Name: SPH 3U Date: Unit 4: Waves and Sound

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Unit4:WavesandSoundIndependentStudyUnit

Name:____________________________ InstrumentChosen:_____________________________InthisISU,youwillbeinvestigatingsoundandwaves,aswellasanalyzingamusicalinstrumentofyourchoosing.Itwillbeuptoyoutofindtheinformation,thoughresourcesareprovidedforyouatthebeginningofeachsection.TheresourceswillalsobeprovidedtoyouontheCoursePreziforeasyaccess.Mostlinksprovidedshouldworkonmobiledevices.Youmayofcourselookelsewherefortheinformation,aslongasitcomesfromreliablesources.ThisISUwillbeworth10%ofyourfinalmark.Themarkingschemeisonthebackofthispage.Thereare2partstothisassignment:1)Modules1-6

• Theseworksheetsareself-directedandwillwalkyouthroughthematerialforthisunit.• Youwillapplytheconceptsintheinstrumentanalysissection.• Allquestionsaretobefullyanswered.• Youmayanswerinpointform• Showallcalculationswherenecessary.

2)InstrumentAnalysis• Startoffbyansweringtheresearchquestions.Youwillsubmityourresearchnotesalongwiththe

assignment.• Youwillthencreateaninformationsheet(orinfographic)basedonyourresearchcontaining

diagramsandfactsaboutthephysicsbehindhowtheinstrumentworks.• Keeptrackofallsources,asyouwillneedtociteyourworkontheinformationsheet

WhattosubmitSubmitthefollowing,stapledtogetherintheorderbelow:

• Thissheetwithnameandchoseninstrumentonit• Modules1-6complete• Researchnotesbasedonresearchquestions• Informationsheet

PlagiarismRemember:

• YoumayworkwithotherstocompletethisISUbutdonotcopy.Youwillreceiveamarkof0ifyouarefoundtohavecopiedfromanotherstudent.

• Whenlookingupdataonline,donotcopydirectlyunlessquotingasource.Paraphrasetheinformationyoufind.

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MarkingSchemeModulesEachModuleWillbemarkedoutof10underthefollowingcriteria:

Level1 Level2 Level3 Level40-4 5 6 7 8 9 10

• Notsubmitted• Incompletewith

manyerrors

• Questionsincompletewitherrors

• Allquestionscomplete

• Fewtonoerrors

• Allquestionscomplete• Thoroughandwellthought

outresponses Module1:Whatissound? /10 Module2:Howcanwedescribewaves? /10 Module3:Howdowaves‘bounce’? /10 Module4:Whathappenswhen2wavesmeet? /10 Module5:Howdomusicalinstrumentsformnotes? /10 Module6:Howdowehear? /10 Total /60InstrumentAnalysisTheinstrumentanalysiswillbeevaluatedunderthefollowingcategories

Level1 Level2 Level3 Level4 0-4 5 6 7 8 9 10

ResearchQuality

• Notincluded• Incomplete

withmanyerrors

• Someresearchtopicscovered

• Errorspresentin

• Researchtopicscovered

• Fewtonoerrors

• Researchtopicscovered

• Thoroughandwellthoughtoutresponses

OrganizationofInformation

• Informationdisorganized

• Citationsmissing

• Informationdifficulttofollow

• Citationsincomplete

• Informationeasytofollow

• Citationscomplete

• Layoutwellthoughtout

• Citationscomplete

CommunicationofConcepts

• Conceptsmisunderstood

• Terminologyfromunitnotused

• Understandingofconceptsnotevident

• Someterminologyused

• Understandingofconceptsevident

• Correctterminologyused

• Clearunderstandingofconceptsevident

• Correctterminologyused

Total /30Comments:

FinalMark: /90

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Module1:Whatissound?InUnit3,webrieflytalkedaboutsoundenergyandhowitistheenergyinvibratingmatter.Inthissectionwe’llbreakthatdefinitiondownabitmore…

Resources:

• TransverseandLongitudinalWaves:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rbuhdo0AZDU• KhanAcademy:IntroductiontoWaves:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c38H6UKt3_I• TextbookSections8.1-8.2

A.MechanicalWaves

1. Whatisamechanicalwave?Givesomeexamples:

2. Mechanicalwavesarethemajorfocusofthisunit.Thereare2typesofwaves:transverseandlongitudinalwaves.Completethetablebelow:

TransverseWaves LongitudinalWaves

Sketch:Sketchwhataspringlookslikewhenitisexperiencingeachtypeofwave

Labelthepeaksandtroughs Labelthecompressionsandrarefactions

Definition:

Canpropogatein:(solids,liquidsorgases?)

Examples:wherewouldyoufindthistypeofwave?

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3. Light(electromagneticwaves)isatypeofwavetoobutwhyisitnotconsideredamechanicalwave?B.Sound

1. DefineSound:

2. Issoundalongitudinalortransversewave?Illustrateyouranswerwithadiagramofhowsoundmovesthroughtheair.

3. Weuseadevicebelow,calledanoscilloscope,togiveusaphysicalrepresentationofwhatsoundlookslike.Oscilloscopesdisplaythecompressionsandrarefactionsasatransversewaveinsteadofalongitudinalwavethough.Whydoyouthinkthisis?

4. So,ifatreefallsintheforestandnobodyisaroundtohearit,doesitstillmakeasound?Relatethis

backtoyourdefinitionofsound.

Nexttimeyouarelisteningtomusic,thinkaboutwhatvibrationsareinvolvedinwhatyouhear!

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Module2:Howcanwedescribewaves?WaveCharacteristics

Periodicwavesarewavesthathavearepeatingpatternovertime.Wecandescribethesetypesofwaveswithspecifictermssuchaswavelength,amplitude,frequency,periodandvelocity.Inthissectionwewilllearnwhatallthesetermsmeanandhowtousethem.

Resources:

• KhanAcademy:Amplitude,Period,FrequencyandWavelengthofPeriodicWaves:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJW_a6JeXD8

• KhanAcademy:SpeedofSound:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgE2GIQwUCw• ToneGenerator:http://plasticity.szynalski.com/tone-generator.htm• TextbookSections8.3-8.4

A.AmplitudeandWavelengthWedescribethephysicaldimensionsofaperiodicwaveusingamplitude(A)andwavelength(λ). Theyareillustratedbelow: LongitudinalWave:

TransverseWave:

1. Definethefollowing: a)Amplitude: b)Wavelength:

2. Howiswavelengthdifferentforatransverseandlongitudinalwave?

3. Howdoesincreasingtheamplitudeofasoundwaveaffectthesoundyouhear?

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4. Completethefollowingquestionsbelowbymeasuringthewavelengthsandamplitudesofthewaves.

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B.FrequencyandPeriodPeriodicwavescanalsobedescribedbytheirbehaviorovertime.Thetermsweuseforthisarefrequency(f)andperiod(T).

1. Completethetablebelow: Frequency(f) Period(T)

Description:

Equation:

Units:

2. Ifaspeakervibrates200timesin1minute,

a)Whatisitsfrequency? b)Whatisitsperiod?

3. Usethetonegeneratorathttp://plasticity.szynalski.com/tone-generator.htmordownloadatonegeneratorapponyourphonetodeterminewhatyourhearingrangeis.Findthelowestandhighestfrequencyyoucanhearandrecordthevalueshere:

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C.WaveSpeedWecanputtogetherthefrequencyandthewavelengthintoapowerfulequationcalledtheUniversalWaveEquation.Thisequationcanhelpuscalculatethespeedatwhichawavetravels.

1. StatetheUniversalWaveEquation.LabeltheSIunitsforeachofthevariables:

2. Calculatethespeedofawaveifithasafrequencyof440Hzandawavelengthof0.7m.

3. Calculatethefrequencyofasoundwavetravellingthroughairifthewavehasawavelengthof2.0m.Thespeedofsoundinairat20˚Cis343m/s.

4. Doessoundtravelfasterinsolids,liquids,orgases?Explain.

5. Doeswarmerairmakesoundtravelfasterorslower?Explain.

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Module3:Howdowaves‘bounce’?WaveReflections

Ifyousendasingletransversepulsedownastringorspring,whatwillhappenwhenitgetstotheend?Checkouttheresourcesbelowtodiscoverwhathappens,orexperimentwithsomespringsorthewavemachineinclass!

Resources:

• InteractiveWaveSimulation:https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/wave-on-a-string• FixedEndWavePulseReflection:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTWHxZ6Jvjs• FreeEndWavePulseReflection:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVCqq5AkePI• TextbookSection9.2

1. Soitturnsoutthebehaviorofareflectedpulseitdependsonwhethertheendisfixedorfree.In

thediagramsbelow,sketchwhatthepulsewouldlooklikeafterithasreflectedofftheendineachcase.Includethedirectionofthereflectedpulse.

FixedEnd FreeEnd

2. DescribethebehaviorofthereflectionineachcaseFixedEnd FreeEnd

Sketchreflectedpulsebelow Sketchreflectedpulsebelow

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3. Sketchwhatthereflectionsofthefollowingstrangelookingwavepulseswouldlooklikeontherightside.Paycloseattentiontowhethertheyhaveafixedorfreeend.

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Module4:Whathappenswhentwowavesmeet?WaveInterference

Whathappenswhentwowavepulsesmovingtowardseachotherandintersect?Checkouttheresourcesbelowtofindout.TrytosendapulseintheInteractiveWaveSimulationandinterceptitwithanotherpulseafteritbounces.Observewhathappens.

Resources:

• InteractiveWaveSimulation:https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/wave-on-a-string• TextbookSection9.1

1. Sketchwhathappenswheneachofthetwopulsesbelowmeetandinterfere

2. Describethedifferencebetweenconstructiveanddestructiveinterference

3. Identifyeachofthefollowingasconstructiveordestructiveinterference.

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4. Ineachexamplebelow,twopulsesareapproachingeachother.Ifthewavesmoveat1boxpersecond,sketchwhattheinterferenceofthewaveswilllooklikeat1,2,3and4seconds.Thefirst3examplesaredoneforyou.Completethebottom3.

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Module5:Howdomusicalinstrumentsformnotes?StandingWaves

Inthepastfewmodules,we’velookedatwhathappenswhenapulseisreflectedandinterfereswithanotherpulse.Whathappenswhenaperiodicwaveisreflectedandinterfereswithitself?Checkouttheresourcesbelow:

Resources:

• Singingplates–StandingWavesonChladniplates:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYoxOJDrZzw• StandingWaveMakerInteractive:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Interactives/Waves-and-

Sound/Standing-Wave-Patterns/Standing-Wave-Patterns-Interactive• TacomaNarrowsBridgeCollapse“GallopinGertie”:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-zczJXSxnw• CYMATICS:ScienceVs.Music–NigelStanford:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3oItpVa9fs• CYMATICSMoreresources:http://nigelstanford.com/Cymatics/• TextbookSection9.2

A.StandingWavesSandingwavesareformedwhentwowavesmovinginoppositedirectionsinterfere.Standingwavesstilloscillatebutdon’tappeartomoveforwardorbackwards.

1. Thefollowingimageshowsanexampleofastandingwaveonastringwithbothendsfixedinplace.Identifythelocationofallnodesandantinodes.

2. Ifyoutouchedthestringgentlyatoneofthenodeswouldthestringkeepvibrating?Explain.UsingtheStandingWaveMakerInteractiveathttp://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Interactives/Waves-and-Sound/Standing-Wave-Patterns/Standing-Wave-Patterns-Interactive,clickthe“pre-setwaves”buttontoseewhatstandingwaveslooklikewithdifferentendconditions(twofixedends,oneopenend,andtwoopenends).Youcanseehowtheforwardtravellingbluewaveinteractswiththebackwardtravellingorangewavetocreatethegreenstandingwave.Youcanalsoviewdifferentharmonicsonthestring.

3. Describewhataharmonicis,andhowthefrequenciesofdifferentharmonicsarerelatedtoeachother.

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4. Astringwith2fixedendscanvibrateindifferentstandingwavesorharmonics.Completethefollowingtablebysketchingthestandingwave,statingthenumberofnodesandcalculatingthefrequencybasedonthefirstharmonicwithafrequencyof440Hz:

Harmonic Sketch NumberofNodes Frequency

First 440Hz

Second

Third

Fourth

Fifth

5. Standingwavescanalsobegeneratedwhentheendsareopenandnotfixed.Thishappensinmanywindinstruments.Sketchthefirst3harmonicsofstandingwaveswiththefollowingendconditions:

Harmonic OneFixedEnd,OneFreeEnd TwoFreeEnds

First

Second

Third

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B.ResonanceWhenyoupluckastring,itwillnaturallyvibratewithcertainfrequenciesandharmonics.

1. Definethefollowingterms: a)Resonantfrequency: b)Resonance: c)Resonantmodes:

2. In1940,theTacomaNarrowsBridgeinWashingtonStatecollapsed.Describewhatroleresonanceplayedinthecollapseofthebridge.

C.CymaticsCymaticsismakingsoundvisibleusingvariousmaterials.WatchtheYoutubevideo“CYMATICS:ScienceVs.Music–NigelStanford”(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3oItpVa9fs)toanswerthequestionsbelow.Youcanalsofindsomebehindthescenesinfoaboutthevideoathttp://nigelstanford.com/Cymatics/.

1. Chladniplatesareusedtodemonstratestandingwavesonasurface.Inthevideo,thesandformspatternsdependingonthenotethatisplayed.Whydoesthesandcollectincertainspotsandnotothers?

2. ThevideoalsodemonstratesaRuben’sTube(withtheflamecomingoutofthepipe).Theflameishigherinsomeplacesandlowerinotherplacesandthepatternchangeswhenheplaysdifferentnotes.Describewhatishappeninginthetubewheretheflameishighandlow.Illustrateyouranswerwithadiagram.

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Module6:Howdowehear?Bynow,wehaveanunderstandingofhowmaterialsvibratebuthowdoweactuallyhearthosevibrations?Thevideo“WhatisupwithNoises”(linkbelow)answersthatquestionandmore.Checkitoutbeforetryingthequestionsbelow:

Resources:

• WhatisupwithNoises?(TheScienceandMathematicsofSound,Frequency,andPitch):https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_0DXxNeaQ0

• Audacity–Freeaudiorecordingsoftwarethatisalsogoodforanalyzingsound,generatingtonesandexperimentingwithdifferentfrequencies.ItisusedbyViHartinthevideoabove.Canbedownloadedat:http://audacityteam.org/

• TextbookSection10.1

1. Describehowthesoundfromavibratingguitarstringgetstoyourear.

2. Whatisasympathyvibration?Definethetermandprovideanexampleofhowitcanoccur.

3. Howdoesthebasilarmembraneinyourcochleadetectdifferentpitches?Includeadiagram.

4. Definetimbre:

5. Whydoesthesamenotesounddifferentwhenyouhearitplayedonaflute,onaguitarorsung?

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InstrumentAnalysisInthissectionoftheISU,youwillresearchtheinstrumentyousignedupforandpresentitasaninfographic.Youwillalsoneedtosubmityourresearchnotesbasedonthequestionsbelow:

Resources:

• WhatisupwithNoises?(TheScienceandMathematicsofSound,Frequency,andPitch):https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_0DXxNeaQ0

• Audacity–Freeaudiorecordingsoftwarethatisalsogoodforanalyzingsound,generatingtonesandexperimentingwithdifferentfrequencies.ItisusedbyViHartinthevideoabove:http://audacityteam.org/

• TextbookSection10.2

Researchquestions:

1. Backgroundinformation:Whatistheoriginoftheinstrumentandwhereisitused(orchestra,rock

band,soundeffects,etc)?2. Describethepartorpartsoftheinstrumentthatvibratetocreatestandingwaves.3. Howdoestheinstrumentvibratetocreatedifferentresonantmodes?4. Whatcausesthevibration?Describethemechanismusedtovibratetheinstrument.5. Describehowthevibrationfromtheinstrumentreachesyourear.6. Howdoestheinstrumentamplifythesoundtomakeitaudible?Doestheinstrumentneedexternal

equipmenttoamplifyit?Ifso,describehowthisisdone.7. Howcanyouvarytheloudness(amplitude)oftheinstrument?8. Howcanyouvarythepitch(frequency)oftheinstrument?9. Whatrangeofpitchesistheinstrumentcapableofproducing(calledtheplayingrange)?10. Istheinstrumentabletosustainapitchforanextendedperiodoftime(likeaguitar)ordoesitdie

outquicklyafteritisplayed(likeasnaredrum)?Whatdesignfeaturesoftheinstrumentincreaseordecreasethesustain?

11. Whatdoesaperiodicsoundwaveproducedbytheinstrumentlooklike(calledawaveform)?YoucanfindthewaveformfordifferentinstrumentsonlineorrecordtheinstrumentyourselfusingsoftwaresuchasAudacity.

12. Describethetimbreoftheinstrument.Arethereanyspecificharmonics(orovertones)thatcreateitsdistinctsound?Canyouchangethesoundbyplayingtheinstrumentdifferently?

13. Arethereanyotherinterestingfactsabouttheinstrumentandhowitcreatessound?Feelfreetoexplore.