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MINDFULNESS SKILLS GROUP FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES
KELLY BECK
SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND REHABILITATION SCIENCES, REHABILITATION COUNSELING
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Support and Collaboration by:
University of Pittsburgh, Cognitive Skills Enhancement ProgramHiram G. Andrews CenterThe Albert Schweitzer Fellowship, PittsburghThe Children’s Institute Three Rivers Center for Independent Living
BACKGROUN
D
MINDFULNESS
“Paying attention on purpose in the present moment, without judgment or reaction to
whatever appears in the field of your experience”
(Kabat-Zinn, 1985)
• Originally a Buddhist principle
• Developed into non-religious therapeutic interventions by Jon Kabat-Zinn
• Holistic wellness & preventative care
• Assisting people in coping with everyday lives and obstacles
MINDFULNESS BASED INTERVENTIONS
8-12 weeks group program, 1-3 hours formal per week
• Self Reflection• Self-motivated • Non-judgmental, non-reactive• Suspend believing in judgments as being true. • Inherent acceptance of pain and suffering
Activities Mind-Body Relaxation• Meditation• Gentle Yoga • Breathing Exercises
APPLIC
ATIO
NS OF
MINDFU
LNESS F
OR
PEOPL
E WIT
H
DISABILI
TIES
DISABILITIES & MINDFULNESS
B A R R I E R S O F D I S A B I L I T I E S
More likely to experience….
• Unemployment
• Poverty
• Inadequate healthcare
• Socializing barriers
• Less satisfaction with life
• More stress
…..Than people without disabilities
M I N D F U L N E S S B E N E F I T S
Increased life satisfaction
Increased quality of life
Acceptance of disability
Increased autonomy
Less anxiety
Strategies for stress management
CHRONIC PAIN & MINDFULNESS
C H R O N I C P A I N
Low levels life satisfaction
Increased stress
Decreased activity
Lack of community participation
Helplessness
Pharmacological side effects
R E S E A R C H E D M I N D F U L N E S S
B E N E F I T S
Increased life satisfaction
Increased autonomy & activity
Increased community participation
Acceptance of pain
Pain management techniques
Non-pharmacological strategies
COGNITIVE DISABILITIES & MINDFULNESS
C O G N I T I V E D I S A B I L I T I E S
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Traumatic Brain Injury
Stroke
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Learning Disability
Developmental Delay
Cerebral Palsy
Spina Bifida
R E S E A R C H E D M I N D F U L N E S S
B E N E F I T S
Decrease aggressive behaviors
Regulation of thoughts, emotions, & behaviors
Improved attention control
Decrease anxiety
Improved life satisfaction
Improved awareness
PROTO
COLS
3 Populat
ions
GROUP DIFFERENCES
15 people, Ages 18-2480% Caucasian, Male
Cognitive Disabilities
15 people, Ages 35+90% African American, Female
Significant Disabilities
Ages 11-1790% Caucasian
RND Pain Disorders
Enrolled in cognitive rehabilitation program
Post Secondary Education
Attendance Required
TRCIL Consumers
Dependent on ACCESS
Voluntary
High IQ, Athletic
Outpatient
Voluntary, Parental consent
PURPOSE & GOALS
1. Attention Control
2. Awareness of Self
3. Awareness of Present
1. Life Satisfaction
2. Make life more fulfilling
3. Stress Management
1. Life Satisfaction2. Regulation of
Emotions3. Diaphragmatic
Breathing
4. Regulation of Emotions
5. Regulation of thoughts
6. Decrease Anxiety
4. Socialization5. Increase
Participation 6. Decreased Stress
Levels
4. Pain Management5. Expression of Pain6. Loving Kindness of
Pain
CONTENT
• Education of attention types
• Develop Attention Skills
• Present Moment Awareness
• Non-judgmental Awareness
• Minding your pain• Expression of pain• Diaphragmatic
breathing
• Mindfulness Awareness
• Mindfulness Meditation
• Meditation• Adaptive Yoga• Stress Reduction
Strategies • Socialization
• Meditation• Stress Management• Non-judgmental
loving kindness
MEASURES
Mindfulness Awareness Attention Scale
Satisfaction with Life Scale
Satisfaction with Life Scale
Perceived Stress Scale
Mindfulness Awareness Attention Scale
Satisfaction with Life Scale
State Trait Anxiety Scale
Consumer Report and Feedback
Perceived Stress Scale
Pain Scales
RESEARCH
DESIGN
CSEP RESEARCH DESIGN
• Pre, Post Measures
• 12 Week curriculum
• Weekly, forty-five minute sessions
• Consistent Group Leaders
• Weekly homework
• Embedded within larger cognitive rehabilitation program
• Statistical analyses
RESULTS
PRELIMINARY RESULTS CSEP
• Statistical analyses and results are pending.
• 2 term thesis project.
• First term data collected
TRCIL
• 4/12 group sessions completed
• “Does wonders for helping me to learn to be more aware of my body”
• “Relieves tension in my body and allowed me to focus on my ‘safe place’-which is my breathing’
• “I nearly slept, which is virtually impossible”
The Children’s Institute
• Group begins in January, results analyzed by May
DISCUSSIO
N
MINDFULNESS AND DISABILITY
• Mindfulness effective and desired across disabilities
• Empowerment, advocacy, and preventative health
• Embracing disability, mind, body
• Health and group socialization benefits
FUTURE RESEARCH
• Stress and disability
• Both environmental stress and disability negatively impact function
• Environmental barriers increase stress for those with disabilities
• Stress management interventions across disabilities
• Funding/Policy changes for environmental stress and disability
REFERENCES Bohlmeijer, E., Prenger, R., Taal, E., Cuijper, P., (2010). The effects of miandfulness-
based stress reduction therapy on mental health of adults with a chronic medical disease: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68, 539-544.
Dorjee, D. (2010). Kinds and dimensions of mindfulness: Why it is important to distinguish them. Mindfulness, 1, 152-160.
Hwang, Y. and Kearney, P., (2013). A systematic review of mindfulness intervention for individuals with developmental disabilities: Long-term practice and long
lasting effects. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 314-325.
Haydicky, J., Wiener, J., Badali, P., Milligan, K., Ducharme, J. M., et al. (2012). Evaluation of a mindfulness-based intervention for adolescents with learning disabilities and co- occuring ADHD and anxiety. Mindfulness 3, 151-164.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MSBR). Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 8:2, 73-83.
Kabat-Zinn, J., Lipworth, L., Burney, R. (1985). The clinican use of mindfulness meditation for the self-regulation of chronic pain. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 8:2, 163-189.
REFERENCES Marchard, W. R. (2012). Mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulness-based cognitive
therapy, and zen meditation for depression, anxiety, pain, and psychological distress. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 18:4, 233-252.
McCown, D., Reibel, D., Micozzi, M. S. (2010). Teaching Mindfulness: A practical guide for clinicians and educators. New York: Springer. (Introduction Information)
McMillan, T., Robertson, I. H., Brock, D., Chorlton, L., et al. (2002). Brief mindfulness training for attentional problems after traumatic brain injury: A randomized control
treatment trial. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 12: 2, 117-125.
Miller, J. J., Fletcher, K., Kabat-Zinn, J. (1995). Three year follow-up and clinical implications of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention in the treatment of anxiety disorders. General Hospital Psychiatry, 17, 192-200.
Paulik, G., Simcocks, A., Weiss, L., Albert, S. (2010). Benefits of a 12-week mindfulness group program for mental health consumers in an outpatient setting. Mindfulness, 1, 215-226.
Robertson, B. L. (2011). The adaptation and application of mindfulness-based psychotherapeutic practices for individuals with intellectual disabilities. Fletcher, R., J. (Ed), Psychotherapy for individuals with intellectual disability (pp. 91-106). New York: NADD.
Singh, N., Lancioni, G., Manikam, R., Winton, A., Singh, A., Singh, J., Singh, A. D., (2011). A mindfulness-based strategy for self-management of aggressive behavior in
adolescents with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5, 1153-1158.
Zylowska, L., Ackerman, D., Yang, M., Futrell, J., Horton, N., Sigi Hale, T., Pataki, C., Smalley, S. (2008). Journal of Attention Disorders, 11, 737-746.
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