Camp sites will have adequate
provision of shelter, water supply,
sanitation and solid waste
management as far as practicable.
Contractor
Project management
consultant
UP Jal Nigam
C. Operation phase
Sewer line Leakage/ overflows Water pollution and
possibility of mixing
with water supply
line
Permanent There is a temporary concern of leakages
and overflows leading to flooding of
adjacent areas in the sewerage district A
(screening checklist). However this can be
mitigated and managed by:
Regular monitoring of sewer line and
manholes for visible leakages/ overflows.
Immediate repair operation for the
damaged portion of sewer line.
De-siltation of blocked sewers/ manholes
with sewage pumping machines-storing
and disposal at appropriate refusal area
after treatment.
Jal Santhan
UP Jal Nigam
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
114
Ensure proper covering of manhole and
avoid dumping of solid waste to prevent
chocking of sewer line.
Sewage
pumping
station
Noise pollution from
operation activities
Permanent Proper handling and regular maintenance
of operating machines including pumps,
generators, air diffusers, noise
monitoring, etc.
Jal Santhan
UP Jal Nigam
Sewage
pumping
station
Solid waste Contamination of
water resources,
blockage, bad odour,
Health hazard and
public nuisance
Permanent Solid waste should not be kept for more
than 24 hours
Solid waste can be disposed at disposal
sites, preferably a sanitary landfill
Jal Santhan
UP Jal Nigam
Allahabad Municipal
Corporation
General
Waste
Sanitary conditions at
construction camps and
site.
Contamination of
water resources,
blockage of storm
drains, bad odour,
Health hazard and
public nuisance
Temporary Ensure regular monitoring of provision
of water supply, excreta and solid waste
management.
Waste should be emptied regularly at
disposal area until the work is completed.
Maintaining proper hygienic
environment in and around camps and
site by regular surveillance and
monitoring of waste.
Jal Santhan
UP Jal Nigam
General
Safety
Workers exposed to
toxic gases in
sewers and
hazardous materials
in sewage during
maintenance work
Workers exposed to
Serious/health/
safety hazards
The toxic gases
are likely to
contract
communicable
Temporary During cleaning/ maintenance operation,
the sewer line will be adequately vented
to ensure that no toxic or hazardous gases
are present in the line.
Gases present in the sewer line should be
analysed for hazardous/toxic gases
before commencing cleaning operation.
Jal Santhan
UP Jal Nigam
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electrical hazards diseases from
exposure to
pathogens present
in the sewage.
Medical casualty
due to electric
hazards
Provision of adequate safety precautions
such as helmets, safety shoes, gloves,
dust masks, gumboots, etc. during
maintenance operation
For more details refer to CPHEEO
manual on sewer cleaning equipment and
procedures
Encasing the ‘on & off’ switch and
electrical hazards from monsoon
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
116
7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan
The Environmental Monitoring Programme has been detailed out in Table 7-2. Successful
implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Program is contingent on the following:
The Project Management Consultant (PMC) along with UPJN to request the Contractor
to commence all the initial tests for monitoring (i.e. for Air, Water Quality and Noise
Levels) early in the Contract to establish 'base' readings (i.e. to assess the existing
conditions prior to effects from the Construction activities being felt);
The PMC along with UPJN to request the Concessionaire / Contractor to submit for
approval a proposed schedule of subsequent periodic tests to be carried out;
Monitoring by the PMC's Environmental Officer of all the environmental monitoring
tests, and subsequent analysis of results;
Where indicated by testing results, and any other relevant on-site conditions, PMC to
instruct the Concessionaire / Contractor to:
o Modify the testing schedule (dates, frequency);
o Modify (add to or delete) testing locations;
o Verify testing results with additional testing as/if required;
o Require recalibration of equipment, etc., as necessary; and,
o Request the Concessionaire to stop, modify or defer specific construction
equipment, processes, etc., as necessary, that are deemed to have contributed
significantly to monitoring readings in excess of permissible environmental "safe"
levels.
Monitoring of Concessionaire / Contractor's Facilities, Plant and Equipment
All issues related to negative environmental impacts of the Contractor's
Facilities, Plant and equipment are to be controlled through;
The Contractor's self-imposed quality assurance plan;
Regular / periodic inspection of the Concessionaire / Contractor’s plant and
equipment;
Monthly appraisal of the Contractor.
Other environmental impacts are to be regularly identified and noted on the monthly
appraisal inspection made to review all aspects of the Contractor's operation. The officer is to
review all monthly appraisal reports, and through the team leader is to instruct the Contractor
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
117
to rectify all significant negative environmental impacts.
7.3 EMP Budget
The environmental budget for the various environmental management measures proposed in
the ESMP is detailed in Table 7-3 and the cost of the Environmental Monitoring is given in
Table 7-4. There are several other environmental issues that have been addressed as part of
good engineering practices, the costs for which have been accounted for in the Engineering
Cost. The rates adopted for the budget has been worked out on the basis of market rates and
the Schedule of rates. Various environmental aspects covered/will be covered under
engineering costs are listed below:
Proper drainage arrangements to prevent water stagnation/ flooding in SPS site area
Appropriate siting, and enclosing within building to reduce noise and odour nuisance to
surrounding area Drainage along the ghats to collect the discharge from the residents and
connecting to city sewer
Alternate traffic re-routing,
Ensuring storage of excavated soil material on the higher lying areas
Solid Waste Management
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
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Table7.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan
Env.
Component
Stage Institutional Responsibilities
Parameter Standards/Method
s
Locations Frequency Implementation Supervision
Air
Qu
ali
ty
Con
stru
ctio
n PM10 μg /m3,
PM2.5 μg/m3,
SO2, NOX, CO
CPCB
Sewer
Construction
Sites
Once in every
season (except
monsoon
Contractor through
approved monitoring
agency/Lab
PMC, UPJN and SPMG
Op
erati
on
PM10 μg /m3,
PM2.5 μg/m3,
SO2, NOX, CO
Sewer
Construction
Sites
Once in a year
except monsoon for
first 5 years.
Contractor through
approved monitoring
agency/Lab
PMC, UPJN and SPMG
Met
eoro
logy
Co
nst
ruct
ion
Rainfall,
humidity, Wind
Speed, Wind
direction,
Temperature
USEPA's
Meteorological
Monitoring
Guidance for
Regulatory
Modeling
Applications
One location
within
Allahabad A
district
Once in every
season
Contractor through
approved monitoring
agency/Lab
PMC, UPJN and SPMG
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
119
Op
erati
on
Rainfall, humidity,
Wind Speed, Wind
direction,
Temperature
USEPA's
Meteorological
Monitoring Guidance
for Regulatory
Modeling
Applications
One location
within
Allahabad A
district
Once in a year Contractor through
approved monitoring
agency/Lab
PMC, UPJN and SPMG
Nois
e L
evel
s
Con
stru
ctio
n Leq dB (A) (Day
and Night) Average
and Peak values
Ambient Noise
Standard
CPCB
Sewer
Construction
Sites
Once in every
season (except
monsoon)
Contractor through
approved monitoring
agency/Lab
PMC, UPJN and SPMG
Op
erati
on
Leq dB (A) (Day
and Night) Average
and Peak values
Sewer
Construction
Sites
Once in a year
except monsoon for
first 5 years.
Contractor through
approved monitoring
agency/Lab
PMC, UPJN and SPMG
So
il
Co
nst
ruct
ion
Physical Parameter:
Texture, Grain Size,
Gravel, Sand, Silt,
Clay; Chemical
Parameter: pH,
Conductivity,
Calcium,
Magnesium,
Sodium, Nitrogen,
Absorption Ratio
Consider the
following methods:
IS-2720 (Various
part);
Soil Chemical
Analysis by M.L.
JACKSON.
Soil Test Method by
Ministry of
agriculture
Sewer
Construction
Sites and
SPS
Once in every
season
Contractor through
approved monitoring
agency/Lab
PMC, UPJN and SPMG
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
120
Op
erati
on
Physical : Texture,
Grain Size, Gravel,
Sand, Silt, Clay;
Chemical Parameter:
pH,
Conductivity,
Calcium,
Magnesium,
Sodium, Nitrogen,
Absorption Ratio
Consider the
following methods:
IS-2720 (Various
part);
Soil Chemical
Analysis by M.L.
JACKSON.
Soil Test Method by
Ministry of
agriculture
Along sewer
construction
sites, SPS
Twice in a year
(Pre-monsoon and
Post monsoon) for
first 5 years,
Contractor through
approved monitoring
agency/Lab
PMC, UPJN and SPMG
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
121
Table 7.3 Cost information of EMP
Phase Component of
EMP
Mitigation measure Cost included in
the DPR
(Yes/no/not clear)
Cost in Rupees
(or Details if provided in
DPR)
Remarks
Design
and
Develop
ment
Provision for
accidental leakages /
bursts in SPS
Proper drainage arrangements to
prevent water stagnation/
flooding in SPS site area
Yes (not specific but
included as a part of
associated
construction
activity)
DPR for Sewerage
system in Sewerage
District ‘A’ Allahabad,
The proposed DPR includes these
activities
Location of SPS Appropriate siting, and enclosing
within building to reduce noise
and odour nuisance to
surrounding area
Yes DPR for Sewerage
system in Sewerage
District ‘A’ Allahabad,
The proposed SPS will be indoor
which will prevent noise and
enclosed nature and appropriate
cleaning and maintenance will
prevent odour nuisance
Construct
ion
Excavation, Cutting
and filling
operations
Review of existing infrastructure,
shoring trenches, reinstatement/
resurfacing
Yes DPR for Sewerage
system in Sewerage
District ‘A’ Allahabad,
The proposed DPR includes these
activities
Damage public
utilities
Proper reviewing of existing
drawing s of utilities, informing
concern authorities and
reinstatement of public utilities
Yes DPR for Sewerage
system in Sewerage
District ‘A’ Allahabad,
The proposed DPR includes these
activities
Dust generation Water sprinkling on excavated
material to suppress dust and
provision of top cover when
transported through vehicles
No Water tanker: Rs.
Approximately
Rs. 28,80,000
/-
Top cover for dumper
truck: Rs. 33750/-
According to DPR 80Km stretch in
each zone will be completed in
3years. This means approximately
75 m will be covered per day.
750 L of water will be consumed
for 75 m using sprinkler average 2
times a day
Labour cost-Rs. 150/day
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Phase Component of
EMP
Mitigation measure Cost included in
the DPR
(Yes/no/not clear)
Cost in Rupees
(or Details if provided in
DPR)
Remarks
Rs. 300/tanker+Rs150/labourer =
Rs. 450
Per meter cost = Rs. 450/75m = Rs
6/-
Total cost for 80 Km= Rs.
480000
Keeping a 2 day margin for
construction and reinstatement of
the site
2x480000= Rs. 960000/-
For 240km stretch:
Rs. 28,80,000/-
Top cover:
Approximately 30 Sqm of top
cover may require for each
vehicle. Assuming 5 such vehicle
involved in transporting excess
soil to dumping location
(considering construction schedule
and max excavated earth disposal).
Hence 5 trucks* required top cover
30 Sqm* Cost of Tripol cover at
Rs. 75/ Sqm
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Phase Component of
EMP
Mitigation measure Cost included in
the DPR
(Yes/no/not clear)
Cost in Rupees
(or Details if provided in
DPR)
Remarks
Noise and vibrations Usage of sound barriers or sheets. No. Rs. 9,29,850/- As per the schedule, the
construction of 80km in 3zones
each has to be executed in 36
months For providing sound
barriers like GI sheets, 4Km out of
80 Km of stretch of sensitive zones
in sewer work is considered
assuming excavation, construction
and backfilling activity will take
place simultaneously at different
stretches.
Considering 302 GI sheet of 3’x
8’ would cover 75m length (both
sides) of construction activity
daily. (150 sheets are needed of for
one side of 150 m stretch, so for 2
sides 300 sheets and 2 more sheets
to enclose one open side of the
barricading; 150 m is taken as a
safer option as it will not be
possible to shift the barrier to
another site same day)
Hence 302 sheets* Cost of GI
sheet Rs.1000 per sheet (Rs.70-
100 per Kg)* labour cost ( two
labours at avg. rate of Rs. 150 per
day) = Rs. 309950
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
124
Phase Component of
EMP
Mitigation measure Cost included in
the DPR
(Yes/no/not clear)
Cost in Rupees
(or Details if provided in
DPR)
Remarks
And for 240 Kms = Rs. 9,29,850/-
Temporary flooding
or , water logging
Alternate traffic re-routing,
Ensuring storage of excavated
soil material on the higher lying
areas
Yes DPR for Sewerage
system in Sewerage
District ‘A’ Allahabad,
Increased traffic
inconvenience
Traffic re-routing Yes DPR for Sewerage
system in Sewerage
District ‘A’ Allahabad,
Safety hazards to
workers and
residents
Putting fences or other barricades
to demarcate the area
No Rs. 16875 Assuming a stretch of 75m per
day, 150 rods will be used, @ Rs.
75/- per rod.
Labour
camps (if
adopted)
Health hazards and
nuisance due to
absence of facility
for sanitation or
solid waste
management
Sanitation No Cost of construction of
pit and toilet building &
cleaning approximately
Rs. 15,12,000/-
Total no. of labour is estimated
assuming 35% of total project
working for 36 months .The labour
camps can be divided into 1 camps
for each zone, for appropriate
management and maintenance
work. So per day each camp will
have around 950 labourers
A toilet with septic tank is been
suggested for sanitation facility at
labour camps. Septic tank of
capacity 45 m3 will be used. For
950 labourers 63 m3 of total pit
capacity would be needed. Hence
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
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Phase Component of
EMP
Mitigation measure Cost included in
the DPR
(Yes/no/not clear)
Cost in Rupees
(or Details if provided in
DPR)
Remarks
2 pits will be needed. Cost of one
pit is Rs. 1,20,000. Cost of 2 pits
would ne Rs. 2,40,000/-
For this 3 toilet buildings of 15
closets will be needed. Cost of one
toilet building is Rs. 80,000. So for
3 toilet building total cost is Rs.
2,40,000.
Therefore, total cost of toilet
construction at one camp site
would be Rs 4,80,000/-
For constructing toilet at 3 camps
expenditure would be Rs.
14,40,000/-
Cleaning of pit cost Rs 4000/-.
And after 9 months cleaning is
needed so thrice cleaning is
needed. So for 2 pits X 3 camps X
3 times cleaning the cost will come
as Rs.72000/-
Water Supply No Approximately Rs.
1213821/-
As estimated 950 labourers will be
at one camp, so approximately 190
families will be placed at one
camp. Around 10 standposts will
be needed at one camp. One
standpost construction cost is Rs
6250/-. So for 3 camps total cost
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
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Phase Component of
EMP
Mitigation measure Cost included in
the DPR
(Yes/no/not clear)
Cost in Rupees
(or Details if provided in
DPR)
Remarks
will be Rs 187500 for
construction. At the rate of 135
LPCD, 128250L of water is
needed for each camp. At the rate
of Rs 2.5KL, the cost of water
provisioning would be Rs 320.65
per day. Total cost for 36 months
would be Rs 342106.875 and the
total cost for all camps would be
Rs 1026320.625.
Total cost of construction and
provisioning would be Rs
1213820.625
Dust bins No Approximately Rs.
200000/-
Solid waste generation: Generally
about 200 grams of solid waste is
generated per 5 persons every day.
Hence two cluster dustbin (one for
biodegradable waste and one for
non-biodegradable waste of 1 cum
size at the rate of Rs. 2000/-) may
handle solid waste generated.
Total cost for EMP is estimated to be approximately Rs. 6786296/- excluding budget for environmental monitoring plan.
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
127
Table 7.4 Cost of Environmental Monitoring Plan
Allahabad-A SEWERAGE SCHEME, UP
Item Location Season Year Total no. of
samples Unit Cost Total Cost
Environment Monitoring during Construction Stage
Air quality Monitoring 8 3 3 72 7,000.00 504,000.00
Metrological data 1 4 3 12 5,000.00 60,000.00
Noise / vibration 8 3 3 72 2,000.00 144,000.00
Soil analysis 8 2 3 48 5,500.00 264,000.00
Travel and Transportation of
monitoring Team Lumpsum 240,000.00
Sub total 1,212,000.00
Environment Monitoring Cost (Operation Stage)
Air quality Monitoring 8 1 5 40 7,000.00 280,000.00
Metrological data 1 1 5 5 5,000.00 25,000.00
Noise / vibration 8 1 5 40 2,000.00 80,000.00
Soil analysis 4 2 5 40 5,500.00 220,000.00
Sub-Total 605,000.00
Travel and Transportation of
monitoring Team Lumpsum 400,000.00
TOTAL for Environmental Monitoring 2,217,000.00
Total Cost of EMP and Environmental Monitoring (Total of Table 7.3 and Table 7.4)
90,03,296
Say 90 Lakhs
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7.4 Social Management Plan 7.4.1 Social mitigation plans during construction phase
Based on the identified social issues, doable mitigation plans are proposed. Some of these
measures are already listed in the DPRs, and some of them are additionally recommended for
social development of the project and the concerned stakeholders.
i. Impact on human health
Mitigation Measure: Acoustic enclosures or hoardings can be constructed at the
proposed sites
Mitigation plan involves the erection of temporary enclosures around construction
sites. These barriers will help entrap some of the dust that is brought up in digging.
They will also provide safety benefits, to be detailed below. According to the
interaction/consultation with the key stakeholders, it was said that contractors are
doing water sprinkling in the construction area.
ii. Traffic Congestion
Mitigation Measure: Re-route traffic whenever possible and employing traffic police
to manage the traffic movement.
Traffic must be re-routed to facilitate ease of movement. Proper signage should
provide detailed information on the dates and duration of road closures and which
detours will be available, ideally well in advance of actual construction so residents
can plan accordingly. Strategic placement of traffic police at critical intersections will
also facilitate better flow of traffic. Plans and budget for these measures are already
included in the DPR.
iii. Impact on livelihood
Sewer constructions will invariable lead to road closures, which will adversely affect
shops on those streets. The first priority is for the contractor to take the necessary
measures to ensure that pedestrians always have access to shops, vendors, etc. For
mobile vendors, this may include adjusting the location of the cart, etc. to a similar
location in the immediate vicinity of the original location for the duration of the
project. Projects should also proceed on schedule so as to minimize disruption.
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Additionally, clean-up of debris and clearance of blockages should commence
immediately after project completion so as to remove any potential obstacles that
might prevent customers from accessing businesses or other disruptions.
In the event that the contractor, despite best efforts, is unable to avoid blockages of
the roads and/or disruption of local businesses, some compensation is necessary. The
ESMF currently mandates compensation only in the case of permanent livelihood loss
or displacement and provides no provisions for livelihood loss of mobile vendors.
Additionally, no regulation, policy, guideline, etc. exists which can provide precedent
or guidance in this instance. ESMF clearly states that mobile/ambulatory hawkers:
fruit cart vendors, etc. who can easily relocate fall into this category. These vendors
are most eligible for a temporary relocation just outside the construction area, and will
thus not be eligible for compensation as is the case for this proposed project.
However if during the construction of the project any party faces livelihood loss due
to the proposed project, then that party should be compensated according to the
entitlement matrix given in the ESMF report.
iv. Impact on existing utility services
Mitigation Measure:
Circulating the layout plans of the existing underground alignment near the
work site.
Contacting the relevant department in case there is any damage to any of the
utility services and ensuring prompt fixing/replacing of damaged
infrastructure
Temporary shifting of power/water lines for construction purposes is already budgeted for in
the DPR. Nevertheless, all construction personnel must receive detailed layout plans of
existing underground structures to prevent accidental water/electricity supply disruptions.
The relevant departments should also be made aware of the timing and location of digging
near supply lines so they can make the necessary preparations to respond swiftly to
disruptions.
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v. Safety hazards
Mitigation Measure: Fencing of the excavation site and providing proper caution sign
boards.
As mentioned above, fencing should be erected around construction sites and
appropriately marked with caution signage. These fences/signs should remain in
place even if construction is not active, so long as a hazard (e.g. open pit) remains.
Currently, no provision for fences are explicitly mentioned in the DPR, and, in field
visits to JNNURM sites, some had fences while others did not.
vi. Elevated Noise Levels
According to UP Jal Nigam officials, construction will take place after school hours
or at other times of school closing to avoid interfering with school function. Beyond
that, construction must simply proceed in a deliberate and judicious manner to avoid
unnecessary noise pollution.
vii. Failure to Restore Temporary Construction Sites
As mentioned above, provisions to rehabilitate roads and clear debris are already
included in the DPR.
viii. Public Notice: according to the suggestion given by locals during the interview.
Government and contractor should give a prior notice to each and every locality with
the details of project, street wise start date of construction and street wise end date of
construction, contact person during emergency. This information would help them
better adjust to the situation and make necessary adjustments and provisions.
ix. Health Programme for Workers: If un-sanitary conditions prevail at workers camp,
health programmes for their well-being should be implemented.
7.4.2 Social mitigation plans during operation phase
Noise pollution due to improper handling of machines: proper O&M should be carried out
during the operation phase to ensure least disturbance is caused to the neighbouring residents.
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7.4.3 Mitigation measures adopted by locals during similar nature of project activities
From the field surveys and interviewing the locals including shop-owners, residents, mobile
vendors, following local adaptive measures have been recorded;
Using transparent plastic sheets to block entry of dust into shops
Avoiding opening of windows, especially when the construction is going on
Taking different routes if possible to avoid areas where construction is happening
Laying wooden plank over the excavated pits for making access route to house or
shops
Mobile vendors stated that they place their carts at some other place and vacate
construction area for the time when construction is on
Many public institutes like hospitals, schools and colleges reported that they have
more than one gate which makes the access easier during construction period.
The above measures indicate that the general public has already created adaptation measures
to sewage construction projects.
Public Grievances
Locals also reported few instances where they lodged complaints about un-cleared debris, or
damage of public utility generally to UP Jal Nigam officials. They usually do not lodge
complaints due to the prior experience of the lack of response from government officials.
Additionally, the interviewees said that they understood the inconveniences were of a
temporary measure and are providing a social good. Thus, they have created local adaptation
measures as quick and efficient ways to mitigate the temporary inconveniences. However the
proposed project has grievance redress mechanism which will be adopted as mentioned in the
Environment and Social Management Framework.
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Table 7.5 Social Management Plan
Activity Potential Negative
Impact/Concern
Mitigation Measures Cost Issues
I. Sewerage and Sanitation Projects
A. Design and Development Phase
Land Acquisition for
new pumping station
NA SPS is planned on land already owned by
the government and confirmed by the
Revenue department
NA
B. Construction Phase
Laying of sewer
network *
Safety hazards to workers and
residents
Provide workers with adequate safety
equipment such as helmets, safety shoes,
gloves, etc.
Fences/temporary enclosures should be put
around construction sites (even inactive
ones, if hazards, like open pits, remain);
enclosures should be properly marked with
caution signs
Safety gear already provided by
contractor
Putting fences or other barricades to
demarcate the area, is already being
done
DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage
District ‘
Dust generation, with resulting
implications for human health
Water sprinkling, removal of excess
materials, cleaning of sites upon completion
of activities.
Construction of temporary enclosures to
entrap dust.
Water sprinkling
Reduced pedestrian and vehicle
access to residences and businesses,
with inverse effects on livelihoods
Work should proceed on schedule so as to
minimize road closures
Upon project completion, quick clearance of
NA
Debris clearance budgeted for in DPR
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Activity Potential Negative
Impact/Concern
Mitigation Measures Cost Issues
debris, etc. will facilitate access by
customers to local business and residents to
their households
DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage
District ‘A’ Allahabad, Volume.-I
Temporary water , electricity,
supply interruptions
Circulation of layout plan for all
underground infrastructure to ensure that
contractor is aware of water/electricity lines
in construction zones
Local utilities should be made aware of
timing/location of all construction, enabling
them to respond swiftly to supply
disruption, especially in the event of
flooding, etc.
Provision for temporary shifting of
water/power lines, etc. already in
DPR
DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage
District ‘A’ Allahabad, Volume.-I
Increased traffic inconvenience
(emissions, congestions, longer
travel times)
Use of alternate traffic routes; signage
should clearly indicate dates of road
closures and new routes so residents can
plan accordingly
Placement of traffic officers at busy
intersections to facilitate easy of movement
Provisions for traffic diversion, with
signage already in DPR
DPR for Sewerage system in Sewerage
District ‘A’ Allahabad, Volume.-I
Impact to daily life Prior public notice indicating the date of
start of construction and end date of
construction should be provided road-wise
to the locals, allowing them to make
adjustments accordingly
Note: *** denotes – Significant Impact; ** Denotes-Moderate Impacts and *- Minor Impact.
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7.4.4 Consultation Framework for Participatory Planning and Implementation of Mitigation Plan
Relevant stakeholders, especially community members (residents, shop owners, etc.) may be
informed about the details of the proposed mitigation plan. A public consultation may be
conducted where the mitigation plan is presented, and feedback solicited from the
community. Individual meetings with other key stake holders – government officials,
relevant NGOs, etc. – could be scheduled to solicit their feedback as well. Once construction
begins and the mitigation plan is put into effect, third party audits should be taken up so as to
evaluate the efficacy of the mitigation plan, as well as gauge local sentiments related to the
construction and identify/address new issues that may have arisen during construction.
Stakeholders that should be involved in planning and implementation of the mitigation plan
include;
All affected persons (APs), program beneficiaries, including representatives of
vulnerable households;
decision makers, policy makers, elected representatives of people, community and
citizens, NGOs etc;
staff of executing agency, implementing agencies, GPCU, etc
officials of the revenue departments, social welfare department etc; and
Representatives of the various state government departments, as required.
7.4.5 Assess the Capacity of Institutions and Mechanisms for Implementing
Social Development Aspects and Social Safeguard Plans; Recommend Capacity building measures
Roles and functions of the institutions are pre-defined, but they can enhance their capacity for
better implementation and operation of the project. There should be synergies and continual
interaction amongst the departments for better coordination. The officers of the relevant
departments can be trained in social sciences, social management plan, etc.
Institutional reform and capacity building of local body is in process under JNNURM, it will
be required to ensure that operating authorities have the ability and equipment to properly
manage and finance the operation and maintenance of sewerage schemes. Otherwise
continued development will not be sustainable.
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Table 7.6 Role of stakeholder in implementation and mitigation
Stakeholder Category Role in project implementation Role in mitigation
NGRBA Over all coordination Coordinating so that the
mitigation plan is implemented
well
Ensuring funds for mitigation
plan execution
Executing agencies (UP
Jal Nigam, Ganga
Pollution Control Unit)
Implementation of the project by
awarding the project to the suitable
contractor and regional coordination
Informing the relevant departments
about the progress of the project
Ensuring that the relevant
departments are available for
mitigation plan
Enough safety provisions are
available for the project
implementation.
Jal Sansthan While execution of projects related
to sewerage line, Jal Sansthan is
responsible for the damage caused to
the public utility functions like
drinking water pipe lines
Should ensure that the basic
amenities are in order during the
construction and operational
phase of the project
Municipality Ensuring better access to households
Should ensure all the households
envisaged at project planning
phase gets access to the services.
Weaker section of the society
should get equitable share.
State, local
Government
Coordination
Monitoring and evaluation
Coordination
Monitoring and evaluation
Ensure all the safeguarding plans
are in line and acted upon.
NGOs, CSOs, Research
Institutes ( Allahabad
University)
Awareness creation about the project
activities
Community participation for better
project implementation
Public participation and
coordination
7.4.6 Develop Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms to Assess Social
Development Outcomes
Regular monitoring and evaluation of the project activities should be carried out to judge its
success or any gaps. Certain key parameters can be taken as the benchmark for monitoring
and evaluation of the project based on the identified development outcomes. Some of the
indicators are listed below;
Increase in sewer access (number of households linked to the sewer network)
Decrease in effluent discharge into the Ganga (water quality assessment of the river)
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Proper sites for industries, building etc.
Accessibility of the service to backward and weaker sections of the society
Increase in public toilet
Increase in the land rate (property appreciation value)
Decrease in water borne disease incidence in the area
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Chapter 8 Social Development Outcomes and Issues
8.1 Social Development Outcomes of the sub project
Access to sewer network: This service will cater to the projected population until the
year 2040. According to the DPR, population is expected to increase from 405176 in
2010 to 515155 by 2040. In this time, waste water generation is expected to increase from
62.80 MLD to 79.85 MLD. Hence the increase sewerage will prevent outflow of waste
water to the Ganga.
Better hygienic conditions: The sewerage network will provide improved environmental
conditions due to the contained handling of wastes, leading to improved public health
conditions and will likely reduce the average medical expenses of the residents in the
project areas. According to DPR this area has sewerage system but the sewers are very
old, under capacity and deteriorated condition, which causes significant flow of untreated
sewage into river and also this sewage gets accumulated on road/drain sides. These areas
suffer from powerful odors and greater amounts of flies/mosquitoes, which will be
mitigated with the sewerage connection and overall improvement in environment and
health is anticipated from this project.
Decrease in water pollution: Because of the sewer line connection, all the waste water
will be collected and directed to treatment plant, which only after treatment will be
disposed off to the river, hence decreasing the pollutant load in the river. Due to current
pollution, water quality in the river Ganga is impaired at the City of Allahabad. As the
water enters Allahabad (at Rasoolabad) from Kanpur, it has a BOD much higher than the
safe bathing limit of 3mg/L at about 4.5 mg/L. Downstream from Allahabad (post
Sangam and before Assighat, Varanasi), the BDO reduces to below the safe bathing
limit14.
Increase in aesthetic value of the project area: connection to sewer lines enhance the
aesthetic value of the area, as there will be more cleanliness and no wastewater discharge
to open area. This will also lead to appreciation in the property value. This will eventually
lead to increase in standard of living of the people in the project site. The support for this
14Source: SanjivSwarup 2007, Affidavit of status report as on October 31,2006 filed on behalf of
NRCD as per orders of the SC dated Oct 10, 2006, New Delhi January, mime
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statement comes from the counter-factual scenario observed in areas with only nalas (bad
odor, insects, etc.).
Reduction in cost of implementation: According to DPR, wherever possible
development of sewerage will be integrated with existing GAP infrastructure to reduce
the overall investment cost.
Cultural sentiments: Proper sewage disposal would increase the river water quality. As
the holy river is attached to many rituals and customs, enhanced river water quality would
connect to sentiments of the people. Especially during ‘KumbhMela’ better water quality
for bathing would be boon for pilgrims. At present as recorded by UP State Pollution
Control Board river water at Allahabad has high fecal coliform concentration, and it has
been reported that some sadhus and saints protest against the river pollution and boycott
the ritual bathing15. This could be sorted out with better river water quality.
8.2 Social Development Issues in Project Vicinity and Social
Services to be provided by the project
The social benefits of the proposed project are given above. The social services required to
ensure that these benefits are realized are given below:
Ensure backward section of the society gets the facility: Some residents
complained that they did not feel they personally would benefit from the project
as their houses did not have sewer connection. Thus, increasing household
connections will ensure that project benefits are equitably distributed. Plans for
increasing connections are detailed in the DPR that is by 2025 coverage would
increase to 75% from 45% of 2010 ratio. Special care should be taken to ensure
access for backward and vulnerable sections of the society. Full benefits of the
facilities proposed under DPR cannot be realized unless a programme to improve
coverage of branch sewers and household connection is carried in parallel.
Increasing public toilet facilities: Similarly increasing public toilet facilities will
ensure that residents of Allahabad without permanent housing and tourists
(especially visiting during ‘Kumbh Mela’ are able to benefit from the increased
sewerage access. Increasing toilet access will decrease practices such as Open
15http://www.ecofriends.org/main/eganga/images/Critical%20analysis%20of%20GAP.pdf
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Defecation. This eventually would lead to better water quality and would have
better environment and social ramifications.
Targeting of economically weaker communities: for construction jobs related to
sub-project: In order to ensure that the economic benefits of the sub-project is felt
by those in need, those from backward communities should be specifically
targeted for relevant jobs.
Proper clean-up of project debris: In order to maximize aesthetic benefits and
ensure that debris does not clog sewer path, proper clean-up of project areas must
be performed after the project is completed. Collection and disposal of debris is
essential for proper function of other essential processes like traffic routing,
pedestrian pathways, and clearance of dust and particles causing pollution. Clean
area will also enhance the aesthetic value and increase the property rate of the
area.
Sanitation for slum dwellers: Allahabad district has many slums, as mentioned
above around 185 slums spread across the city. District A also has number of
slums. All these slums have no legal rights over land so it is not possible to
provide such services to them. But their unsanitary condition is an impediment for
over all sanitary development. Hence they should be provided with the scheme of
low cost sanitation technologies without sewerage connection.
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Chapter 9 Conclusion
The project report of the proposed sub-project for sewerage district ‘A’ of the Allahabad city
after environment and social analysis concludes that the project falls in ‘low impact’ category
and have overall positive benefits on the life and environment of the people. There has been
no reported land acquisition or livelihood losses to be caused under this project. As per
environmental and social management framework guidelines of NGRBA, Environmental and
Social Assessment, with a Generic Safeguard Management Plan was conducted for
addressing possible issues/ concerns arising from proposed project.
Impacts of activities identified during the assessment fell under two separate categories of
Construction and Operation. Although no such permanently negative or adverse
environmental or social impacts were identified, there were certain temporary impacts, for
which appropriate mitigation plans have also been suggested. The environmental
management plan ensures to suggest appropriate mitigation measure against the issues/
concerns identified during the environmental and social analysis study. All the social and
environmental issues were appropriately studied and have been substantiated using
appropriate evidences, to ascertain the magnitude of their impacts. Even the issues of public
grievances and public notice have been taken care in the report to confirm transparency
during the project implementation. Report also ensures that well defined institutional
mechanism is in place to monitor and evaluate the progress of the project during construction,
implementation and operation phases.
Stakeholder consultations, and interviews helped to understand the general perception of
public towards the project and it can be determined that the people of the project site are
happy and welcome such an initiative for their betterment. It was also pointed out that the
large overall environmental benefits of the project such as prevention of discharge of
untreated sewage into River Ganga, improvement in sewerage collection and treatment,
prevention of untreated liquid waste infiltrating into ground water and soil, improvement in
quality of life, human dignity and increased productivity greatly outweigh the temporary
inconveniences faced during the implementation stages.
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Annexure 1 Questionnaire
TERI-Water Resources Division Date:__/__/2011
NGRBA Project Impact Assessment
Interviewer:__________________
Site: __________________________
Interviewee:________________________
Location: Residential____Public Place_______
For PP: Park______Office____Market__School____Store______Religious place____
Classification:
Resident______ShopKeeper___StreetVendor_____Officeworker____School_______pedestri
an___
Religious figure_____Other_______
1. Are you aware that this project will be constructed?
2. Do you think it is necessary to have this kind of project? You feel connection to
sewerage is important?
3. Will your household be connected to sewer line?
4. What do you think will be the consequences of the construction this project on the
following: (classify as short term and long term impacts)
a. Traffic blockages?
b. Parking?
c. Aesthetic value of neighbourhood/ environment sanitation
d. Health
e. Access to river water source
f. Noise?
g. Pollution? Dust, air quality, leakages
h. Smell/flies, etc.?
i. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc.
j. Livelihood? (temporary or permanent)
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k. Family?
l. Daily Life?
m. Impact of worker’s camp (unsanitary conditions there, safety concerns, etc.)
n. Other?
5. What do you think will be the consequences of this project, post completion?
a. Pollution?
b. Smell/flies, etc.?
c. Access to river water source
d. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc.
e. Livelihood?
f. Family?
g. Daily Life?
h. Other?
6. Are you aware of similar projects (prompt Jnnurm projects) in your
area/neighbourhood?
7. How are you coping up with these difficulties?
a. Traffic blockages?
b. Parking?
c. Aesthetic value of neighbourhood
d. Health
e. Access to river water source
f. Noise?
g. Pollution? Dust, air quality, leakages
h. Smell/flies, etc.?
i. Basic services? Drinking water pipes, electricity poles, etc.
j. Livelihood? (Temporary/permanent)
k. Family?
l. Daily Life?
m. Impact of worker’s camp (unsanitary conditions there, safety concerns, etc.)
n. Other?
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8. Have you/or anyone you know of have complained on any similar projects in the
past?
9. What are your suggestions on improving the project construction/operation phase?
10. Are you aware of what will happen in the absence of the project?
11. Do you think this is a no regret investment by GoI (explain what is no regret
investment) and more such projects should be implemented?
12. Do you perceive any conflicts during implementation/construction of the project? (get
details)
13. Do you know of any conflicts in the past due to similar projects?
14. Do you know of any land acquisition for this project?
15. Do you know of any rehabilitation/resettlement that might be required during project
implementation phase?
16. Do you think these projects;
will help in improving Ganga river quality, if replicated and upscaled in different
areas or not?
17. Are you aware of any community/social movement against this upcoming project?
18. Are you aware of any community/social movement/ cultural issues/security threats
(due to labour migration) against similar projects in your area in the past?
8 Are you willing to cope with the temporary disruptions/disturbances during the
construction/operational phase? (prompt and get reason for willingness to cope, if
answer is yes/no)
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9 Do you believe that the authority will implement the project in a timely and efficient
manner?
10 Have you/or anyone you know of approached the public grievance authority in the
past regarding similar projects? (note down details)
11 Do you feel this project has minimal/no impact in comparison with some other
projects/programmes you know of in the region?
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Annexure 2 Minutes of meeting with key
stakeholders
Allahabad 28-29th April 2011
S.
no
Name and designation Contact No. Minutes of Meeting
1 Mr. Rohit, Asst. Project
Engineer, State Pollution
Control Board,
Allahabad
9473942159 According to rough estimates
the project in District C would
help in treating 2.61 MLD of
sewage, and in District A
around 7 MLD of sewage. This
will help prevent flow of
approximately 10 MLD of
sewage into River Ganga.
During construction work, they
make sure appropriate safety
equipments are available along
with proper caution signage and
contact number of the
concerned project coordinator.
Also proper shuttering to be
placed as excavation
commences; water to be
sprinkled through tankers, twice
a day, to avoid dust pollution.
Work in front of schools and
hospitals to be prioritized and
finished urgently. Work could
be conducted during day/night
shifts.
Upstream/downstream water
quality data can be retrieved
from the MoEF public domain.
There are no forested areas or
protected monuments being
threatened by the projects.
There is no threat to
Groundwater Resources since
digging for sewers does not go
below 6-7 meters.
2 Mr. R S Singh, State 9473942675 Said that he dealt mainly with
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146
Pollution Control Board,
Allahabad
vvs_18@rediffmail.com
virummm007@gmail.com
the Operation and Maintenance
phase of the projects.
Introduced TERI to Mr. Rohit
for all necessary information.
TERI submitted a letter of
request to Mr. R.S Singh,
requesting relevant data for
ESIA.
Allahabad 5thAugust 2011
S.
no
Name and designation Minutes of Meeting
1 MoEF, PMG ,World Bank
team, U.P. Jal Nigam,
Nagar Nigam, Tata
Consulting Engineers
(TCE), TERI
Venue: Jal Nigam,
Training Centre, Sangam
Hall
There was a verbal agreement between the Nagar Nigam,
UP Jal Nigam and other offices that each construction site
for laying of sewer lines will be completed and restored in
maximum period of 1 month.
It was brought to the attention that since no maps, plans
of underground utilities exists, damage to them will be
inevitable.
It was agreed upon that a ‘Social publicity Programme’
would be launched, the budget for which was to be
prepared by Jal Kal department.
There was a suggestion to use SewerCad and it was
recommended that all sewer maps and details should be
mapped using it.
The issue of providing sewer lines to unauthorized
colonies was brought up. One solution was to provide
sewerage to all habitations and unauthorized colonies
except where public land has been encroached. Another
suggestion was to provide network in all areas where a
water connection already exists. This matter is still under
review and consideration.
Suggestion was made by the World Bank to initiate a plan
to involve and motivate local residents to install sewer
connections in their homes. One such idea for a scheme
would provide a free connection to all those who applied
in the 1st six months.
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Allahabad 23rd - 26th August 2011
S.
no
Name and designation Contact No. Minutes of Meeting
1 Mr. A.K Mittal, General
Manager, Ganga Pollution
Control Unit (GPCU), UP
Jal Nigam, Allahabad,
Uttar Pradesh.
9473942672 He shared basic information on
the existing sewerage system in
Allahabad city and provided
contacts of important officials
required for the environmental
and social assessment study.
Important issues such as
damage to public utilities,
traffic congestion, dust
pollution etc. were highlighted.
Data and Maps related to Water
Supply, Solid Waste
management, storm drainage,
health and social issues were
not available with UP Jal
Nigam and would be with the
Nagar Nigam.
2 Mr. J.P Mani, Project
Manager, Ganga Pollution
Control Unit (GPCU), UP
Jal Nigam, Allahabad,
Uttar
As secondary data on
Allahabad “A report on sub-
soil exploration for design
foundation of sump well at
Gaughat, Allahabad (U.P.)”
3 Dr. Mukesh Sharma,
Envrionment Officer,
Project Implementation
Unit, Allahabad Nagar
Nigam.
09935754985
Stated that most of the data is
with the UP Jal Nigam
Shared statistics about solid
waste management in city.
Overall the SWM plans are
have reached only 20%
implementation in all wards.
400 gm/head solid waste is
collected adding up to a total of
540 Million Metric Tonnes per
day.
Door to Door Collection
(DTDC) is followed in 18
wards of District A. No slums
are included in the DTDC
plans.
The major dumping sites are
Allahpur, Govindpur and
KarelBagh. The major
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
148
processing plant is at Baswar.
With regard to waste water,
BPCL is a major industry that
dumps waste water into the
Simraha Ghat. Other industries
in NAINI area are Baidyanath,
AREVA and RECRON.
Provided information on water
supply for the city which
included pumps, tube wells and
overhead tanks (18 under
JNNURM, each storing
2000KiloLitres). There are also
3 underground reservoirs in
District A (2 are complete, 1 is
30% constructed)
4 Mr. Tiwary, Social officer,
Allahabad Nagar Nigam.
07376336219 Informed that there is not much
data that exists on social issues
at the moment.
Provided TERI with a
photocopy of wards in
Allahabad district and a list of
slums.
5 Mr. P.K Mishra, Land
Officer, Nagar Nigam.
Informed that there is no
landuse data or maps available
for Allahabad due to lack of
recording and poor response
from locals.
6 Mr, K.K Srivastav, JE,
Gaughat Pumping Station,
Allahabad.
09473942168 Provided important information
with regard to the Gaughat
pumping station and overall
sewage system in Allahabad.
The current pumping capacity
of the Gaughat MPS is 72MLD
and it has the capacity to handle
extra increased levels of 7 to 8
m.
The MPS was built in 1988 and
is very old, it should have been
changed in 2003 (after 15
years).
There is no provision to handle
high flows/excess flows during
the monsoon. During these
times, backlogging leads to
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
149
flooding of the sewage network.
It was suggested that storm
water be bypassed to the river
to avoid this kind of flooding.
There have been no complaints
from the residents neighboring
the MPS about noise or air
quality.
Polythene is a major issue at the
pumping station.
Approximately 2 trucks per
week are transported to
dumping sites from Gaughat
MPS.
7 World Bank, TCE and
UPJN
ssrivastav1@worldbank.org All 3 parties discussed the day’s
field visits and the World Bank
gave their impression and
expectations of the project
work. The following points are
to be mentioned:
As per JNNURM , by March
2012, water supply is targeted
to be 100% in Allahabad.
The main concern for finishing
the project in time is the
upcoming Kumbh Mela in 2013
at Prayag.
GIS maps are to be acquired
from TCE in the form of a CD.
The UPJN agreed to provide
field assistance to all field
going teams, as suggested by
the World Bank.
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
150
Annexure 3 Census Data
District Allahabad (45), Uttar Pradesh (09)
Population
Persons 4,936,105
Males 2,626,448
Females 2,309,657
Growth (1991-2001) 26.72
Rural 3,729,320
Urban 1,206,785
Scheduled Caste Population 1,065,097
Percentage to total Population 21.58
Literacy and Educational level
Literates
Persons 2,506,942
Males 1,635,387
Females 871,555
Literacy rate
Persons 62.11
Males 75.81
Females 46.38
Workers
Total workers 1,671,349
Main workers 1,106,596
Marginal workers 564,751
Non-workers 3,264,756
Scheduled Castes (Largest three)
1. Pasi 304,424
2. Chamar etc. 402,347
3. Kol 106,164
Religions (Largest three)
1. Hindus 4,284,834
2. Muslims 627,735
3. Christians 9,114
Important Towns (Largest three)
Population
1. Allahabad (M Corp.) 975,393
2. Allahabad (CB) 24,137
3. Lal Gopalganj Nindaura (NP) 22,992
House Type
Type of House (% of households occupying)
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
151
Permanent 50.7
Semi-permanent 45.5
Temporary 3.8
Number of households 740,941
Household size (per household) 7
Sex ratio (females per 1000 males) 879
Sex ration (0-6 years) 917
Scheduled Tribe population 4,273
Percentage to total population 0.09
Educational Level attained
Total 2,506,942
Without level 152,585
Below primary 536,398
Primary 542,568
Middle 404,832
Matric/Higher Secondary/Diploma 616,060
Graduate and above 254,138
Age groups
0-4 years 586,483
5-14 years 1,374,513
15-59 years 2,598,662
60 years and above (incl. A.N.S.) 376,447
Scheduled Tribes (Largest three)
1. Generic Tribes etc. 3,322
2. Tharu 870
3. Jaunsari 57
Amenities and infrastructural facilities
Total inhabited villages
Amenities available in villages
No. of Villages
Drinking water facilities 2,783
Safe Drinking water 2,783
Electricity (Power Supply) 2,289
Electricity (domestic) 1,066
Electricity (Agriculture) 703
Primary school 1,733
Middle schools 613
Secondary/Sr Secondary schools 214
College 61
Medical facility 651
Primary Health Centre 53
Primary Health Sub-Centre 66
Post, telegraph and telephone facility 910
Environmental and Social Assessment with Management Plans (Sewerage District ‘A’-Allahabad) 2014
152
Bus services 201
Paved approach road 1,956
Mud approach road 1,986
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