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Modern Trends in Electronic System Design ( Introduction). Dr. Wajiha Shah Professor Lecture – 01. Outline. Introduction System design Discrete devices Integrated circuits Amplifiers Filters Signal generators A/D data converter Microprocessor & Microcontroller - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Modern Trends in Electronic System Design(Introduction)
Dr. Wajiha Shah
Professor
Lecture – 01
Outline
Introduction System design Discrete devices Integrated circuits Amplifiers Filters Signal generators A/D data converter Microprocessor & Microcontroller Computer-aided design (CAD) Sensors and Actuators Combinational Logic design Advance trends in electronics System Design
Introduction Electronics is the branch of science and technology which makes use
of the controlled motion of electrons through different media and vacuum.
Most electronic devices today use semiconductor components to perform electron control.
The study of semiconductor devices and related technology is considered a branch of physics, whereas the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems come under electronics engineering
Two types of electronics circuits Analog circuits Digital circuits
System Design
Design is process of describing, organizing, and structuring system components at architectural design level and detailed design level Focused on preparing for construction Like developing plan
Three questions What components require systems design? What are inputs to and outputs of design process? How is systems design done?
Contd…
Quantitative Concepts
Circuit quantities and component values have extreme ranges in electronic circuits.
It is not uncommon to have values such as 1,200,000,000 Hz and 0.00000000047 F in the same circuit.
For this reason, metric prefixes and engineering notation are used to
simplify communications and computations.
Technical Notation
Engineering Notation is a technique for expressing very large and very small numbers in an easy to understand and interpret form.
Engineering is based upon powers of ten, examples of which are shown in the table at right.
Power of Ten
Value Equivalent
10-3 .001 1/10x10x10
10-2 .01 1/10x10
10-1 .1 1/10
100 1 1
101 10 10
102 100 10x10
103 1000 10x10x10
Powers of Ten and Metric Expressions
Powers of Ten Prefix Symbol Magnitude
10-15 femto f One-quadrillionth
10-12 pico p One-trillionth
10-9 nano n One-billionth
10-6 micro µ One-millionth
10-3 milli m One-thousandth
10-2 centi c One-hundredth
100 none none none
103 kilo k thousand
106 mega M million
109 giga G billion
1012 tera T trillion
Design of Electronic System using Discrete Devices Typical electronic components which are used to design a electronic
system include: Resistors Capacitors Inductors Diode Transistors
Resistors
Resistors are fundamental components in electronic circuits.
A resistor is constructed to have a specific amount of resistance to current flow.
The range of resistors may be from less than one ohm to well over 20 million ohms.
Fixed resistors have a single value of resistance, but variable resistors can provide different values of resistance.
Resistor Technology
There are four major classes of fixed resistor technology
Carbon-composition Film resistors Wirewound resistors Surface-mount technology
Contd…
Film resistors
Carbon-composition
Contd…
Wirewound resistors
Surface-mount technology
Variable Resistors
Sometimes it is desirable to change the value of a resistor installed in a circuit.
The resistance of a variable resistance is controlled by turning a knob, rotating a screw, or moving a slider.
Two major classes of variable resistors are: Rheostats Potentiometers
Resistor Symbols
Capacitors
A capacitor is a basic electronic component that stores electrical energy in the form of an electrostatic charge.
The operation of nearly every electronic system depends upon capacitors.
Inductors
An inductor is also a fundamental electronic component, sometimes referred to as a coil.
It consists of a spiraled or coiled wire. The inductor stores electrical energy in the form of an
electromagnetic field.
Transformers
A transformer is basically two or more coils whose electromagnetic fields interact.
Transformers are used to increase or decrease alternating voltages.
Transistors and Diodes
Transistors and Diodes are solid-state devices or semiconductors.
They are used in many electronic devices, including amplifiers, computers, and industrial controls.
Diodes are used to alter information signals, convert AC current into DC current, and as protective devices and switches.
Integrated circuits
Integrated circuits (ICs) are, much as their name would suggest, small circuits integrated into a plastic "chip." They provide a handy source of rich functionality in a tiny package.
Digital Integrated Circuits TTL -- Transistor / Transistor Logic CMOS -- Complimentary Metal Oxide Silicon
Analog Integrated Circuits
Mixed Signal Integrated Circuits
Amplifiers
An amplifier or simply amp, is any device that changes, usually increases, the amplitude of a signal. Linear amplifier Non linear amplifier
A linear amplifier is an electronic circuit whose output is proportional to its input, but capable of delivering more power into a
load. A non linear amplifier is an electronic circuit in which a change in
input does not produce a proportional change in.
Filters
Electronic filters are electronic circuits which perform signal processing functions, specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones, or both. Active filter Passive filter
An active filter is a type of analog electronic filter, distinguished by
the use of one or more active components A passive filter is based on combinations of resisters, inductors and
capacitors.
Signal Generator
A signal generator, also known variously as function generator, pitch generator, arbitrary waveform generator, digital pattern generator or frequency generator is an electronic device that generates repeating or non-repeating electronic signals (in either the analog or digital domains
A/D Converter
An analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D or A to D) is a device that converts a continuous quantity to a discrete digital number. The reverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
Sensors and Actuators
A sensor is any device, such as a thermometer, that detects a physical condition in the world.
Actuators are devices, such as valves and switches, that perform actions such as turning things on or off or making adjustments in an operational system.
Combinational Logic Design
Combinational logic design process Create truth table from specification Generate K-maps and obtain logic equations Draw logic diagrams Simulate circuit for design verification Circuit optimization for the area or/and performance Re-simulate and verify optimized design
Microprocessor & Microcontroller
A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated (IC, or microchip).
Contd…
A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals
Computer-aided design (CAD)
Computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) , is the use of computer technology for the process of design and design-documentation.
Example 2D CAD drawing
Advance trends in electronics System Design
Optoelectronic devices Chemically Self-assembled Nanoelectronic Computing Networks Carbon nanotubes Nanotube-based Nano devices Multiplier and Harmonic generator
Thanks
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