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Ch ng I : NHA QUAN TR VA CONG VIEC
QUAN TR
Ch n g II : S PHAT TRIEN CUA CAC LY
THUYET QUAN TR
Chng III : MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC
Ch ng IV : CHC NANG HOACH NH
Ch ng V : CHC NANG TO CHC
Ch ng VI : CHC NANG IEU KHIEN
Ch ng VII : CHC NANG KIEM TRA
Ch ng VIII : VAN HOA VI QUAN TR CUA
TO CHC
Ch ng IX : THONG TIN VA QUYET NH
QUAN TR
A PHAN CAU HOI ON TAP
B PHAN CAC BAI TAP TNH HUONG
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Giao trnh Quan tr hoc - Management
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CHNG I
NHA QUAN TR VA CONG VIEC QUAN TR
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CHNG I
NHA QUAN TR VA CONG VIEC QUAN TR
---oooOooo---
T xa en nay, tat ca cac to chc noi chung, du
hoat ong trong bat c lnh vc nao: kinh te, chnh tr,
xa hoi, van hoa eu a ton tai cac hoat ong
quan tr. Chang han, trong mot to chc san xuat kinh
doanh, cac nha quan tr phai d kien khoi lng cong
viec can lam, to chc va phoi hp cac nguon lc au
vao (lao ong, nguyen vat lieu, may moc thiet b),
e ra c che kiem tra kiem soat nham giup cho cac
hoat ong cua to chc co hieu qua va at cnhng muc tieu e ra. Nhng hoat ong nh the goi la
hoat ong quan tr. Chnh nh co hoat ong quan tr
ket hp vi s tien bo khoa hoc ky thuat-cong nghe
ma xa hoi loai ngi chung ta co muon van san
pham, dch vu thuoc u moi lnh vc a tng ton tai,
phat trien va ngay cang hoan thien.
Trong chng nay se bat au vi nhng van e can
ban nh: Quan tr la g? Nha quan tr la ai? Cong viec
cua nha quan tr la g? Vai tro cua nha quan tr nh
the nao oi vi tat ca cac hoat ong va muc tieu
cua to chc?
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CHNG I
NHA QUAN TR VA CONG VIEC QUAN TR
I. I CONG VIEC QUAN TR.
i. Khai niem ve quan tr:
Khai niem : Quan tr la mot phng thc, cach
thc lam cho nhng hoat ong cua mot to chc tien
ti muc tieu chung vi hieu qua cao nhat, bang va
thong qua nhng ngikhac.
Nh vay, trong khai niem tren chung ta can lam ro
nhng van e sau:
o Phng thc quan tr:
Chnh la cac hoat ong c ban hay la nhng chcnang quan tr ma nha quan tr s dung e tac ong
vao cac lnh vc quan tr nham at c cac muc tieu
cua to chc, no bao gom cac chc nang nh hoach
nh, to chc, ieu khien va kiem tra (se e cap sau
cac chng sau).
o Con ngi:
Neu moi ca nhan t mnh hoat ong th khong co
hoat ong quan tr, luc nay hoat ong cua ho hoan
toan mang tnh ca nhan, phuc vu cho li ch ca nhan ch
khong cho mot to chc nao va cung khong co ai se
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quan tr ai. Vay, hoat ong quan tr xay ra khi nao? Khi
nao th phat sinh?
Trc het, hoat ong quan tr ch phat sinh khi
nhng con ngi ket hp vi nhau thanh mot to chc
(ieu kien can).
Th hai, do tnh can thiet cua hoat ong quan tr
(ieu kien u), v neu khong co no, moi ngi trong to
chc se khong biet lam g, khi nao se lam, lam nh
the nao t o se gay nen mot tnh trang lon xon,
giong nh hai ngi cung cheo mot chiec thuyen, thay v
phai cheo ve mot hng th moi ngi lai cheo hai
hng khac nhau. Nhng hoat ong khien hai ngi
cung cheo mot chiec thuyen i ve mot hng chnh la
nhng hoat ong quan tr.
o To chc:
La mot thc the co muc ch rieng, co nhng
thanh vien va co mot c cau co tnh he thong (v
du nh : Doanh nghiep, trng hoc, benh vien). Nh vay
tat ca cac to chc eu co ba ac tnh chung nh sau:
Th nhat, to chc phai co muc ch: o la muc
tieu hay he thong cac muc tieu. Muc tieu la nhng
ket qua mong i se co c sau mot thi gian nhat
nh, la phng tien e thc hien s mang cua to
chc. V du cong ty may tnh IBM vi s mang (Mission)
la luon luon dan au trong lnh vc may tnh, e at
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CHNG I
NHA QUAN TR VA CONG VIEC QUAN TR
c s mang nay cong ty e ra muc tieu dai han
(Objective) la au t von cho bo phan nghien cu va
phat trien (Research and Development), chnh ieu nay a
giup cong ty co c san pham may tnh xach tay
Laptop IBM noi tieng sau nay.
Th hai, to chc phai gom nhieu thanh vien, nhieu
bo phan cau thanh, to chc khong the la mot ngi,
mot ca nhan nao o.
Th ba, to chc phai co mot c cau mang tnh he
thong: Co ngha la to chc phai co s sap xep, phan
cong lao ong, quy nh quyen han va trach nhiem cua
tng ca nhan, bo phan trong mot to chc nham thc
hien cac muc tieu chung cho ca to chc cua mnh
o Hieu qua quan tr:
Co the noi rang, ch khi nao ngi ta quan tam en
hieu qua th ngi ta mi quan tam en hoat ongquan tr, hay ly do ton tai cua hoat ong quan tr chnh
la v muon co hieu qua. Vay hieu qua la g? Co
nhieu khai niem e cap en hieu qua, sau ay la
mot khai niem n gian va de hieu nhat
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Khai niem : Hieu qua (HQ) la ty le so sanh gia
ket qua at c (KQ) vi nhng ch ph a bo ra (CP).
Vay : HQ = KQ/CP .
Neu biet cach quan tr th se co hieu qua, co ngha
la ket qua at c nhieu hn so vi chi ph bo ra (KQ >
CP => HQ >1)
Neu khong biet cach quan tr th cung co the at ket
qua, nhng khong co hieu qua, co ngha la chi ph
nhieu hn so vi ket qua at c ((KQ < CP => HQ
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CHNG I
NHA QUAN TR VA CONG VIEC QUAN TR
Qua bang so sanh tren, ta co the thay trong thc te
hoat ong quan tr se co hieu qua khi xay ra cac
trng hp sau :
- Giam chi ph au vao, tang so lng san pham au ra
- Giam chi ph au vao, gi nguyen so lng san pham
au ra
- Gi nguyen cac yeu to au vao, gia tang san lng
au ra
- Tang chi ph au vao, tang san lng au ra sao cho
toc o tang san lng au ra cao hn toc o tang chi
ph au vao.
- Giam chi ph au vao, giam san lng au ra nhng
toc o giam san lng au ra thap hn toc o giam
chi ph au vao.
Trong hoat ong kinh te noi chung, nhat la trong mot
nen kinh te th trng ngay cang co s canh tranh khoc
liet, tat ca cac to chc luon luon at van e hieu
qua len hang au, muon vay hoat ong quan tr se
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la mot cong cu giup cho cac to chc thc hien c
ieu o.
ii. Cac chc nang quan tr:
(Phan nay ch e cap mot cach khai quat ve cac
chc nang quan tr, no se c trnh bay sau cac
chng sau)
Co rat nhieu y kien khac nhau ve s phan chia cac
chc nang quan tr sau:
1. Gulick (My), Urwick (Anh):
Vao thap nien 30, hai tac gia a a ra 07 chc
nang quan tr viet tat la POSDCORB (Lay cac ch cai
au tien cua moi t tieng Anh) nh sau:
Planning (d kien), Organizing (to chc), Staffing (nhan s),
Directing (ch huy), Coordinating (phoi hp), Reporting (bao
cao), Budgeting (Ngan sach)
2. Henry Fayol (Phap):
Henry Fayol a ra 05 chc nang quan tr sau:D kien,
To chc, Phoi hp, Ch huy va Kiem tra
3. Phan loai theo cac nha khoa hoc
va QT gan ay:
Theo cac nha khoa hoc va quan tr gan ay, ho a
ra 04 chc nang quan tr la: Hoach nh, To chc, ieu
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CHNG I
NHA QUAN TR VA CONG VIEC QUAN TR
khien va Kiem tra. Trong giao trnh nay tac gia xin trnh
bay theo cach phan loai nay.
4. Hoach nh:
- Xac nh ro nhng muc tieu cua to chc
- Xay dng chien lc, ke hoach, bien phap tot nhat
e thc hien cac muc tieu cua to chc.
5. To chc:
- Xay dng cau truc cua to chc
- Xac nh cac moi quan he, nhiem vu, quyen han va
trach nhiem cua tng thanh vien, bo phan trong to
chc
6. ieu khien:
- ieu khien, phoi hp cac thanh vien, bo phan trong
to chc
- Xay dng cac chnh sach ong vien cac thanh vien,
cac bo phan trong to chc e hoan thanh muc tieu
cua mnh mot cach hieu qua nhat.
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7. Kiem tra:
- Theo doi toan bo s hoat ong cua cac thanh vien,
bo phan va ca to chc
- So sanh ket qua at c vi muc tieu at ra, neu co
nhng lech hng th can tm nguyen nhan, a ra giai
phap sa cha va ieu chnh nham a to chc tr
lai ung hng.
iii. 3/ Tnh pho bien cua quan tr:
Ta thay tnh pho bien cua quan tr the hien cac
kha canh sau:
Th nhat, khai niem quan tr co tnh pho bien cho tat
ca cac loai hnh to chc, cho moi lnh vc. Trong tat cacac to chc va lnh vc o, cac nha quan tr eu
thc hien cac chc nang giong nhau la hoach nh, to
chc, ieu khien va kiem tra. Trong thc tien, viec cac
nha quan tr thng xuyen chuyen oi gia khu vc
quan ly Nha nc va san xuat kinh doanh la mot minh
chng (v du mot giam oc Cong ty xay dng co the
ieu chuyen lam giam oc S xay dng)
Th hai, tnh pho bien quan tr con the hien moi
quan he gia kha nang quan tr va kha nang chuyen
mon. Cap quan tr cang cao th kha nang quan tr
cang lan dan kha nang chuyen mon, co ngha la cap
quan tr cang cao th nha quan tr cang phai thc hien
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CHNG I
NHA QUAN TR VA CONG VIEC QUAN TR
nhng cong viec ac trng cua quan tr nh hoach nh,
to chc, ieu khien, kiem tra va cang t tham gia vao
nhng van e mang tnh ky thuat chuyen mon hang
ngay (v du mot giam oc khong the tham gia trc tiep
vao cong viec ke toan nh mot ke toan trng).
Tnh pho bien nay c minh hoa hnh 1.1 sau:
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Hnh 1.1 : Quan he gia kha nang quan tr va kha nang
chuyen mon
K/N
quan tr
K/N chuyen moan
Chnh do tnh pho bien th hai nay ma cac nha quan
tr cap cao de thuyen chuyen t to chc nay, lnh vc
nay sang to chc khac, lnh vc khac do nang lc quantr cap cao gan giong nhau (nh v du giam oc cong ty
xay dng noi tren). Ngc lai, nha quan tr cap cang
thap th rat kho chuyen oi, v cap cang thap se s
dung kha nang chuyen mon cang nhieu, v du mot
quan oc ieu hanh phan xng san xuat e trong
mot cong ty giay kho ma chuyen sang lam mot trng
MBA Tran Quoc Tuan, Nguyen Ngoc Hanh
CAP CAO
CAP TRUNGGIAN
CAP C S
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CHNG I
NHA QUAN TR VA CONG VIEC QUAN TR
phong phu trach san xuat kinh doanh hoac qua mot
cong ty trai nganh nghe khac.
Th ba, tnh pho bien quan tr con the hien ty le
thi gian danh cho moi chc nang theo cap bac quan
tr. Cap cang cao th thng s dung chc nang hoach
nh nhieu hn, co ngha la ho thng xuyen chu trong
vao cong tac xay dng chien lc hanh ong va phat
trien cho to chc. Trong khi o cap cang thap th
thng s dung chc nang ieu khien nhieu hn, bi v
ho thng co nhiem vu hng dan, on oc, ieu
khien cac thanh vien di quyen trong cac cong viec
thng ngay va ban than ho cung lam cac cong viecchuyen mon cu the nh nhng ngi cap di.
Tnh pho bien nay c minh hoa hnh 1.2 sau:
Hnh 1.2 : Ty le thi gian danh cho moi chc nang theo
cap bac
CAP QT H TC K KT
CAO 28% 36% 22% 14%
T-GIAN 18% 33% 36% 13%
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Giao trnh Quan tr hoc - Management
C S 15% 24% 51% 10%
II. II NHA QUAN TR .
iv. 1/ Cac khai niem:
Trong mot to chc phai co ngi tha hanh vanha quan tr, ho co nhng v tr va nhiem vu rieng,
nhng eu tap trung hng en muc tieu chung cua to
chc
8. Ngi tha hanh:
Ho la nhng ngi trc tiep thc hien cong viec nao
o va khong co trach nhiem trong coi cong viec cua
ngi khac, chang han nh cong nhan trong mot doanh
nghiep, au bep trong mot nha hang .Cap tren cua
ho chnh la cac nha quan tr trc tiep.
9. Nha quan tr:
Ho chnh la ngi ieu khien cong viec cua ngi
khac, v du nh giam oc, ke toan trng, to trng
oi vi nha quan tr cap c s ho con lam ca cong
viec cua ngi tha hanh, chang han nh to trng to
gia cc trong mot doanh nghiep vien thong, ho va
quan ly nhan vien trong to va s dung nghiep vu
chuyen mon e nghien cu va e xuat cac chnhsach gia cc vien thong.
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CHNG I
NHA QUAN TR VA CONG VIEC QUAN TR
v. 2/ Cap bac quan tr trong mot to chc:
Tuy theo to chc ma cap bac quan tr co the
phan chia khac nhau, nhng e thuan li cho viec nghien
cu cac nha khoa hoc phan chia cac nha quan tr trong
mot to chc thanh 03 cap quan tr nh sau (hnh 1.3):
Hnh 1.3 : Cac cap quan tr trong to chc
Cap cao : Vach chien lc, muc tieu dai han,
giai phap ln
Cap gia : Cu the hoa muc tieu cua cap cao, -
khien cap di
Cap c s : ieu khien, on oc cong nhan,
nhan vien..
Ngi tha hanh
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10. Cac nha quan tr cap c s (first line
manager):
Nha quan tr cap c s la nhng nha quan tr
cap bac cuoi cung trong he thong cap bac cua nha
quan tr trong mot to chc. Nhiem vu cua ho la
thng xuyen hng dan, on oc, ieu khien ngi
tha hanh va ho cung tham gia trc tiep thc hien cac
cong viec cu the nh nhng ngi di quyen ho. V du
trong cac doanh nghiep ta de thay ho la nhng totrng, trng nhom, trng ca .
11. Cac nha quan tr cap trung gian
(middle manager):
Nha quan tr cap trung gian la nhng nha quan tr
cap ch huy trung gian, ng tren cac nha quan tr cap
c s va di cac nha quan tr cap cao. Ho cu the
hoa cac muc tieu cua cap cao, thc hien cac ke hoach
va chnh sach cua to chc, ho va quan tr cac quan
tr vien cap c s va ieu khien cac nhan vien
khac. V du nh cac trng phong, quan oc phan
xng.
12. Cac nha quan tr cap cao (super
manager) :
Nha quan tr cap cao la nhng nha quan tr cap
bac toi cao trong to chc, ho chu trach nhiem ve
thanh qua cuoi cung cua to chc. Cong viec cua ho
tap trung xay dng chien lc hanh ong va phat trien
to chc, vach ra cac muc tieu dai han, thiet lap cac
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CHNG I
NHA QUAN TR VA CONG VIEC QUAN TR
giai phap ln e thc hien. V du nh Chu tch hoi
ong quan tr, tong giam oc, giam oc .Trong hau
het cac to chc, nha quan tr cap cao la nhom nho
so vi cac cap quan tr khac (tr cac to chc oan
the co tnh chnh tr).
vi. 3/ Ky nang cua nha quan tr:
e thc hien tot 04 chc nang quan tr, theo Robert
Katz th nha quan tr can co 03 loai ky nang quan tr
nh sau:
Ky nang ky thuat (technical skills):
Ky nang ky thuat chnh la trnh o chuyen mon
nghiep vu cua nha quan tr, hay la nhng kha nang
can thiet cua ho nham thc hien mot cong viec cu
the nao o. Ky nang nay nha quan tr co c bang
cach thong qua con ng hoc tap, boi dng ma co.
V du nh thiet ke may moc cua trng phong ky
thuat, to chc cong tac ke toan cua ke toan trng,lap trnh ien toan cua trng phong may tnh, xay
dng chng trnh nghien cu th trng cua trng
phong Marketing
Cap quan tr cang cao, ky nang nay giam dan va
ngc lai cap quan tr cang thap ky nang nay la can
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thiet, bi v cap cang thap th nha quan tr thng
tiep xuc trc tiep vi cong viec cu the, vi tien trnh
san xuat, ay chnh la moi trng ma tai nang ky
thuat ac biet s dung nhieu hn.
13. Ky nang nhan s (human skills):
Ky nang nhan s phan anh kha nang cung lam
viec, ong vien va ieu khien con ngi va tap the
trong to chc nham tao ieu kien thuan li va thuc
ay hoan thanh cong viec chung. Chang han nh ky
nang thong at hu hieu (viet & noi), co thai o quan
tam en ngi khac, xay dng bau khong kh hp tac
gia moi ngi, ong vien nhan vien di quyen
oi vi ky nang nhan s th yeu cau can thiet oi
vi ca 03 cap quan tr, v du thuoc cap nao, nhaquan tr cung phai cung lam viec vi tat ca moi
ngi.
14. Ky nang t duy:
Ky nang t duy yeu cau nha quan tr phai hieu ro
mc o phc tap cua moi trng va giam thieu sphc tap o xuong mc ma to chc co the oi
pho va thch ng c.
Ky nang t duy la mot ky nang kho tiep thu nhat
va rat quan trong oi vi nha quan tr cap cao. Cac
chien lc, ke hoach, chnh sach va quyet nh cua nha
quan tr cap cao thng phu thuoc vao t duy chien lc
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CHNG I
NHA QUAN TR VA CONG VIEC QUAN TR
cua ho. Hnh 1.4 sau dien ta ky nang quan tr cua cac
cap nh sau:
Hnh 1.4 : Ky nang quan tr cua cac cap quan tr
Nha QT cap c
s
Nha QT cap
trung gian
Nha QT cap cao
Ky nang ky
thuat
Ky nang nhan
s
Ky nang t duy
4/ Vai tro cua nha quan tr:
e lam ro cac cong viec cua cac nha quan tr,
cung nh cac cach ng x khac nhau cua ho oi vi
moi ngi va moi to chc khac, Henry Mentzberg a a
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ra 10 loai vai tro khac nhau nh sau ma nha quan tr
phai thc hien va chia chung thanh 03 nhom ln:
1. Nhom vai tro quan he vi con ngi (gom 03
vai tro) :
Vai tro ai dien, hay tng trng, co tnh chat nghi le
trong to chc : Co ngha la bat c mot to chc nao
cung eu phai co ngi ai dien cho to chc o
nham thc hien cac giao dch, oi thoai vi cac ca
nhan va to chc ben ngoai. Ngay ca tng bo phan
trong to chc cung phai co ngi ng au bo phan
o e lnh hoi cac y kien, chnh sach, ke hoach cua
cap tren.
Vai tro lanh ao: Vai tro nay phan anh s phoi hp
va kiem tra cua nha quan tr oi vi cap di cua
mnh.
Vai tro lien lac: The hien moi quan he cua nha
quan tr oi vi ngi khac ca ben trong va ben
ngoai to chc
2. Nhom vai tro thong tin (gom 03 vai tro) :
Vai tro tiep nhan va thu thap thong tin lien quan en
to chc : Nha quan tr phai thng xuyen xem xet,
phan tch moi trng xung quanh to chc nham xac
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CHNG I
NHA QUAN TR VA CONG VIEC QUAN TR
nh moi trng tao ra nhng c hoi g cho to chc,
cung nh nhng moi e doa nao oi vi to chc. Vai
tro nay c thc hien thong qua viec oc sach bao,
van ban hoac qua trao oi tiep xuc vi moi ngi
Vai tro pho bien thong tin : Co nhng thong tin can
tuyet oi gi b mat, nhng cung co nhng thong tin
ma cac nha quan tr can pho bien en cho cac bo
phan, cac thanh vien co lien quan trong to chc, tham
ch pho bien en cho nhng ngi ong cap hay cap
tren cua mnh nham lam cho moi ngi cung c chia
se thong tin e gop phan hoan thanh muc tieu chung
cua to chc.
Vai tro cung cap thong tin cho ben ngoai: Tc nha
quan tr thay mat cho to chc cua mnh cung cap cac
thong tin cho ben ngoai nham e giai thch, bao ve hay
tranh thu mot s ong tnh, ung ho nao o.
3. Nhom vai tro quyet nh (gom 04 vai tro) :
Vai tro doanh nhan : ay la vai tro phan anh viec
nha quan tr tm moi cach cai tien to chc nham lam
cho hoat ong cua to chc ngay cang co hieu qua.
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Chang han ieu chnh ky thuat ma to chc ang ap
dung hay ap dung mot ky thuat mi nao o
Vai tro giai quyet xao tron: Bat c mot to chc
nao cung co nhng trng hp xung ot xay ra trong
noi bo dan ti xao tron to chc nh s nh cong cua
cong nhan san xuat, s mau thuan va mat oan ket
gia cac thanh vien, bo phan .Nha quan tr phai kp
thi oi pho, giai quyet nhng xao tron o e a to
chc sm tr lai s on nh
Vai tro phan phoi cac nguon lc: Neu cac nguon lc
doi dao (tien bac, thi gian, quyen hanh, may moc,
nguyen vat lieu, con ngi ) th nha quan tr se tien
hanh phan phoi mot cach de dang; Nhng ngay nay,
khi cac nguon lc ngay cang can kiet oi hoi nhaquan tr phai phan bo cac nguon lc o cho cac
thanh vien, tng bo phan sao cho hp ly nham am
bao cho cac thanh vien, bo phan hoat ong mot cach
on nh va hieu qua.
Vai tro thng thuyet : Tc phan anh viec thngthuyet, am phan thay mat cho to chc trong cac giao
dch vi cac ca nhan, to chc ben ngoai. V du am
phan ky ket hp ong lao ong, hp ong kinh te
III OI TNG, PHAM VI, PHNG PHAP NGHIEN CU
CUA QUAN TR
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CHNG I
NHA QUAN TR VA CONG VIEC QUAN TR
1/ Cac ac iem cua quan tr :
a- Quan tr la mot hoat ong kho khan va phc tap.
* Trc het la cac yeu to ve con ngi
Quan tr suy cho en cung la quan tr con ngi,
trong moi con ngi hay nhom ngi eu co nhng ac
iem tam sinh ly khac nhau. Muon quan tr co hieu
qua th trc het phai hieu ve ho; hieu c ho la
ieu khong de, nhng e thoa man c nhng nhu
cau cua ho lai cang kho khan va phc tap hn nhieu
lan, no luon luon la muc ch vn ti cua cac nha
quan tr. Tam ly con ngi thng hay thay oi theo s
bien oi cua hien thc khach quan, do o lam cho hoat
ong quan tr von a kho khan phc tap lai cang lam
them kho khan va phc tap. Mat khac, con ngi la
tong hoa cho cac moi quan he xa hoi, song trong mot
to chc, o moi ngi co moi quan he nhieu matvi cong ong mang tnh xa hoi nh: quan he chnh tr,
quan he kinh te, quan he ban be ong nghiep chung
an xen vao nhau tao thanh nhng moi quan he phc
hp, tac ong thng xuyen va chi phoi lan nhau.
* Cac yeu to moi trng hoat ong cua to chc
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Cac yeu to nay luon bien ong, cung mot luc co
the co nhieu yeu to tac ong bat li tao nen nhng
rui ro thach thc to ln oi vi to chc, trong o co
nhng yeu to vt khoi tam kiem soat cua cac nha
quan tr.
Nh vay, quan tr co hieu qua la mot cong viec
kho khan va phc tap nhat trong nhng cong viec kho
khan va phc tap.
b- Lao ong quan tr la lao ong sang tao
Khac vi lao ong thong thng, lao ong quan tr
chu yeu la lao ong bang tr lc. San pham cua lao
ong quan tr trc het la cac quyet nh cua nha
quan tr, trong bat c mot quyet nh quan tr nao
cung cha ng mot ham lng khoa hoc nhat nh. S
phu hp trong cac tnh huong, trong tng giai oan khac
nhau cua cac quyet nh quan tr lam cho no mang tnh
kha thi, tat yeu, cac san pham o phai bang s lao
ong sang tao.
c- Quan tr va la khoa hoc va la mot nghe
thuat
Bi quan tr khong nhng oi hoi phai hoan thanh
cac muc tieu a e ra ma phai hoan thanh chung vi
hieu qua cao nhat.
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CHNG I
NHA QUAN TR VA CONG VIEC QUAN TR
* Tnh khoa hoc cua quan tr the hien:
+ Th nhat, quan tr phai am bao phu hp vi s
van ong cua cac quy luat khach quan. ieu o, oi
hoi viec quan tr phai da tren s hieu biet sau sac
cac quy luat chung va rieng cua t nhien va xa hoi.
+ Th hai, tren c s am hieu cac quy luat khach
quan ma van dung tot nhat cac thanh tu khoa hoc.
Trc het la triet hoc, kinh te hoc, tam ly hoc, xa hoi
hoc, toan hoc, tin hoc, ieu khien hoc, cong nghe hoc
Cung vi nhng kinh nghiem trong thc te vao thc
hanh quan tr.
+ Th ba, quan tr phai am bao phu hp vi ieu
kien, hoan canh cua moi to chc trong tng giai oan
cu the. ieu o, oi hoi cac nha quan tr va kien tr
cac nguyen tac va phai van dung mot cach linh hoat
cac phng phap, hnh thc va cac ky nang quan trphu hp cho tng ieu kien hoan canh nhat nh.
* Tnh nghe thuat quan tr the hien:
Ky nang, ky xao, b quyet, cai meo cua quan tr.
Neu khoa hoc la s hieu biet kien thc co he thong,
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th nghe thuat la s tinh loc kien thc e van dung cho
phu hp trong tng lnh vc, trong tng tnh huong. Sau
ay la nhng v du ve nghe thuat mot so lnh vc
cu the:
+ Nghe thuat dung ngi:
Noi ve thuat dung ngi, Khong T a co day:
Dung nhan nh dung moc . Moi con ngi eu co
nhng u nhc iem khac nhau, neu biet s dung th
ngi nao cung eu co ch, ho se cong hien nhieu
nhat cho xa hoi, cho cong ong ma ho ang sinh song.
ieu o, oi hoi nha quan tr phai am hieu cac ac
iem tam ly cua tng ngi, nen s dung hoc vao
viec g, au la phu hp nhat. Co nh vay, moi ca
nhan mi co ieu kien, c hoi phat huy het kha nangcua mnh, cong hien nhieu nhat cho tap the.
+ Nghe thuat giao duc con ngi.
e giao duc con ngi, thong thng ngi ta s
dung cac hnh thc: khen, che, thuyet phuc, t phe bnhva phe bnh, khen thng va ky luat Nhng khong
phai luc nao cung co tac dung tch cc.Vi ai, nen ap
dung hnh thc nao, bien phap g, mc o cao hay thap,
va no c tien hanh trong khong gian va thi gian
nao ? eu la nhng van e mang tnh nghe thuat. Bi
moi quyet nh khac nhau se cho ra cac ket qua khong
giong nhau. S khong phu hp chang nhng khong giup
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CHNG I
NHA QUAN TR VA CONG VIEC QUAN TR
cho con ngi ta phat trien theo chieu hng tch cc ma
trai lai se lam tang them tnh tieu cc trong t tng
lan hanh vi cua ho.
+ Nghe thuat ng x trong giao tiep:
c the hien trong qua trnh giao tiep. S la chon li
noi, cach noi va thai o phu hp vi ngi nghe la
nghe thuat ng x trong giao tiep. Ca dao Viet Nam co
cau: Li noi chang mat tien mua, la li ma noi cho
va long nhau o la t tng c ban cua thuat la
li trong giao tiep. Cach noi thang, noi tnh thai, noi gi
y, noi triet ly, noi hien ngon, noi ham ngon la
nhng cach noi can la chon cho phu hp vi tng
trnh o, tam ly cua ngi nghe. Thai o ton trong,
thanh y, khiem ton, vui ve, hoa nha, t tin, iem am,
linh hoat ng x la nghe thuat giao tiep khong the
thieu trong qua trnh giao tiep.
Tom lai: khoa hoc ch ton tai trong ly thuyet con
nghe thuat hien dien trong thc te. Hay noi cach khac,
nghe thuat xuat hien trong qua trnh van dung cac khoa
hoc o vao thc tien.
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2/ oi tng, pham vi va phng phap nghien cu
quan tr hoc :
oi tng nghien cu: Qua trnh quan tr dien ra trong
mot to chc, mot doanh nghiep.
Pham vi nghien cu: Nghien cu nhng van e quan
tr cap vi mo to chc, doanh nghiep. Khong nghien
cu quan ly v mo nha nc.
Phng phap nghien cu: Da tren phng phap luan
cua duy vat bien chng, phng phap lch s, phng
phap tong hp, phng phap he thong .
Tr v u chng
Tr v u trang
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CHNG II
S PHAT TRIEN CUA CAC LY THUYET QUAN TR
CHNG II
S PHAT TRIEN CUA CAC LY THUYET QUAN TR
---oooOooo---
I BOI CANH RA I.
Co the noi hoat ong quan tr ra i t rat lau
trong xa hoi nguyen thuy, nhng ly thuyet quan tr
thuoc ve san pham cua xa hoi hien ai. Viec nghien
cu s phat trien cac ly thuyet quan tr co y ngha
rat quan trong oi vi nha quan tr, v qua o giup cho
cac nha quan tr hieu c s phat trien o va giup
cho ho tm c cac cac phng phap e quan tr to
chc mnh nham at muc tieu vi hieu qua cao nhat.
Trong thi ky Trung co, ly thuyet ve quan tr chac phat trien, v n v san xuat kinh doanh ch gii
han trong pham vi gia nh, ngi cha ch truyen nghe lai
cho con cai. Hoat ong san xuat kinh doanh cua moi gia
nh chu yeu bang ky thuat va thng hieu ac biet
cua ho.
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en the ky 18, ay la thi ky tao nen cuoc cach
mang cong nghiep nh hai cu hch manh nhat la t
tng kinh te th trng t do canh tranh cua Adam Smith
va phat minh ra ong c hi nc cua Jame Watt, viec
san xuat luc nay chuyen t gia nh en nha may,
ay la mot to chc co quy mo ln hn. Chu nhan
cua nha may t mnh ng ra ieu khien hoat ong
san xuat, ho khong phan biet c chc nang cua
ngi s hu va chc nang cua ngi quan tr, qua
trnh quan ly hoat ong san xuat cung ch tap trungchu yeu vao kha canh ky thuat san xuat hn la vao
cac noi dung cua hoat ong quan tr thc chat (hoach
nh, to chc, ieu khien va kiem tra). Nh vay, trong
giai oan au cua cuoc cach mang cong nghiep cha co
nhng ly thuyet quan tr. Cho en gia the ky 19, luat
phap cac nc Chau Au chnh thc cho phep thanh
lap to chc cong tykinh doanh, ac biet la cong ty co
phan. ay la mot hnh thc cong ty ma trong o co
nhieu ngi gop von, tc co nhieu chu s hu, co
chu s hu tham gia quan ly cong ty va co chu s
hu khong tham gia quan ly cong ty; Tc giai oan nay
a phan biet chc nang cua ngi s hu va chc
nang cua ngi quan tr mot cach ro ret. Chnh sphan biet nay a tao ieu kien cho cac nha nghien
cu tap trung vao cac hoat ong quan tr mot cach
manh me hn. en cuoi the ky 19, cac ly thuyet quan
tr a ra i, nhng van con mi me va chu yeu van
tap trung vao ky thuat san xuat la chnh. Mai en
cuoi the ky 19 au the ky 20, nhng kha canh khac
cua hoat ong quan tr mi c cac ly thuyet quan
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CHNG II
S PHAT TRIEN CUA CAC LY THUYET QUAN TR
tr nghien cu mot cach sau sac hn. Va Frederich
Taylor chnh la ngi a at nen mong au tien cho
quan tr hoc hien ai. Co the chia s phat trien cac ly
thuyet quan tr theo cac giai oan nh sau:
+ Cac ly thuyet quan tr trong giai oan biet lap, ay
la giai oan can c vao trnh o va yeu cau cua nha
quan tr, ho xay dng ly thuyet phuc vu cho mnh, sau
o pho bien rong rai
+ Cac ly thuyet quan tr trong giai oan hoi nhap (sau
1960)
+ Cac khao hng quan tr hien ai
o II GIAI OAN BIET LAP.
1. NHOM CAC LY THUYET CO IEN
VE QUAN TR.
1/ Ly thuyet quan tr khoa hoc cua Taylor ngi
My (1856-1915):
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Ly thuyet quan tr khoa hoc co nhieu tac gia, nhng
ai bieu u tu nhat chnh la Frederich Winslow Taylor.
Taylor c goi la cha e cua nganh quan tr va quyen
sach noi tieng cua ong ve quan tr la Cac nguyen
tac quan ly theo khoa hocxuat hien vao nam 1911.
Noi dung hoc thuyet quan ly theo khoa hoc cua
Frederich Winslow Taylor co the tom tac nh sau:
a.Cai tao cac quan he quan ly gia chu va th:
Taylor cho rang hoc thuyet cua ong la mot cuoc
cach mang tinh than v ai, v no khong ch la mot
he thong cac giai phap ky thuat, ma con e ra cac
t tng triet hoc va ao c mi. No lam thay oi
tinh than va thai o cua hai ben (ngi chu va ngi
th), thay chien tranh bang hoa bnh, thay s mau thuan
bang s hp tac, thay tnh a nghi canh giac bang niem
tin gia oi ben.
b.Tieu chuan hoa cong viec:
Tieu chuan hoa cong viec la cach thc phan chia
cong viec thanh nhng bo phan va cong oan chnh
va nh mc lao ong hp ly, tao cho cong nhan co
ieu kien tang them thu nhap va ong thi e hoan
thanh cong viec mot cach tot nhat; Co ngha la phan
chia cong viec cua moi ca nhan thanh nhieu thao tacn gian, ap dung phng phap tot nhat mot cach khoa
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CHNG II
S PHAT TRIEN CUA CAC LY THUYET QUAN TR
hoc e thc hien cac thao tac o, qua o tang nang
suat lao ong
c.Chuyen mon hoa lao ong:
Trc het chuyen mon hoa oi vi lao ong quanly, ay la mot quan iem tien bo hn so vi nhng
quan iem trc o cho rang toan bo cong viec thc
hien ra sao la do cong nhan phai chu trach nhiem
Ke en la chuyen mon hoa oi vi cong nhan, co
ngha la chon va huan luyen cong nhan mot cach
khoa hoc, moi cong nhan chuyen ve mot thao tac e
anh ta thc hien no mot cach co hieu qua nhat. Nh
ap dung phng phap quan ly khoa hoc tai Hang Symond
Rolling Machine ma ong a ch ra c mot ieu la 35
co gai a lam c cong viec cua 120 co gai.
Ngoai ra ong con ch ra la phai tm ra ngi gioi
nhattrong so cong nhan, nham giup cho nha quan tr
e ra cac nh mc hp ly va con la tam gng thuc
ay nhng ngi khac phan au tang nang suat lao
ong va thu nhap cua ho. Taylor a th nghiem chat
che 75 cong nhan tai Cong ty thep Bethleham, sau o
chon ra 4 ngi kha nhat, nhng ngi nay c ong
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CHNG II
S PHAT TRIEN CUA CAC LY THUYET QUAN TR
viec v the can a anh ta vao khuon phep ky luat,
lam viec theo c che thng-phat, t o ong a ra
chnh sach tra lng theo san pham va thng cho
nhng san pham vt nh mc .
Qua ly thuyet quan tr cuaTaylor ta co the rut ra mot
so u iem va khuyet iem sau:
* u iem:
- Lam viec chuyen mon hoa
- Tuyen dung va ao tao nhan vien mot cach chuyen
nghiep
- Ha gia thanh
- Xem quan tr nh mot nghe va la oi tng khoa hoc.
T o tang nang suat lao ong va co hieu qua.
* Nhc iem:
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- Quan niem khong ay u ve to chc, ve hieu qua,
ve nang suat lao ong
- Cha chu trong nhu cau xa hoi va nhu cau tinh than
con ngi
- Trong tam cua quan tr la ngi tha hanh
2/ Ly thuyet quan tr hanh chnh cua Henry Fayol ngi Phap (1841-1925):
Thuyet quan tr hanh chnh c a ra Phap bi
Henry Fayol, co the goi ong la mot Taylor cua Chau Au,
ngi cha cua mot trong nhng ly thuyet quan ly hien
ai quan trong nhat Thuyet quan ly hanh chnh, nam
1916 ong xuat ban cuon sach noi tieng Quan ly
hanh chnh chung va trong cong nghiep (Administration
Industrielle et Generale) e cap en cac nguyen tac
quan tr.
Noi dung thuyet Quan ly hanh chnh cua ong co the
tom tac nh sau:
a.Quan niem va cach tiep can:
Cach tiep can nghien cu ve quan ly cua Fayol
khac vi Taylor. Taylor nghien cu moi quan he quan ly
chu yeu cap oc cong va ngi th, t nac thang
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CHNG II
S PHAT TRIEN CUA CAC LY THUYET QUAN TR
thap nhat cua quan ly cong nghiep roi tien len va
hng ra. Con Fayol xem xet quan ly t tren xuong
di, tap trung vao bo may lanh ao, ong chng minh
rang quan ly hanh chnh la mot hoat ong chung cho
bat ky to chc nao.
Fayol phan loai cac hoat ong cua bat ky mot to
chc thanh 06 nhom hoat ong nh sau: 1. Cac hoat
ong ky thuat; 2. Thng mai; 3. Tai chnh; 4. An ninh; 5.
Hach toan-thong ke; 6. Quan ly hanh chnh. Trong o
hoat ong Quan ly hanh chnh se ket noi 05 hoat ong
con lai tao ra sc manh cho to chc.
Ong nh ngha Quan ly hanh chnh la : d tnh (d
oan + ke hoach), to chc, ieu khien, phoi hp va
kiem tra. ay chnh la 05 chc nang cua nha quan tr.
oi vi cap quan tr cang cao th yeu cau kha nang
quan tr hanh chnh cang ln va ngc lai cap quan tr
thap th kha nang chuyen mon ky thuat la quan trongnhat
b. 14 nguyen tac quan tr hanh chnh:
1.Chuyen mon hoa: Phan chia cong viec (ca ky thuat
lan quan ly)
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2.Quyen han i oi vi trach nhiem: Nha quan tr co
quyen a ra menh lenh e hoan thanh nhiem vu nhng
phai chu trach nhiem ve chung.
3.Tnh ky luat cao: Moi thanh vien phai chap hanh cac
nguyen tac cua to chc nham tao ieu kien cho to
chc van hanh thong suot.
4.Thong nhat ch huy, ieu khien: Ngi tha hanh ch
nhan menh lenh t mot cap tren trc tiep, tranh
mau thuan gia cac menh lenh
5.Thong nhat lanh ao: Moi hoat ong cua tat ca cac
thanh vien, cac bo phan phai hng ve muc tieu
chung cua to chc va ch do mot nha quan tr phoi
hp va ieu hanh.
6.Li ch ca nhan phu thuoc vao li ch to chc: Phai
at li ch to chc len tren li ch cua ca nhan. Neu
mau thuan ve 02 li ch nay, nha quan tr phai lam
nhiem vu hoa giai.
7.Thu lao tng xng vi cong viec: Nen lam sao e
thoa man tat ca
8.S tap trung: Fayol ung ho van e tap trung quyen
lc, va xem ay la trat t t nhien
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CHNG II
S PHAT TRIEN CUA CAC LY THUYET QUAN TR
9.Trat t th bac : Pham vi quyen lc xuat phat t ban
lanh ao cap cao xuong ti nhng cong nhan cap
thap nhat
10.Trat t : vat nao cho ay va bieu o to chc la
mot cong cu quan ly quy gia nhat oi vi to chc
11.Tnh cong bang hp ly: Nha quan tr can oi x
cong bang va than thien vi cap di cua mnh
12.On nh nhiem vu: Luan chuyen nhan s cao se
khong em lai hieu qua
13.Sang kien: Cap di phai c phep thc hien
nhng sang kien
14.oan ket: oan ket se mang lai s hoa hp, thong
nhat t o lam cho to chc cang co sc manh.
c-Van e con ngi va ao tao trong quan ly:
Khac vi Taylor ch yeu cau ngi lao ong tnh ky
luat va s tuan lenh, Fayol yeu cau cac nha quan ly
phai oi x tot ep va ky cac thoa thuan lao ong
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vi ho, ong thi chu y en mat tinh than va khuyen
khch tai nang cua ngi lao ong. oi vi lao ong
quan ly ong yeu cau phai la ngi va co tai va
va co c. Ong cung thay ro tac dung cua giao duc
va ao tao e phat trien mot nguon nhan lc manh
cho to chc.
Qua ly thuyet quan tr cua Fayol ta co the rut cac u
iem va khuyet iem nh sau:
* u iem :
- C cau ro rang, am bao nguyen tac
* Nhc iem:
- Khong e cap en tac ong cua moi trng
- Khong chu trong tnh hp ly trong hanh ong cua nha
quan tr
- Trong tam cua quan tr la nha quan tr
2. NHOM CAC LY THUYET TAC PHONG
(TAM LY XA HOI QUAN HE CON NGI).
1920s, 1930s cac nc cong nghiep phat trien, isong ngi dan nang cao, nang suat lao ong tang,
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gi lao ong giam xuong di 50 gi/tuan, chnh phu
can thiep manh vao cac doanh nghiep, s phat trien
cua cac nghiep oan lao ong cua cong nhan, ly
thuyet quan tr co ien khong con phu hp; t o
xuat hien ly tuyet tac phong, ly thuyet nhan manh
en nhu cau va nguyen vong cac thanh vien, moi quan
he con ngi.
1/ T tng quan tr cua ba Mary Parker Follet -
ngi My (1868-1933):
Nhng t tng quan tr cua Follet nhan manh en
cac noi dung sau:
a- Nha quan tr phai quan tam en nhng ngi lao
ong trong qua trnh giai quyet van e, co ngha phai
chu y en toan bo i song cua ho, bao gom ca
yeu to kinh te, tinh than va tnh cam
b- Nha quan tr phai nang ong thay v ap dung cac
nguyen tac cng nhac, trong qua trnh giai quyet cong
viec ho can phai co s phoi hp va ba cho rang s
phoi hp se gi vai tro quyet nh oi vi cac hoat
ong quan tr. Ba a ra cac cach thc phoi hp sau:
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Nhc iem:
Do ng dung triet hoc va tam ly hoc vao kinh doanh
ma khong qua th nhiem nen t tng quan tr cua
ba cha tr thanh mot hoc thuyet ay u.
2/ Hoc thuyet cua Elton Mayo-ngi Uc (1880-1949):
Mayo a co cong trnh nghien cu tai nha may
Hawthorne thuoc Cong ty ien lc mien tay Chicago-My
va co the tom tac nh sau: Ong chia thanh 02 nhom
cong nhan, nhom th nhat la nhom th nghiem,
nhom th hai la nhom oi chng lam viec trong ieu
kien bnh thng. Nhom th nghiem lam viec trong ieu
kien co nhieu thay oi nhieu lan, cong nhan c
phep t chon gi giai lao, c uong ca phe, c trao
oi khi lam viec va ket qua la san lng cua nhom
tang len.
Chnh ket qua nghien cu nay, ong cung cac ong
s a ra ly thuyet quan tr hanh vi vi cuon sach
Nhng van e con ngi cua nen van minh cong
nghiep xuat ban vao nam 1933.
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Co the tom gon noi dung chnh cua ly thuyet cua
ong nh sau
a. Nang suat lao ong khong ch phu thuoc vao cac
yeu to vat chat ma no con phu thuoc vao cac tap
hp tam ly xa hoi rat phc tap khac cua con ngi,
ong nhan nh rang Khi cong nhan co s chu y ac
biet th nang suat lao ong se tang len rat ro ret bat
ke cac ieu kien lam viec co thay oi hay khong
khong thay oi. Hien tng nay goi la hieu ng
Hawthorne
b.S hnh thanh cac nhom khong chnh thc la nguyen
nhan tang nang suat lao ong, Mayo a phong van
nhieu cong nhan va cung nhan c cau tra li :
Cuoc song ben trong va ngoai nha may la buon teva thieu y ngha, ban be tai ni lam viec a em lai
cho cuoc song va lam viec cua ho co y ngha hn.
Do o chnh s thuc ay cua cac ong nghiep a
tac ong manh en tang nang suat lao ong.
Mot so u iem va nhc iem ve ly thuyet quan
tr cua Mayo:
* u iem : Giong vi t tng quan tr cua Follet
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* Nhc: Th nghiem gii han trong nha may, cha kham
pha ra pham vi nen tang xa hoi rong hn. e cao thc
nghiem ma bo qua ly thuyet.
3/ Ly thuyet ve ban chat con ngi cua Douglas
Mc Gregor - Ly thuyet Y- ngi My (1906-1964):
Vao nam 1960, Gregor xuat ban cuon Kha canh con
ngi cua to chc kinh doanh a a ra mot tap hp
nhng nhan nh rat lac quan ve ban chat con ngi.
Ly thuyet ve con ngi cua ong c goi la ly thuyet
Y. Sau ay la bang so sanh ve ac iem con ngi
gia ly thuyet Y va ly thuyet X (ly thuyet co ien) qua
bang 2.1 sau.
Bang 2.1 : Bang so sanh ac iem con ngi gia
thuyet X va thuyet Y
Thuyet X Thuyet Y
+ Con ngi thng khong
thch lam viec, li bieng
va se lang tranh cong
viec khi ieu kien cho
phep
+ Lam viec la mot hoat
ong ban nang, mot nhu
cau khong the thieu cua
con ngi.
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+ Con ngi ch lam viec
khi b bat buoc va khi ho
lam viec phai co s
giam sat chat che
+ Con ngi eu muon b
ieu khien. Ho luon tm
cach lan tron trach
nhiem, co rat t khat vongva muon c yen on
+ Con ngi eu co nang
lc t ieu khien, t kiem
soat ban than neu ho
c uy quyen.
+ Con ngi se gan bo
vi cac muc tieu cua to
chc hn neu ho c khen
thng kp thi va xngang
+ Con ngi bnh thng
co the am nhan nhng
trong trach va dam chu
trach nhiem
+ Nhieu ngi bnh thng
co kha nang sang tao
T o cach thc quan tr ve con ngi gia 02
thuyet X va Y cung co s khac nhau nh sau:
a. Thuyet X : ong vien con ngi co ban chat X thong
qua vat chat, giao viec cu the & kiem tra on oc ho
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b. Thuyet Y : ong vien con ngi co ban chat Y bang
cach danh cho ho nhieu quyet nh trong cong viec, ton
trong sang kien cua ho, tao ieu kien e ho chng to
nang lc hn la on oc va kiem tra
4- Ly thuyet ve he thong nhu cau con ngi cua
Maslow (1908-1970) :
Co the noi ly thuyet ve he thong nhu cau con
ngi cua Maslow la ly thuyet noi troi nhat trong
nhom cac ly thuyet tac phong.
a. Nam nhu cau cua con ngi:
Maslow a ra 05 nhu cau cua con ngi theo th t t
thap en cao nh sau:
Nhu cau sinh ly: an uong, ngu, tnh duc
Nhu cau ve an ninh, an toan: Tranh cac moi nguy hiem
than the, tai san
Nhu cau co tnh chat xa hoi: Tham gia cau lac bo, ang
phai
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Nhu cau ve t trong: Thch danh tieng, tang danh hieu
Nhu cau ve t than van ong (t khang nh mnh):muon hoan thien, phat trien nhan cach, sang tao
Nam nhu cau tren c phan thanh 02 cap bac cao va
thap :
- Nhu cau bac cao: tac ong ben trong con ngi, gomnhu cau t khang nh va nhu cau ve t trong
- Nhu cau bac thap: tac ong ben ngoai con ngi, nhu
cau ve xa hoi, nhu cau an toan va nhu cau vat chat
b. Cach thc ong vien con ngi:
T 05 nhu cau tren, Maslow a ra chnh sach ong vien
con ngi oi vi cac nha quan tr nh sau:
Loai nhu
cau
Chnh sach ong vien cua nha quan tr
T the
hien mnh
Tao ra nhng thach thc trong cong viec
oi vi ho
Tao c hoi tien bo
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Tao c hoi sang tao
Tao ong c e at thanh tch cao
S ton
trong
Tao ra nhng hoat ong quan trong trong
cong viec
Ten cong viec phai anh bong ra sao e
moi ngi knh ne
Tao ra s co trach nhiem cho ho
S tha nhan cong viec o mot cach
cong khai
Xa hoi
Tao ra cho ho nhu cau giao tiep trong xa hoi
S on nh cac nhom lam viec
S khuyen khch hp tac
An toan ieu kien lam viec toi u hoa
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Phai am bao co viec lam
Phu cap ve long
Vat chatieu kien lam viec, nhiet o, anh sang,
tien lng
C - LY THUYET QUAN LY TO CHC CUA BARNARD
Ngi MY (1886-1961).
Cac tac pham ve quan tr cua Barnard gom co To
chc va quan ly, ac biet tac pham noi tieng Chc
nang cua ngi quan ly. Nhng noi dung chnh cua ly
thuyet quan ly to chc cua ong gom cac noi dung
sau:
1. Quan iem quan tr:
Khai niem ve to chc: o la mot he thong co s
tac ong cua nhieu ngi tren c s phoi hp vi
nhau.
Ly thuyet cua ong co 02 tnh cach mang ln, gom:
Th nhat, ong ch ra c moi quan he hu c co he
thong gia cac bo phan trong mot to chc
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Th hai, can khai thac cac tnh troi cua he thong to
chc. Co ngha la to chc se tao c ket qua ln
hn ket qua cua tng bo phan trong to chc cong lai,
chang han NSL cua tap the bao gi cung ln hn NSL
cua tng ca nhan, bo phan cong lai. Hoac tao ra
nhng kha nang mi cua he thong, v du chiec ong
ho, neu cac linh kien nam ri rac th khong ch thi
gian c va ngc lai neu cac linh kien c sap xep
lai (lap rap) th no se co kha nang ch ung thi
gian.
Quan tr la cong viec chuyen mon e duy tr he
thong to chc hoat ong va nham phat trien scmanh cho he thong to chc o.
2. 03 noi dung c ban cua to chc:
Theo ong moi to chc phai co 03 noi dung c ban sau:
Trc het, o la s san sang hp tac, bao gom cac
kha canh hp tac sau:
- Hp tac gia nha quan tr vi nhan vien, gia nha
quan tr vi nha quan tr, gia nhan vien vi nhan
vien.
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- Hp tac mang tnh ch ao.
- Hp tac mang tnh ho tr bo sung cho nhau
- Cng o va mc o hp tac cua moi bo phan la
khac nhau
Th hai, muc tieu chung cua to chc phai co cac ieu
kien sau mi kha thi:
- Muc tieu phai mang tnh pho bien & moi thanh vien
phai hieu ro.
- am bao muc tieu to chc va muc tieu ca nhan
khong mau thuan nhau.
Th ba, thong tin can am bao cac nguyen tac sau:
- Nha quan tr ong vai tro trung tam cua he thong
thong tin
- Cac kenh thong tin phai c cu the hoa thong qua
viec cong khai hoa quyen han va chc vu cua moi ca
nhan
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- Phai xac nh v tr cua moi thanh vien trong to chc
e giup ho xac nh c cac nguon tin can nhan c
& cac thong tin can cung cap cho bo phan khac.
- Cac tuyen thong tin phai ngan gon, trc tiep, lien tuc
- Thong tin phai xac thc
3. Cac cong cu e quan tr to chc:
+ Co s chuyen mon hoa
+ Chnh sach ong vien nhan vien : ong vien bang
vat chat lan tinh than
+ Quyen hanh
+ Ra quyet nh
+ He thong chc v
+ ao c cua nha quan tr
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Qua o ta thay ly thuyet cua ong co cac u iem va
nhc iem sau:
* u iem :
+ e cao vai tro ca nhan, khai thac sc manh ca nhan
e hnh thanh sc manh cua to chc tren c s thoa
man li ch ca nhan t o thoa man li ch cua to
chc
+ e ra c cac cong cu quan tr e thc hien tot
muc tieu chung
+ Co cac yeu to ao c trong quan tr ben canh cac
yeu to kinh te va tam ly khac.
* Nhc iem:
+ Nhan manh nhieu ve kinh nghiem va linh cam cua
ngi ra quyet nh
+ Cha xet en moi trng ben ngoai ma ch da vao
nguon lc ben trong to chc e ra quyet nh.
+ Trong thc te kho co li ch ca nhan phu hp vi li
ch tap the.
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3. LY THUYET QUAN TR NH LNG.
Ly thuyet quan tr nh lng thnh hanh trong 02
thap nien 1970s+1980s, nhng ngi e xng ly
thuyet nay chu trng s dung cac ky thuat nh lng
thong qua s ho tr cua may ien toan e phuc vu cho
viec la chon quyet nh toi u . Ly thuyet quan tr
nh lng gom 04 ac trng c ban sau:
+ Trong tam chu yeu la phuc vu cho viec ra quyet nh,
giai phap tot nhat la nh cac ky thuat phan tch nh
lng
+ Lng hoa cac tieu chuan kinh te e co hanh ong
la chon quyet nh toi u, nh lng hoa chi ph, doanh
thu, ty le hoan von au t va nhng tac ong cua
thue vv
+ Dung cac mo hnh toan hoc e tm giai phap toi u
+ Can co may ien toan
Tuy nhien ly thuyet nay cung co cac u va nhciem sau
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Ly thuyet quan tr theo qua trnh MBP (Tac gia tieu
bieu la Harold Koontz) th lay khach hang lam trong tamphan tch va c cau to chc theo kieu dan ngang (mo
hnh cai chan giay paper weight organization- hnh 2.2),
cac cap quan tr trung gian giam toi a, nhan vien trang
b kien thc tong hp e co kha nang a ra nhng
quyet nh oc lap.
Hnh 2.2 : Mo hnh to chc kieu cai chan giay
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2/ Ly thuyet he thong:
Trng phai quan tr he thong xem to chc la mothe thong m, gom nhieu phan t tap hp thanh, c
sap xep mot cach co he thong, tac ong qua lai vi
nhau, tao ra nang lc mi, tnh chat mi cho ca he
thong. Thong qua cac phan t cua he thong co the
giam bt cac bat trac hoac tan dung cac c hoi e
t o hoan thanh muc tieu chung cua to chc vi
hieu qua cao nhat. Hnh 2.3 cho thay tong quan ve he
thong cua mot to chc.
Hnh 2.3 : He thong cua mot to chc
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Moi trng
To chc
Phan hoi
au
vao
Bienoi
au ra
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3/ Ly thuyet Z cua William Ouchi:
Da tren s phan biet gia thuyet X va thuyet Y,
Ouchi a a ra mot thuyet mi Thuyet Z. Ong cho
xuat ban Thuyet Z vao 1981, cuon sach c xep
vao loai ban chay nhat nc My. So sanh gia doanh
nghiep Nhat ban va doanh nghiep phng Tay, ong tm
ra s tng phan gia chung qua bang 2.2 sau:
Bang 2.2 : Bang so sanh doanh nghiep kieu Z va doanh
nghiep kieu A
DN Nhat (kieu Z)DN Phng Tay (kieu
A)
Viec lam suot i Viec lam gii han trong
thi gian
anh gia va e bat cham
(tham nien)
anh gia va e bat
nhanh
Nghe nghiep khong
chuyen mon hoa
Nghe nghiep chuyen
mon hoa
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C che kiem tra mac nhien C che kiem tra hien
nhien
Quyet nh tap the Quyet nh ca nhan
Trach nhiem tap the Trach nhiem ca nhan
Quyen li toan cuc Quyen li co gii han
Gia tr cua thuyet Z noi len nh s trnh bay ve vai
tro cua mot nen van hoa kieu Z oi vi s phat
trien nhanh va vng chac cua mot doanh nghiep, ong
cho rang van hoa cua doanh nghiep bao gom mot tap
hp bieu tng, nghi le,huyen thoai, triet ly cho phep
truyen at en ngi lam viec cac gia tr va niem tin
noi than cua doanh nghiep, hat nhan cua van hoa
mot doanh nghiep la triet ly kinh doanh cua no. Ong
ac biet chu trong en tinh than va gia tr tap the
cua phng phap quan ly Nhat ban. Trong tam va muc
tieu c ban cua thuyet Z la qua trnh cong nghechuyen t doanh nghiep kieu A en kieu Z. Mot so
cong ty ln cua My nh Kodak, General Motors a thanh
cong khi ap dung thuyet Z cua ong.
4/ Trng phai quan tr ngau nhien:
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Trng phai quan tr ngau nhien chu trng quan tr
theo tnh huong ngau nhien khong rap khuon may moc
cac nguyen tac, trai lai phai het sc linh hoat, sang
tao, van dung phoi hp cac ly thuyet quan tr vao
tng tnh huong cu the.
IV CAC KHAO HNG QUAN TR HIEN AI.
1/ Khao hng quan tr tuyet hao Waterman &
Peter (My):
Vao thap nien 1980s, Robert H.Waterman va Thomas
J.Peter a a ra mot ly thuyet nham thuc ay cac
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hoat ong quan tr at en s tuyet hao, hai ong a
e ra 08 nguyen tac em lai s tuyet hao nh sau:
1/ Khuynh hng hoat ong : Quy mo nho se hieu qua
hn
2/ Khach hang: Thoa man cao nhat cua khach hang la
y thc chung cua moi thanh vien, bo phan, cua ca to
chc
3/ T quan & mao hiem : Chap nhan rui ro-that bai,
phai luon oi mi & au tranh, c cau linh hoat, khuyen
khch t do sang tao.
4/ Coi trong nhan to con ngi: Pham gia con ngi c
xem trong; biet nuoi dng long nhiet tnh, long tin va
tnh cam gia nh cua moi ngi; khuyen khch moi ngi
gi bau khong kh lam viec vui ve, thoai mai va cam
thu c y ngha ve s hoan thanh nhiem vu
5/ Pho bien va thuc ay cac gia tr chung cua to
chc nh triet ly cua to chc, pham chat ca nhan
c thao luan cong khai trc tap the, cung co cac
he thong tn ieu cua cong ty, nha quan tr phai tch
cc va li noi phai i oi vi viec lam
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6/ Sau sat va gan bo chat che cong ty: Nha quan tr
phai luon gan bo cong ty, chu trong phat trien t
ben trong, khong thon tnh hoac mua lai
7/ Hnh thc to chc n gian, nhan s gon nhe: Quyen
lc cang phan tan cang tot, nhan s hanh chnh gon
nhe, nhan tai c tung vao thng trng
8/ Quan ly tai san chat che va hp ly
Khao hng quan tr tuyet hao cua 02 ong co cac
u, nhc iem sau:
* u iem : e cao nhan to con ngi
* Nhc iem: Nhan manh s phat trien t than, xem
trong nhng noi lc ben trong to chc ma cha anh
gia ung mc moi trng ben ngoai.
2/ Khao hng quan tr sang tao (cua cac nha
nghien cu Nhat):
Cac nha nghien cu Nhat Ban thuoc Vien nghien
cu Nomura cho rang quan tr sang tao la phong cach
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quan tr cua the ky 21. Nhng ac trng chu yeu cua
khao hng quan tr sang tao bao gom:
+ Chien lc kinh doanh phai ro rang, biet c hng i
cua tng lai nham phan bo nguon lc hp ly & d bao
c moi trng ben ngoai
+ C cau to chc theo mo hnh mang li (hnh 2.4), lay
moi thanh vien la mot n v c s, cho phep cac n
v thanh vien toi a hoa cac quan he trao oi trong to
chc.
Hnh 2.4 : Mo hnh to chc mang li
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+ Quan tr nguon nhan lc, xem nguon nhan lc la quan
trong nhat, cac chnh sach tuyen dung, ao tao, phat
trien va ong vien nhan vien can het sc c chu
trong
+ Quan tr thong tin, phai chia se nhng thong tin ve
khach hang, ve cong ty cho cac thanh vien. Toi k
oi thong tin trong cac thanh vien, bo phan trong to
chc.
Tom lai khoa hoc quan tr la mot dong chay lien
tuc, mang tnh ke tha. Nhng ly thuyet quan tr ra i
nhng giai oan sau se ke tha, bo sung va hoan
thien cho nhng ly thuyet trc, t o lam cho bc
tranh khoa hoc quan tr ngay cang sinh ong va nhieu
mau sac.
Tr v u chng
Tr v u trang
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CHNG III
MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC
---oooOooo---
I MOI TRNG LA G ?
Trong ly thuyet quan tr he thong co mot ong
gop het sc quan trong cho nganh quan tr o la
khong co mot to chc nao ng hoan toan biet lap
vi moi trng ben ngoai, ma hoat ong cua mot to
chc va phu thuoc cac yeu to noi tai ben trong cua
no va chu tac ong cua cac yeu to ben ngoai.
Nhan nh nay chung ta co the thay rat ro qua cac s
kien sau:
Tnh hnh gia ca nhien lieu (dau mo) tai cac nc
OPEC To chc cac nc xuat khau dau mo gan ay
co chieu hng ngay cang tang va ieu nay lam
anh hng en tat ca cac quoc gia va cac to chctren the gii .
Hoac cac vu khung bo hien nay ang dien ra cac
nc nh My, Anh, Nga, Irac, Indonesia vv a co nhng
tac ong rat ln khong ch cho rieng kinh te, chnh tr
cac quoc gia o ma con lam cho cac quoc gia
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CHNG III
MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC
khac, to chc khac phai co nhng bien phap e
phong.
Hoac trong lnh vc Vien thong ve kinh doanh dch vu
ien thoai di ong Viet Nam, trc ay Tong cong ty
Bu chnh Vien thong Viet nam (VNPT) oc quyen trong
van e gia cc qua mang Vinaphone va Mobiphone th
ke t khi co cac oi thu canh tranh mi nh Cong ty
Co phan dch vu Bu chnh Vien thong Sai gon (SPT) vi
mang di ong S-Fone va Cong ty Vien thong Quan oi
vi mang di ong Viettel th gia cc ien thoai di ong
a tuot xuong mot cach ro ret. Nh vay tac ong
cua cac yeu to moi trng len to chc la khongtranh khoi, co the co nhng tac ong tao ra cac c
hoi cho to chc va cung co nhng tac ong gay nen
nhng moi nguy c, e doa oi vi to chc. Nh vay,
moi trng la g? Co may loai moi trng va cac yeu
to cua no la g? Cac noi dung sau se giai ap cho
chung ta nhng van e o.
1/ Khai niem ve moi trng :
Moi trng cua mot to chc la cac yeu to, cac
lc lng, nhng the che nam ben ngoai to chc
ma nha quan tr kho kiem soat c, nhng chung co
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anh hng trc tiep hoac gian tiep en hoat ong
va ket qua hoat ong cua to chc.
2/ Cac loai moi trng :
Cac nha kinh te hoc chia moi trng cua mot to
chc thanh hai loai : Moi trng v mo con goi la moi
trng tong quat va moi trng vi mo con goi la moi
trng ac thu.
II - MOI TRNG V MO (MOI TRNG TONG
QUAT)
1-Khai niem:
Moi trng v mo gom cac yeu to, lc lng, the
che nam ben ngoai to chc ma nha quan tr kho
kiem soat c, nhng chung co anh hnggian tiep
en hoat ong va ket qua hoat ong cua to chc.
2-ac iem moi trng v mo:
Moi trng v mo co ba ac iem sau:
+ Cac yeu to thuoc moi trng v mo thng co tac
ong gian tiep en hoat ong ong va ket qua hoat
ong cua to chc
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CHNG III
MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC
+ Cac yeu to thuoc moi trng v mo thng co moi
quan he tng tac vi nhau e cung tac ong en to
chc
+ Cac yeu to thuoc moi trng v mo co anh hng
en tat ca cac nganh khac nhau, cac lnh vc khac
nhau va tat ca moi to chc.
3-Cac yeu to c ban cua moi trng v mo (hnh
3.1) :
Hnh 3.1 : Moi trng v mo cua to chc
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a) Yeu to kinh te:
Tang trng kinh te, phat trien kinh te:
Tang trng kinh te la s tang them (hay gia tang)
ve quy mo san lng cua nen kinh te trong mot thi
ky nhat nh. o la ket qua cua tat ca cac hoat
ong san xuat va dch vu cua nen kinh te tao ra. e
bieu th s tang trng kinh te ngi ta dung mc
tang them cua tong san lng nen kinh te (tnh toan
bo hay tnh bnh quan au ngi) cua thi ky sau so vithi ky trc; Hoac mc tang phan tram (%) hay tuyet
oi hang nam, hay bnh quan trong mot giai oan. S
tang trng kinh te ch co y ngha khi no em lai s
phat trien kinh te.
Phat trien kinh te la mot qua trnh ln len (hay tang
tien) ve moi mat cua nen kinh te trong mot thi ky
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Yeuto tnhien
Yeuto kythuat congnghe
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CHNG III
MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC
nhat nh. Trong o bao gom ca s tang them ve quy
mo san lng (tang trng) va s tien bo ve c cau
kinh te xa hoi. Phat trien kinh te la mot khai niem
chung nhat ve mot s chuyen bien nen kinh te t
trang thai thap len trang thai cao hn. Do o khong co
tieu chuan chung ve s phat trien, e ch trnh o
phat trien cao, thap khac nhau gia cac nen kinh te
trong moi thi ky cac nha kinh te hoc phan qua trnh
nay thanh cac nac thang: kem phat trien, ang phat
trien va phat trien.
Cac ai lng c ban o lng s tang trng kinh te
hien nay bao gom:
+ Ch tieu GDP : Tong san pham quoc noi (tong san
pham trong nc), la toan bo san pham va dch vu
mi c tao ra hang nam trong pham vi lanh tho quoc
gia.
+ Ch tieu GNP : Tong san pham quoc dan, la toan bo
san pham va dch vu cuoi cung ma tat ca cong dan
mot nc tao ra khong phan biet san xuat c thc
hien trong nc hay ngoai nc
GNP = GDP + thu nhap tai san rong t nc ngoai
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+ Ch tieu NNP (NI) : San pham quoc dan thuan tuy
(thu nhap quoc dan san xuat), la gia tr con lai cua
tong san pham quoc dan sau khi tr i gia tr khau hao
TSC (Dp) trong ky
NNP = GNP - Dp
+ Ch tieu NDI : Thu nhap quoc dan s dung, la phan
ma nhan dan nhan c va co the tieu dung, hay la
phan thu nhap rong sau khi a tr i thue gian thu (T i),
thue trc thu (Td) va cong vi tr cap Sd.
NDI = NNP (Ti + Td) + Sd
+ Ch tieu GDP/ngi hoac GNP/ngi : Phan anh thu
nhap bnh quan au ngi cua mot quoc gia
Nh vay, trong tien trnh tang trng va phat trien
kinh te, doanh nghiep se ong vai tro chu ao, ong
thi mc tang trng kinh te va phat trien kinh te se
co nhng tac ong tch cc hay tieu cc oi vi tat ca
cac to chc noi chung.
Chnh sach kinh te cua quoc gia:
Chnh sach kinh te the hien quan iem, nh hng
phat trien cua Nha nc thong qua cac chu trng,
chnh sach ieu hanh va quan ly nen kinh te. Cac
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CHNG III
MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC
chnh sach kinh te tao ra mot moi trng kinh doanh va
tac ong len tat ca cac to chc theo hai khuynh hng
sau:
+ Tac ong khuyen khch, u ai mot so nganh, mot
so lnh vc hoac khu vc nao o, v du nhng ac khu
kinh te se co nhng u ai ac biet so vi nhng khu
vc khac hay nhng nganh Nha nc oc quyen quan
ly se co li the hn nhng nganh khac.
+ Chnh phu a ra nhng bien phap che tai nh nhng
nganh b cam hay han che kinh doanh
Cac cong cu thng c Nha nc s dung e
khuyen khch hay che tai la cac luat thue, lai suat,
chnh sach gia ca, chnh sach tien lng, ty gia hoi
oai
Chu ky kinh te:
Chu ky kinh te c hieu o la s thang tram ve
kha nang tao ra cua cai cua nen kinh te trong nhng
giai oan nhat nh. Cac nha kinh te chia chu ky kinh te
thanh bon giai oan sau ay:
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Giai oan phat trien, la giai oan nen kinh te co toc
o tang trng nhanh va ong thi co s m rong ve
quy mo. Trong giai oan nay cac doanh nghiep co ieu
kien, c hoi phat trien m rong quy mo va gia tang
th phan cua mnh len
Giai oan trng thanh, la thi iem nen kinh te
phat trien cao nhat cua no va bat au i vao giai
oan suy thoai.
Giai oan suy giam, la thi ky nen kinh te co mc
tang trng cham va ky sau thap hn ky trc. Trong
giai oan nay quy mo doanh nghiep thng b thu hep lai
so vi trc.
Giai oan tieu ieu cc iem, la thi iem suy thoai
cua nen kinh te xuong mc cc tieu, giai oan nay co
the thay co hang loat cac doanh nghiep b pha san.
Nh vay, co the thay chu ky kinh te co anh hng
rat manh me en s ton tai va phat trien cua tat ca
cac doanh nghiep va cac quyet nh cua cac nhaquan tr.
Khuynh hng toan cau hoa kinh te:
Ngay nay, the gii ang dien ra mot khuynh hng
ngay cang manh me o la xu hng khu vc hoa va
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CHNG III
MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC
toan cau hoa kinh te. Nh vay, cac doanh nghiep trong
moi quoc gia muon ton tai va thanh cong tat yeu
phai khong ngng oi mi cong nghe, nang cao chat
lng san pham, tang nang suat lao ong va ha gia
thanh san pham nham ng au vi qua trnh canh
tranh ngay cang khoc liet.
b) Yeu to chnh tr va chnh phu:
The che chnh tr gi vai tro nh hng va chi phoi
toan bo hoat ong cua xa hoi, trong o co hoat ong
kinh doanh. No c the hien qua cac yeu to nh tnh
on nh cua he thong chnh quyen, he thong luat
phap cua Nha nc, ng loi va chu trng cua
ang, cac chnh sach quan he vi cac to chc va cac
quoc gia khac tren the gii. Trong thc te nhieu cuoc
chien tranh thng mai a tng no ra gia cac quoc gia
nham gianh u the trong canh tranh kinh te va ngay nay
cac cuoc chien tranh ve sac toc, ton giaosuy chocung cung v muc ch kinh te. Trong nhng cuoc chien
tranh nh vay se co mot so doanh nghiep hng li va
tat nhien cung co mot so doanh nghiep ng au vi
nhng bat trac va kho khan. Qua o co the thay
rang gia cac lnh vc chnh tr, chnh phu va kinh te
co moi lien he hu c vi nhau. S tac ong cua chnh
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tr va chnh phu oi vi kinh te the hien mot so
phng dien sau:
Vai tro cua chnh phu oi vi kinh te:
Vai tro cua chnh phu oi vi kinh te the hien qua cac
ac trng sau:
+ Tao lap va thuc ay y ch tang trng va phattrien kinh te cho toan dan thong qua cac hanh ong
va quyet tam sau:
- Gia tang tiet kiem tieu dung e au t cho san xuat
- Chong quan lieu, tham nhung va buon lau
- Duy tr trat t ky cng xa hoi va cac hoat ong kinh
te.
+ Duy tr s on nh kinh te v mo thong qua viec kiem
soat 03 yeu to :
- Bao am s can oi thu, chi ngan sach nha nc
nham km gi lam phat mc co the kiem soat c.
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CHNG III
MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC
- Bao am can oi trong can can thng mai thong qua
s dung ty gia hoi oai hp ly gia ong noi te va
cac loai ngoai te.
- Bao am can oi gia tch luy va au t nham tranh
s le thuoc oi vi ben ngoai
+ Ton trong cac quy luat cua nen kinh te th trng nh
quy luat gia tr, quy luat cung cau, quy luat canh tranh
bang cac bien phap sau:
- M rong va thuc ay canh tranh lanh manh
- Bao am mot c cau hp ly gia cac loai hnh doanh
nghiep, chong hanh vi thon tnh, sat nhap mot cach
bat hp phap.
- Bao am gia ca phan anh chnh xac chi ph xa hoi
+ Bao am can oi c cau tch luy von trong va ngoai
nc, co nghia la can duy tr mc huy ong von t
noi bo nen kinh te mot ty le thch hp va ieu quan
trong la s dung nhng nguon von noi bo vao nhng
khu vc (he thong c s ha tang, phat trien cong nghe
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cao, phat trien nguon nhan lc) tao ra tang trng va
phat trien ben vng cho nen kinh te. Con cac nguon
von ben ngoai ch co tac dung khi ong nen kinh te
trong giai oan au phat trien va no can c lien ket
chat che vi nguon von trong nc e xac nh lnh
vc au t thch hp.
Cac tac ong cua chnh tr, chnh phu oi vi
kinh te:
C che bao ho san xuat trong nc thong qua cac
bien phap nh thue quan, han ngach, tr gia hang trong
ncnham giup cac to chc trong nc tranh hoac
giam bt s canh tranh va nhng bat li t ben ngoai.
am bao mot s on nh chnh tr nham tao ra long
tin va hap dan cho cac to chc kinh doanh trong nc
lan ngoai nc. Muon vay moi quoc gia can phai thc
hien cac van e sau:
- Tranh nhng bat on trong nc nh khung hoang chnh
phu, lat o chnh quyen, ao chnh
- Tranh xung ot, thu ch vi cac quoc gia khac..
- Xu hng chnh tr phai phuc vu cho viec phat trien kinh
te va xa hoi.
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CHNG III
MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC
- Can co nhng nh hng chung ve nen kinh te mot
cach hp ly nh chnh sach kiem soat ve tai chnh, ve
th trng, chnh sach moi trng-tai nguyen
c) Yeu to xa hoi:
Gia cac to chc va moi trng xa hoi co nhng
moi lien he chat che, tac ong qua lai vi nhau, cac
to chc eu hoat ong trong mot moi trng xa hoi.
Xa hoi chung cap cho cac to chc nhng nguon lc
au vao, ngc lai san pham dch vu cua cac doanh
nghiep tao ra se ap ng cho nhu cau ngay cang tang
cua ngi tieu dung noi rieng va cua xa hoi noi
chung. Cac yeu to thuoc moi trng xa hoi tac ong
len cac hoat ong va ket qua cua to chc bao gom:
Dan so va thu nhap:
Ta thay cac tieu chuan ve dan so va thu nhap nh
o tuoi, gii tnh, mat o, thu nhap, nghe nghiep, trnh
o van hoa, tnh trang hon nhan, tn ngng, ong c,
thoi quen, s thch, hanh vi mua sam .ay la cac tieu
chuan giup doanh nghiep lam can c e phan khuc
th trng, hoach nh ke hoach nh v nha may, san
xuat, phan phoi san phamChang han nhng vung
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co nhieu ngi ln tuoi th se co nhu cau cao oi vi
cac dch vu y te bao ve sc khoe, con nhng vung
co nhieu tre em th se co nhu cau cao oi vi cac dch
vu giao duc, san pham quan ao-o chi .Hoac nhng
vung ma thu nhap va i song ngi dan c nang
cao th sc mua cua ngi dan tang len rat nhanh, ieu
nay tao ra nhng c hoi thuan li cho cac nha san
xuat
Thai o oi vi cong viec:
Thai o cua ngi lao ong oi vi cong viec the
hien thong qua 02 tieu thc c ban la ao c lam
viec va long trung thanh vi to chc. Thai o nay
cua ngi lao ong c chia thanh 02 xu hng nh sau:
Th nhat, ngi lao ong gan bo, trung thanh oi vi
to chc, ho em het tam huyet, sc lc phuc vu cho to
chc nham am bao mot s an toan ve cho lam viec
va e co c hoi thang tienXu hng nay thng
thay trong cac cong ty Nhat ban (ap dung che o lam
viec suot i), mot so nc Chau A khac. aychuan mc gia tr ao c c e cao hn tai nang
cua ngi lao ong
Th hai, do quy luat canh tranh, quy luat cua s ao
thaingi lao ong thng t gan bo va t trung thanh
vi mot to chc, ho quan tam en cuoc song rieng
va gia nh nhieu hn, ho chu y trau doi ky nang nghe
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+ Tang mc au t cho tham do va ay manh cac
hoat ong nghien cu, phat trien nham tm kiem
nhng nguon tai nguyen mi, tai sinh nguon tai
nguyen, s dung hieu qua nguon tai nguyen, han che
lang ph tai nguyen.
+ Thiet ke san pham tren c s hp ly hoa s dung
cac yeu to au vao
+ Tang cng s dung lai cac chat thai cong nghiep
va sinh hoat nham bao ve moi trng va tiet kiem
nguyen lieu.
+ Tm kiem va s dung cac nguon nang lng va
nguyen lieu thay the, chang han thuy tinh dan thay the
cho kim loai, gom s s dung nhieu trong cong nghiep
ien lc va hang khong
e) Yeu to ky thuat cong nghe:
Ngay nay yeu to ky thuat va cong nghe la yeu to
nang ong nhat trong cac yeu to moi trng kinh
doanh. Yeu to nay luon luon bien oi va tac ong
rat ln en cac doanh nghiep. S bien oi nay c
the hien :
Chu ky bien oi cong nghe ngay cang rut ngan
buoc cac doanh nghiep phai tan dung toi a cong nghe
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CHNG III
MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC
nham thu hoi von au t, ong thi phai thay oi cong
nghe lien tuc e ng vng trong canh tranh
Vong i san pham ngay cang ngan hn, do cong
nghe bien oi lien tuc va chu ky bien oi cong nghe
ngay cang ngan nen ngay cang co nhieu san pham
mi va chu ky song cua no cung ngan hn, chnh ieu
nay buoc cac doanh nghiep phai co chien lc ve san
pham mot cach hp ly va thc te ngay nay ta thay a
so cac doanh nghiep theo uoi chien lc a dang hoa
san pham hn la kinh doanh ch mot hoac mot vai san
pham nao o.
Tac ong cua cuoc cach mang cong nghiep mi a
tao nen nhng cong cu va he thong hoat ong tien
tien nh may vi tnh, robot, t ong hoat o tao c
nhng mat tch cc nh giam chi ph, tang NSL, tang
hieu qua cho doanh nghiep, nhng cung e lai nhng
mat trai cua no ma cac to chc va xa hoi phaing au giai quyet nh nan that nghiep gia tang, chnh
sach ao tao lai nguon nhan lc ra sao ..
Chnh sach cua Nha nc ve nghien cu va phat
trien, chuyen giao cong nghe, bao ve bang phat minh-
sang checung can c chu trong
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CHNG III
MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC
trng vi mo bao gom cac yeu to c ban sau: oi thu
canh tranh hien tai, oi thu canh tranh tiem an, khach
hang, nha cung cap va san pham thay the.
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tiem an
Giao trnh Quan tr hoc - Management
Hnh 3.2 : S o moi trng vi mo trong nganh tac ong
len to chc
Nguy c e doa t nhng ngi
mi vao cuoc
Quyen mac ca Quyen
mac ca
cua ngi ban cua
ngi mua
MBA Tran Quoc Tuan, Nguyen Ngoc Hanh
- Cac oithu canhtranh trong
nganh- Cuoc canhtranh giacac oi
Ngimua
Ngiban
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CHNG III
MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC
Nguy c e doa t san pham
va dch vu thay the
a) oi thu canh tranh hien tai:
Tm hieu va phan tch ve cac oi thu canh tranh hien
tai co mot y nghia quan trong oi vi cac doanh
nghiep, bi v s hoat ong cua cac oi thu canh tranh
co anh hng trc tiep en hoat ong va ket quacua doanh nghiep. Thng phan tch oi thu qua cac
noi dung sau: Muc tieu cua oi thu? Nhan nh cua oi
thu ve doanh nghiep chung ta? Chien lc cua oi thu
ang thc hien? Nhng tiem nang cua oi thu? Cac
bien phap phan ng cua oi thu? Ngoai ra can xac
nh so lng oi thu tham gia canh tranh la bao nhieu?
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ac biet can xac nh ro cac oi thu ln la ai va ty
suat li nhuan cua nganh la bao nhieu?
b) oi thu canh tranh tiem an:
oi thu canh tranh tiem an bao gom cac oi thu
tiem an (se xuat hien trong tng lai) va cac oi thu
mi tham gia th trng, ay cung la nhng oi thu
gay nguy c oi vi doanh nghiep. e oi pho vi
nhng oi thu nay, doanh nghiep can nang cao v the
canh tranh cua mnh, ong thi s dung nhng hang
rao hp phap ngan can s xam nhap t ben ngoai
nh : duy tr li the do san xuat tren quy mo ln, a dang
hoa san pham, tao ra nguon tai chnh ln, kha nang
chuyen oi mat hang cao, kha nang han che trong viec
xam nhap cac kenh tieu thu, u the ve gia thanh maoi thu khong tao ra c va s chong tra manh me
cua cac oi thu a ng vng.
c) Khach hang :
Doanh nghiep can tao c s tn nhiem cua khachhang, ay co the xem la tai san quy gia cua doanh
nghiep. Muon vay, phai xem khach hang la thng
e, phai thoa man nhu cau va th hieu cua khach
hang hn cac oi thu canh tranh. Muon at c ieu
nay doanh nghiep phai xac nh ro cac van e sau:
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+ Xac nh ro khach hang muc tieu, khach hang tiem
nang cua doanh nghiep.
+ Xac nh nhu cau va hanh vi mua hang cua khach
hang bang cach phan tch cac ac tnh cua khach
hang thong qua cac yeu to nh : yeu to mang tnh ia
ly (vung, mien), yeu to mang tnh xa hoi, dan so
(la tuoi, nghe nghiep, trnh o, thu nhap, tn
ngng.); Hoac phan tch thai o cua khach hang qua
cac yeu to nh : yeu to thuoc ve tam ly (ong c,
thoi quen, s thch, phong cach, ca tnh, van hoa), yeu
to mang tnh hanh vi tieu dung (tm kiem li ch, mc o
s dung, tnh trung thanh trong tieu thu).
d) Nha cung cap:
Cac yeu to au vao (nguyen vat lieu, may moc
thiet b ) cua mot doanh nghiep c quyet nh bi
cac nha cung cap.
e cho qua trnh hoat ong cua mot doanh nghiep
dien ra mot cach thuan li, th cac yeu to au vao
phai c cung cap on nh vi mot gia ca hp ly,
muon vay doanh nghiep can phai tao ra moi quan he
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gan bo vi cac nha cung ng hoac tm nhieu nha cung
ng khac nhau cho cung mot loai nguon lc.
e) San pham thay the :
Sc ep do co san pham thay the se lam han che
tiem nang li nhuan cua nganh do mc gia cao nhat b
khong che. Phan ln cac san pham thay the la ket
qua cua cuoc cach mang cong nghe. Do o doanh
nghiep can chu y va phan tch en cac san pham
thay the e co cac bien phap d phong.
IV CAC YEU TO NOI TAI CUA TO CHC.
Ngoai cac yeu to thuoc moi trng tac ong en
to chc con co cac yeu to noi bo (yeu to bentrong to chc) tac ong mot cach trc tiep en hoat
ong va ket qua hoat ong cua mot to chc.
Cac yeu to noi tai la nhng yeu to ben trong to
chc ma nha quan tr co the kiem soat, ieu chnh
c va chung co anh hng trc tiep en hoat
ong va ket qua hoat ong cua to chc. Cac yeu to
noi tai cua mot to chc thng bao gom cac yeu to
nh sau:
Nguon nhan lc: Nguon nhan lc cua mot doanh
nghiep manh hay yeu the hien so lng va chat
lng nhan s, van e sap xep, bo tr, ao tao-phat
trien, cac chnh sach ong vien
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1.Viec tm hieu va phan tch cac yeu to moi trng (vi
mo + v mo) nham giup cho to chc xac nh cac van
e sau ay:
+ Xac nh cac c hoi - Opportunnities (O) oi vi to
chc : Tm cach tan dung c hoi
+ Xac nh cac moi nguy c, e doa Threats (T) oi vi
to chc : Tm cach han che, oi pho
2. Viec tm hieu va phan tch cac yeu to noi tai nham
giup cho to chc xac nh cac van e sau ay:
+ Xac nh nhng iem manh Strengths (S) cua to
chc : Khai thac va phat huy iem manh
+ Xac nh nhng iem yeu Weaknesses (W) cua to
chc : Can khac phuc, han che iem yeu
Qua xac nh cac iem S, W, O, T cac nha quan tr se
phoi hp chung hnh thanh nhng chien lc cho to
chc thong qua ma tran SWOT (se e cap ky chng
chc nang hoach nh)
V QUAN TR S BAT TRAC CUA MOI TRNG
1/ Xac nh v tr cua to chc trong moi trng:
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Cac yeu to moi trng co the tao ra nhng bat trac
cho to chc, ngi ta chia mc o bat trac thanh 02
yeu to :
+ Mc o thay oi (on nh hay nang ong)
+ Mc o phc tap (n gian hay phc tap).
Moi to chc eu co moi trng cua no va can phai
xac nh mnh ng v tr nao, mc o bat trac ra
sao e giup to chc co nhng bien phap quan tr cac
bat trac ay. Thong thng ngi ta s dung cong cu
ma tran bat trac cua moi trng e nh v tr cho to
chc (bang 3.1):
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Bang 3.1 : Ma tran bat trac cua moi trng
Mc thay oi
On nh (1) Nang ong (2)
o
ph
c
tap
n
gia
n
(3)
A=1+3
+ MT on nh, t
yeu to, tien
oan c
+ t can kienthc phc tap
ve cac yeu to
B=2+3
+ MT nang ong, t
yeu to, khong
tien oan c
+ Can kien thcphc tap ve cac
yeu to
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Ph
cta
p
(4)
C=1+4
+ MT on nh,
nhieu yeu to,
tien oan c
+ Rat can kien
thc phc tap
ve cac yeu to
D=2+4
+ MT nang ong,
nhieu yeu to,
khong tien oan
c
+ Rat can kien
thc phc tap ve
cac yeu to
Qua bang tren ta thay neu to chc v tr A, ay la
v tr ly tng, t bat trac; ngc lai neu ri vao v tr D,
ay la v tr rat kho chu, nhieu bat trac nen cannhieu bien phap quan tr bat trac hn.
2/ Cac bien phap quan tr cac bat trac cua moi
trng:
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1.Dung em: La nham giam bt hay thu hut nhng
cu soc do anh hng cua moi trng gay ra cho ca 02
pha au vao va au ra.
au vao: V du ton tr vat t, thc hien bao tr
phong nga, tuyen va huan luyen nhng nhan vien
mi.muc ch d phong cac bat trac xay ra.
au ra: V du nha san xuat ao ma ch phan phoi
hang cho nhng ca hang e ban vao mua ma. Tat
nhien ao ma van c san xuat quanh nam (Neu e
en mua ma san xuat th se co the thieu hang,
khong ap ng kp thi cho nhu cau th trng)
2.San bang: San eu anh hng cua moi trng.
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