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MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Ind. Day 3/10/2010 1For Official Use Only / ITAR exempt from mandatory disclosure under the FOIA,Exemption 3 applies. Not approved for release without permission from DARPA/IPTO
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FORESTER Target Doppler Signature Phenomenology*
DARPA FOPEN-GXP Industry Day Presentation
Paul MonticcioloJen King Jao
MIT Lincoln Laboratory
10 March 2010
*This work was sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Information Processing Techniques Office under US Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government.
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Outlines
• Target Doppler signature overview – Tower-based radar measurements– Black-Hawk FORESTER measurements
• Fort Stewart A160 FORESTER target Doppler signatures
• Summary
MIT Lincoln LaboratoryInd. Day 3/10/2010 3
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FORESTER Detection and Exploitation Processing Challenges
Dismount signatures vary with movement, group size, observation geometry, and foliage conditions
Principal challenges• Complex dismount signatures - Doppler signatures are time varying, aspect angle dependent, and attenuated by foliage • Airborne platform motion • Platform-antenna interactions• Wind-blown clutter• Clutter false alarms• Target discrimination
dBm2
Ran
ge
(m)
Torso
Limb harmonics
Single dismount Doppler signature
Radial Velocity (m/s)
100
50
0
50-5 -3 -1 1 3 5-4 -2 0 2 4
0
-20
-40
-60
-10
-30
-50CPI: 5 s
MIT Lincoln LaboratoryInd. Day 3/10/2010 4
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Target Doppler Signature Examples:Ground Measurements At Ku-Band And UHF
4
Ku-band UHF
Frequency & wavelength 15.7 GHz & 1.9 cm 435 MHz & 0.7 m
Bandwidth & range res. 1200 MHz & 12.5 cm 30 MHz & 5 m
CPI 0.048 s 5 s
Doppler at 1 m/s & res. 105 Hz & 20.8 Hz 2.9 Hz & 0.2 Hz
UHF
Ku
Ku-band, spectrogram over multiple CPIs
4
8
-4
0
-8
Ran
ge
Rat
e (m
/s)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Time (s)
2
4
-2
0
-4
Ran
ge
Rat
e (m
/s)
Gait periodTorso Limbs
Main body Leg
Dismount walker
Camel
-10 -5 0 5 10 Doppler (Hz)
60
40
20
0Am
pli
tud
e (
dB
)
60
40
20
0Am
pli
tud
e (
dB
)
One dismount on open road
One horse in woods
Clutter
UHF, Doppler spectrum for one CPI
MIT Lincoln LaboratoryInd. Day 3/10/2010 5
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Dismount Doppler SignaturesMIT LL and ESSCO Tower-Based Measurements
RC
S (
dB
sm
)
Aspect Angle (deg)
22.5°
30.0°
Grazing angleMeasurement of single unarmed personnel,420 - 450 MHz, HH-pol.
4
0
-4
-8
0 45 90 135 180
Doppler harmonics, aspect angle = 0 deg Doppler harmonics, aspect angle = 45 deg
Torso return1st limb modulation rate
2nd limb modulation rate
Subject:1 2 3
Walking speed ~ 1 m/sGrazing angle: 45 deg
Torso return1st limb modulation rate
Walking speed ~ 1 m/sGrazing angle: 45 deg
RC
S (
dB
m2)
20
0
-20
-40
-600 1 2 3 Range Rate (m/s)
0 1 2 3 Range Rate (m/s)
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Dismount Detection and Signature ExampleBlack-Hawk FORESTER Flight 23, 28 June 2007 at Ft. AP Hill
SC
NR
(d
B)
Range Rate (m/s)
Targ
et +
Clu
tter
(d
B)
Clutter
Target +clutter
Torso return
Limbmodulation
Excellent signature measurementsobtained for detected dismounts
60
40
20
0
-4 0 4-2 2
30
20
10
0
20070628-M123-S011-00019
1 Dismount
SCNR threshold: 14 dBGround range: 7 – 12 kmVelocity: 0 – 4 m/s
SCNR threshold: 14 dBGround range: 7 – 12 kmVelocity: 0 – 4 m/s
Distance (east from BH, km)2 4 63 5 7
Dis
tan
ce (
no
rth
fro
m B
H,
km)
-7.5
-8.5
-9.5
-10.5
-6.5
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5 dismountsin foliage5 dismountsin foliage
FalsealarmFalsealarm
SCNR: >14 dBGround range: 7 – 12 kmVelocity: 0 – 4 m/s
SCNR: >14 dBGround range: 7 – 12 kmVelocity: 0 – 4 m/s
20071010-M141-S006-00010
2 3 4 5 6 7 Distance (east from BH, km)
Dis
tan
ce
(n
ort
h f
rom
BH
, k
m)
-5.5
-6.5
-7.5
-8.5
-9.5
-10.5
Dismount Detection and Signature ExampleBlack-Hawk FORESTER Flight 41, 10 October 2007 at AP Hill
False alarm
-4 -2 0 2 4 Range Rate (m/s)
SC
NR
(d
B) 30
20
10
0
Foliage obscuration and multiple-target groups result in complex target signatures
5 dismounts
SC
NR
(d
B) 30
20
10
0
MIT Lincoln LaboratoryInd. Day 3/10/2010 8
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Outlines
• Target Doppler signature overview
• Ft. Stewart A160 FORESTER target Doppler signatures – Detections– Doppler signature examples
• Summary
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SCNR threshold 15 dB
Range rate <= 4 m/s
Beamwidth, (3 beams) ~6 deg
LOS depression ~30 deg
180 5-s CPIs over 15 min.
Composite GMTI Plan Position Indicator (PPI) Targets Moving On Wooded Trails
-1.5 -0.5 0.5-1 0 1
East (km)
No
rth
(k
m)
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0.5
1.5
1
Flight 31D10 – D13 siteFlight 31D10 – D13 site
-1.5 -0.5 0.5-1 0 1
East (km)
Strong windStrong wind
Flight 33D10 – D13 siteFlight 33D10 – D13 site
SCNR threshold 15 dB
Range rate <= 4 m/s
Beamwidth, (3 beams) ~6 deg
LOS depression ~20 deg
240 5-s CPIs over 20 min.
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Composite GMTI PPIDismount Activities and Boats
SCNR threshold 15 dB
Range rate <= 4 m/s
Beamwidth (3 beams) ~6 deg
LOS depression ~30 deg
240 5-s CPIs over 20 min.
-1 1-2 0 2East (km)
No
rth
(k
m)
0
-0.5
-1
0.5
1Dismounts and boatsDismounts and boats
Flight 35Canoochee river site
Flight 35Canoochee river site
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Range-Doppler Data Examples
-20 -10 100 20
Doppler (Hz)
Gro
un
d R
ang
e (k
m)
5
5.5
6
6.5
4.5
4
-1.5 -0.5 0.5-1 0 1
East (km)
No
rth
(k
m)
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0.5
1.5
1
SCNR threshold 15 dB
Range rate <= 4 m/s
Beamwidth (1 beam) ~6 deg
LOS depression ~30 deg
180 5-s CPIs over 15 min.
Flight 30Taylors Creek DZFlight 30Taylors Creek DZ
Dwell #57 (20090924-M330-S007)
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-1.5 -0.5 0.5-1 0 1
East (km)
No
rth
(k
m)
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0.5
1.5
1
Doppler Signature Examples
Clutter
Rel
ati
ve
Po
we
r (d
B)
Doppler (Hz)
20
0-20 10-10 20
40
0
20
0
40
20
0
40
20
0
40
20
0
40SCNR threshold 15 dB
Range rate <= 4 m/s
Beamwidth (1 beam) ~6 deg
LOS depression ~30 deg
180 5-s CPIs over 15 min.
Flight 30Taylors Creek DZFlight 30Taylors Creek DZ
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Additional Doppler Signature Examples
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 Doppler (Hz)
60
40
20
0
Am
pli
tud
e (
dB
) 20090924-M330-S012-00222
60
40
20
0
Am
pli
tud
e (
dB
)
20090925-M331-S004-00094
Clutter
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 Doppler (Hz)
1:
2:
20090924-M330-S007-00157
3:
20090925-M331-S004-00107
4:
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20090924-M330-S007_PPI_PDS_Movie1.wmv
Target Doppler Spectrum Example:Target In Open Field
-1.5 -0.5 0.5-1 0 1
East (km)
No
rth
(k
m)
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0.5
1.5
1
SCNR threshold 15 dB
Range rate <= <= 4 m/s
Beamwidth (3 beams) ~6 deg
LOS depression ~25 deg
80 frames over 20 min., 1 frame per 15 sec
Current DetectionPrevious Detections
Flight 30Taylors Creek DZFlight 30Taylors Creek DZ
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Target Doppler Spectrum Example:Walking On Dirt Road
SCNR threshold 16 dB
Range rate <= <= 4 m/s
Beamwidth (1 beam) ~24 deg
LOS depression ~20 deg
180 frames over 15 min., 1 frame per 5 sec
Current DetectionPrevious Detections
20090925-M331-S005_PPI_PDS_Movie2.wmv
-1.5 -0.5 0.5-1 0 1
East (km)
No
rth
(k
m)
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0.5
1.5
1
Flight 31D10 – D13 siteFlight 31D10 – D13 site
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20090925-M331-S005_PPI_PDS_Movie3.wmv
Target Doppler Spectrum Example:Walking Under Foliage
SCNR threshold 15 dB
Range rate <= 4 m/s
Beamwidth (3 beams) ~6 deg
LOS depression ~25 deg
60 frames over 15 min., 1 frame per 15 sec
Current DetectionPrevious Detections
-1.5 -0.5 0.5-1 0 1
East (km)
No
rth
(k
m)
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0.5
1.5
1
Flight 31D10 – D13 siteFlight 31D10 – D13 site
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Target Doppler Spectrum Example:Tree Line Movement
-1.5 -0.5 0.5-1 0 1
East (km)
No
rth
(k
m)
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0.5
1.5
1
SCNR threshold 15 dB
Range rate <= 4 m/s
Beamwidth (1 beam) ~6 deg
LOS depression ~25 deg
180 frames over 15 min., 1 frame per 5-s CPI
Current DetectionPrevious Detections
Flight 30Taylors Creek DZFlight 30Taylors Creek DZ
20090924-M330-S007_PPI_PDS_Movie4.wmv
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20090925-M331-S004_PPI_PDS_Movie5.wmv
Target Doppler Spectrum Example:Targets Under Trees
-1.5 -0.5 0.5-1 0 1
East (km)
No
rth
(k
m)
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0.5
1.5
1
SCNR threshold 14 dB
Range rate <= 4 m/s
Beamwidth (3 beams) ~6 deg
LOS depression ~25 deg
60 frames over 15 min., 1 frame per 15 sec
Current DetectionPrevious Detections
Flight 31D10 – D13 siteFlight 31D10 – D13 site
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Summary
• FORESTER experimental data indicates that Doppler-based target signatures may be useful for exploitation purposes– Long CPIs provide excellent Doppler resolution– One of many potential activity and discrimination features
• Fort Stewart data collections cover a wide variety of target classes and scenarios for examining Doppler signatures– Humans, sheep, horses, dogs, mules, and motor vehicles– Open areas, under foliage, woods, and rivers
• MIT Lincoln Laboratory personnel available during Q & A session
Recommended