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COULD AND MAY We can also use could and may to talk
about general permission in the past.
However, we cannot use could or may to talk about permission for a __________ action in the past.
particularInstead, we use the correct form of:
BE ALLOWED TO
When I was 10, I could play computer games when I wanted to.
Yesterday night, I was allowed to go to the disco.
MODALS OF POSSIBILITY To talk about present or future possibility,
we use: may, might and could, can.
I might study architecture. (weak probability)
I may pass math’s exam. He could go to handball match. (weak
probability)
The most common modal verb of possibility is
MIGHT
We can substitute may, might and could for:MaybePerhapsProbably(not modal verbs)
MODALS of ADVICE To give advice and make
recommendations, we use:SHOULDOUGHT TO
Which one of them is less common in speech?
ought to
MODALS of NECESSITY The verb need (without to) is only used in
negative and interrogative sentences.
Also, we can use don’t have to / doesn’t have to / didn’t have to for the same purpose.
In the affirmative, we use __________ to express necessity.
NEED TO
You needn’t do the exercises, they are not obligatory.
You need to do the exercises, they are obligatory.
MODALS of OBLIGATION To talk about obligation, we use the
modal:MUST
Or the semi modal:HAVE TO
I must do my homework every day if I want to pass this course and go to university.
Everyone has to wear uniform at state schools in UK.
MODAL of PROHIBITION To express that we are not allowed to do
or to say something, we use:
MUST NOTMUSTN’T
Smoking is not allowed here.
You mustn’t smoke here.
MODALS of CERTAINTY When we believe or guess that something
is impossible, we use:CAN’T
I can’t sing that song for I haven’t heard it before.
When we make logical deductions that are possible, we use:
MUSTShe must be at home by now, it’s 10 pm.
MODALS + PERFECT INFINITIVES
PAST SITUATIONS Can’t +have + past participle
We use it to express:an impossibility in the past.
I can’t have made a good impression for he hasn’t phoned me yet.
COULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Used to suggest an ___________ past action, even though it is now too late.
alternative
You could have told me about that! I wouldn’t have asked you about that in public.
COULD/MAY/MIGHT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
When we talk about something that was _________ in the past.possible
He might/may/could have phoned, but we don’t know because we were in the garden.
MUST + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLETo express a certainty or to make a logical
deduction about the past.
She must have known that I liked him!
SHOULD / OUGHT TO + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
To give an ________ about the past events, even though it is too late.
I was anxious – he should have called me.
NEEDN’T + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Lack of necessity or obligation.
I needn’t have made so many pancakes, nobody’s hungry now.
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