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Second AIACC Regional Workshop for Latin America and the Caribbean 24-27 August, 2004 Buenos Aires, Argentina. Martha Perdomo UNFCCC secretariat mperdomo@unfccc.int. Outline. Milestones of the Convention Process Status of submission of National Communications - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Second AIACC Regional Workshop for Latin America and the Caribbean
24-27 August, 2004 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Martha PerdomoUNFCCC secretariat
mperdomo@unfccc.int
Outline
• Milestones of the Convention Process
• Status of submission of National Communications
• New Guidelines – inclusion of adaptation issues in national communications/User-Manual prepared by the UNFCCC secretariat
• Funding for adaptation
– Special Climate Change Fund– LDC Fund– Adaptation Fund– GEF special window for pilot adaptation measures– Multilateral/Bilateral assistance
• Relevance of AIACC to second NCs
Evolución de la Convención
Key steps in the development of the Convention
• 1992 - Adoption of the UNFCCC, a framework for action aimed at stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases in order to avoid “dangerous anthropogenic interference” with the climate system
• 1994 - Entry into force of the UNFCCC
• 1995 - “Berlin Mandate” is adopted, launching a new round of negotiations on a “protocol or other legal instrument”.
• 1997- Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change is adopted
• 1998 “Buenos Aires Plan of Action” is adopted, setting out a programme of work on the Kyoto Protocol’s details and the implementation of the Convention
• 2002 - “Delhi Declaration on Climate Change and Sustainable Development” is adopted reaffirming development and poverty eradication as overriding priorities in developing countries, and recognizing Parties’ common but differentiated responsibilities and national development priorities and circumstances in the implementation of UNFCCC commitments.
1. All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated (CBD) responsibilities and national circumstances should:
a) Prepare Inventories of GHG to be submitted to the COP
b) Prepare and implement mitigation and adaptation measures
c) Promote and cooperate on technology transfer matters
d) Promote sustainable development
e) Cooperate in preparing for adaptation and integrated planning
Commitments under the UNFCCC
(f) Undertake Impact assessment
(g) Promote and cooperate on research and systematic observation
(h) Exchange scientific, technological, technical, socio-economic and legal information
(i) Promote and cooperate in education, training and public awareness
(j) Communicate to the COP information on above elements in accordance with Article 12.1 of the Convention (national communications)
Commitments under the UNFCCC
AFRICA
Legend:
Parties that have already submitted their initial national communication
Underlined Parties that have yet to submit their initial national communication
* Least developed countries
*
**
*
*
*
*
*
*
**
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
**
**
*
*
Total NCs submitted: 41 out of 52
MALDIVES
ASI A
Legend:
Parties that have already submitted their initial national communication
Underlined Parties that have yet to submit their initial national communication
* Least developed countries
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Total NCs submitted: 39 out of 53
PACIFIC ISLANDS
Legend:
Parties that have already submitted their initial national communication
Underlined Parties that have yet to submit their initial national communication
* Least developed countries
*
*
*
*
Legend:
Parties that have already submitted their initial national communication
Underlined Parties that have yet to submit their initial national communication
LATI N AMERI CA AND THECARIBBEAN
*
Total NCs submitted: 30 out of 33
REP. OF MOLDOVA
SERBIA AND MONTENEGROBOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINASAN
MARINO
MALTA
THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA GEORGIAARMENIA AZERBAIJAN
ALBANIA
OTHERS
Legend:
Parties that have already submitted their initial national communication
Underlined Parties that have yet to submit their initial national communicationTotal NCs sumitted: 7 out of 10
Legend:
Parties that have already submitted their second national communication
SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
BAHAMAS
CUBA
BELIZE
NICARAGUA
PANAMA
BOLIVIA
PARAGUAY
BURKINAFASO
CÔTED’IVOIRE
NIGERIA CENTRAL AFRICAN
REP.
ALBANIA ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN
THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
Highlighted - Parties that have started the process of preparation of second national communication
ALGERIA
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA
ARGENTINA
BARBADOS
BENIN
BOTSWANA
BURUNDI
CHILE
CONGO
COSTA RICA
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
EGYPT
EL SALVADOR
GEORGIA
GHANA
IRANJORDAN
KENYA
MADAGASCAR
MALAWI
MAURITANIA
MOROCCO
PERU
REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
ST. LUCIA SENEGAL
SEYCHELLES
SOUTH AFRICA
SUDAN
SWAZILAND
UNITED REP. OF TANZANIA
ZIMBABWE
KAZAKHSTAN
KYRGYZSTAN
TAJIKISTAN
MONGOLIA
THAILAND
CAMBODIA
MALAYSIA
PHILIPPINES
KIRIBATI
NAURUTUVALU
SAMOA
NIUE
VANUATU
MARSHALL
ISLANDS
COOK
ISLANDS
UZBEKISTAN
6 4
12
27 27
1
2015
1
5
1
77
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Nu
mb
er o
f n
atio
nal
co
mm
un
icat
ion
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year of submission
Submission of national communications, by year
??*
reported that they have started the process of preparation of second national
communication
initial national communication (116)
second national communication (3)
* projection onlyAs of 20 August 2004
Guidelines for inclusion of adaptation issues in national communications (COP Decision 17/CP.8)
• PART IV – GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF STEPS TAKEN OR ENVISAGED TO IMPLEMENT THE CONVENTION
1. Non-Annex I Parties SHALL provide information on “programmes containing measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change.”
2. NAI Parties “SHOULD provide information on their vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change, and on adaptation measures…”
3. NAI Parties MAY use appropriate methodologies they consider better able to reflect their national situation.
4. Non-Annex I Parties ARE ENCOURAGED to use appropriate methodologies for the evaluation of adaptation strategies and measures
Guidelines for inclusion of adaptation…..(cont.)
Reporting
Scope of V&A Assessment (a)
Non-Annex I Parties are encouraged to provide information on the scope of their vulnerability and adaptation assessment, including identification of vulnerable areas that are most critical
Participation of stakeholders
Sectors identified and studied
Methods/approaches used, spatial/geographical boundaries and time horizons
Description of exposure units – agriculture, forests, water, health, ecosystems, human settlements, infrastructure, industry, energy, etc
Guidelines for inclusion of adaptation…. (cont.)
Reporting
Description of approaches, methods and tools (b)
Non-Annex I Parties are encouraged to include a description of approaches, methodologies and tools used, including scenarios for the assessment of impacts of, and vulnerability and adaptation to climate change, as well as any uncertainties inherent in these methodologies
General approach, framework and specific methodologies for analysis - e.g. IPCC guidelines, MAGICC-SCENGEN, PRECIS, downscaling, etc.
Environmental and socio-economic scenarios – i.e., climate is not the only factor
Population characteristics and resources, food, housing, arable land and other development trajectories
Guidelines for inclusion of adaptation… (cont.)
Reporting
Key findings and integrating effects (c)
Non-Annex I Parties are encouraged to provide information on their vulnerability to the impacts of, and their adaptation to, climate change in key vulnerable areas. Information should include key findings, and direct and indirect effects arising from climate change, allowing for an integrated analysis of the country’s vulnerability to climate change
Describe and quantify effects of climate change in key vulnerable areas/sectors
Indirect and combined effects and socio-economic changes (integrated effects)
Broad implications for the country as a whole
Sectoral linkages and associated effects
Emphasize and qualify the effects of climate change and their interactions with non-climatic changes
Guidelines for inclusion of adaptation… (cont.)
Reporting
Adaptation strategies and measures (d)
Non-Annex I Parties are encouraged to provide information on and, to the extent possible, evaluation of, strategies and measures for adapting to climate change, in key areas including those which are of the highest priority
Possibilities for responding to climate change effects and their interactions- no-regret options and other policies and development priorities (planning, economic development, land-use, etc)
Specific adaptations to effects identified in the study
Evaluation/prioritization (costs, practicability, environmental and cultural appropriateness)
General policies with implications for adaptation
Implementation of adaptation measures, pilot and/or demonstration adaptation projects.
Needs for capacity building and institutional strengthening, public awareness, education, and information
Guidelines for inclusion of adaptation…. (cont.)
ReportingFrameworks for adaptation (e)
Where relevant, Parties may report on the use of policy frameworks, such as national adaptation programmes, plans and policies for developing and implementing adaptation strategies and measures.
Frameworks such as adaptation policy framework and national adaptation programmes of action can assist in the identification of options, strategies and measures - e.g. design specific adaptation projects and mainstreaming adaptation into sustainable development
Priority adaptation needs (most urgent)
Barriers to and opportunities for adaptation (legal, institutional, financial, technological)
Specific gaps and limitations – socio-economic and baseline data, climate and sea-level change scenarios, direct and indirect effects and their interactions
Appropriate adaptive options and capacity building needs
Ejemplo de una matriz para presentar los impactos y las opciones de vulnerabilidad y adaptación
Sectores o sistemas críticos
vulnerables
Impactos Opciones de adaptación I
Opciones de adaptación II
Opciones de adaptación III
Opciones de adaptación IV
Opciones de adaptación V
Dificultades/ barreras
para la adaptación
Recursos hídricos
1. Cambios en la disponibilidad de agua 2. . Cambios en la calidad del agua 3. Cambios en la frecuencia e intensidad de inundaciones y sequías
Mejoramiento en el uso de la eficiencia del agua
Predicción estacional
Fortalecimiento de los trabajos de tratamiento de aguas
Mejoramiento de sistemas de alerta temprana de inundaciones, y diseminación de información
Manejo de cuencas para reducir la contaminación y la escorrentía
Falta de recursos financieros; capacidad técnica inadecuada
Agricultura 1. Cambios en la longitud de la estación de crecimiento 2. Cambios en la productividad de los cultivos 3. Cambios en la productividad del ganado
Selección de plantas y ganados
Sistemas de cultivo múltiple y agroforestería
Fortalecimiento del papel de participación de la comunidad y las políticas públicas
Mejoramiento de sistemas de irrigación
Desarrollo de cultivos y especies de ganado tolerantes al calor y las sequías
…
Zonas costeras
1. Inundación costera 2. Erosión costera 3. Intrusión de aguas salinas 4. Retroceso de líneas costeras
Identificación de áreas perdidas y de zonas donde no se debe construir
Manejo de la reubicación de estructuras o actividades costeras
Construcción de rompeolas o diques o alimentación de playas
Introducción de nuevos diseños de construcción y de cultivos tolerantes a la sal
Reubicación de la población y de las actividades económicas
…
Ejemplo de una matriz para presentar los impactos y las opciones de vulnerabilidad y adaptación
Sectores o sistemas críticos
vulnerables
Impactos Opciones de adaptación I
Opciones de adaptación II
Opciones de adaptación III
Opciones de adaptación IV
Opciones de adaptación V
Dificultades/ barreras para la
adaptación Salud 1. Estrés térmico
2. Incremento en la incidencia de enfermedades infecciosas
Sistemas de alerta temprana
Promoción de la educación en salud
Promoción de hábitos de higiene personal
Mejoramiento del diseño de casas y edificios
Monitoreo continuo de enfermedades, programas de control y prevención
…
Ecosistemas 1. Pérdida de hábitat para especies; 2. Cambios en la estructura de las comunidades biológicas; 3. Cambios en el número y distribución de especies;
Establecimiento de instituciones nacionales y regionales de manejo de recursos
Expansión de la acuicultura para suplir la demanda creciente de alimentos marinos por crecimiento de la población
Apoyo para la investigación innovadora y para el manejo integrado de ecosistemas
Desarrollo de bases de datos sobre los resultados del monitoreo ecológico integrado para identificar cambios antropogénicos y predecir la productividad
Organización de biosferas de reservas marinas y terrestres y de áreas protegidas
…
Methods and tools for vulnerability and adaptation assessments 1. IPCC Technical Guidelines for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations
(Carter, T.R., M.L. Parry, H. Harasawa, S. Nishioka 1994)2. The UNEP Handbook on Methods for Climate Change Impact Assessment and
Adaptation Strategies (Feenstra, J.F., I. Burton, J.B. Smith, R.S.J. Tol, 1998) (http://130.37.129.100/IVM/research/climatechange/Handbook.htm)
3. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments: An International Handbook on (Benioff, R., S. Guill, J. Lee, 1996) (http://www.neutrino.co.jp/abi_enst/0-7923-4140-6.PDF)
4. An Adaptation Policy Framework: Capacity Building for Stage II Adaptation (UNDP-GEF, 2000) (http://www.undp.org/cc/apf.htm)
5. PRECIS (http://www.metoffice.com/research/hadleycentre/models/PRECIS.html)6. Toolkit for Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment (T. Downing) (http://www.
aiaccproject.org/resources/ele_lib_docs/Toolkit_VAA.pdf)7. Integrated modelling system for climate change impact and adaptation assessment
(IGCI) (http://www.waikato.ac.nz/igci/modelling/modelling1.html)8. Disaster Vulnerability Assessment, Tools Website (http://www.unisdr.org/)9. Guidelines for the preparation of national adaptation programmes of action
(http://unfccc.int/text/program/sd/ldc/documents/13a04p7.pdf)10. Annotated guidelines for the preparation of national adaptation programmes of
action (http://unfccc.int/text/program/sd/ldc/documents/annguide.pdf)11. Compedium on Methods and Tools to Evaluate Impacts, Vulnerability and
Adaptation to Climate Change (2004) (http://unfccc.int/program/mis/meth/compendium.pdf)
User-ManualReference material and web links
Baseline climatologies and climate change scenarios
1. High-resolution Climate Grids Prepared by the Climatic Research Unit and the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/hrg.htm)
2. Baseline Climate Datasets and Outputs of General Circulation Models (GCMs) Provided by the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (http://ipcc-ddc.cru.uea.ac.uk)
3. Guidelines on the Use of Scenario Data for Climate Impact and Adaptation Assessment (Carter, T.R., Parry, M. L., Harasawa, H., Nishioka, S. 1999) (http://www.aiaccproject.org/resources/ele_lib_docs/TGCIAguidance_99.pdf)
4. MAGICC/SCENGEN (http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/ACACIA/publications/magicc.html)5. MAGICC/SCENGEN Workbook (M. Hulme et al., 2000)
(http://www.aiaccproject.org/resources/ele_lib_docs/magicc_scengen_workbook.pdf)6. Statistical DownScaling Model (SDSM): A Decision Support Tool for Assessing Regiónal
Climate Change Impacts (R. Wilby et al., 2001) (http://www.aiaccproject.org/resources/ele_lib_docs/SDSM_manual.pdf)
7. The IPCC Data Distribution Centre (http://ipcc-ddc.cru.uea.ac.uk/ipcc_ddc.html)
Socio-Economic Scenarios
1. Guidance Materials on Spataially Distributed Socio-economic Projections of Population and GDP per Unit Area (S.Gaffin,G. Yerman, A. Mellinger. CIESIN, 2002) (http://www.aiaccproject. Org/resources/ele-libdocs/GM/Gridded.pdf)
User-ManualReference material and web links
1. Special Climate Change FundVoluntary, Convention fund
2. LDC FundVoluntary, Convention fund
3. Adaptation Fund2% share of CDM proceeds, Kyoto fund, will fund ‘concrete’ measures
Funds for adaptation (Marrakesh Accord)
Special Climate Change Fund
a) Adaptation, in accordance with decision 5/CP.7 para. 8
— Starting to implement adaptation activities— Monitoring of diseases, vectors, forecasting— Capacity building for planning, preparedness, management of
disasters— Strengthening of regional centers for rapid response to extreme
weather events
b) Technology Transfer, in accordance with decision 4/CP.7
c) Energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management
d) Economic diversification in fossil-fuel dependent economies.
Decision 7/CP.7 paragraph 2:
Special Climate Change Fund
Adaptation, top priority for funding technology transfer, also essential activities should be
– country-driven, cost-effective– integrated into national sustainable-
development and poverty-reduction strategies– complementary to those funded by the LDC
Fund and the CC focal area of the GEF Trust Fund
SCCF to serve as a catalyst to leverage additional resources
Decision 5/CP.9, para. 1:
GEF’s Support for Pilot Adaptation Measures
COP 7 requested GEF to provide support for establishing pilot or demonstration projects to show how adaptation planning can be translated into projects, and integrated into national policies and SD planning
The Delhi Declaration (COP 8) reflected growing Convention support for efforts to identify and avoid the adverse impacts of CC
In response, GEF has included a new strategic priority, “Piloting an Operational Approach to Adaptation,” (SPA) in- its Business Plan - 2005-2007 ($50 million)
COP 9 requested GEF to operationalize ASAP.
GEF Council approved the operational guidelines (May 2004)
The SPA is operational since 1 July 2004
Funding and technical support for Adaptation
Adaptation Projects
AdaptationFund
Special ClimateChange Fund
LDCFund
GEF Trust Fund
SGP
Capacity Building
Climate ChangeFocal Area Enabling
Activity
Existing Operational Programs in all
Focal Areas (incremental cost)
Source - GEF
198819921996200020042008
Country Case Studies of Sources and Sinks of GHG
Asia Least-Cost GHG Abatement Strategy (ALGAS)
Building Capacity in Sub-Saharan Africa
CC:TRAIN – Phase I
Building Capacity in Maghreb
Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Global CC (CPACC)
CC Enabling Activities - Full Projects
Country Studies on CC Impacts and Adapt. Assessm. (Phase I)
CC:TRAIN – Phase II
Economics of GHG Limitations – Phase I
CC Enabling Activities Expedited Projects (phase I) - (10/CP.2)
National Communications Support Programme (NCSP) - Phase I
CC Enabling Activities Expedited Projects (phase II)
Building Capacity for Cond. V&A Assessm. in the Caribb. Region
Assessm. of Impacts & Adapt. to CC in Mult. Regions and Sect. (AIACC)
Building Human and Institutional capacities to address CC Issues in LDCs
Capacity-building for Improving the Qual. of GHG Invent. (Europe and CIS)
Capacity-building for Stage II Adapt. to CC (Central Am., Mexico, Cuba)
Capacity Building for Improving Nat. GHG Invent. (West Africa)
Capacity Building for Observ. Syst. for CC (Pacific and Africa)
Mainstreaming Adaptation to CC (MACC)
CC Enabling Activities Expedited Projects - (17/CP.8)
National Communications Support Programme (NCSP) - Phase II
GEF funded projects and programmes supporting the process of preparing national communications from non-Annex I Parties - 1988-2008 (projected)
Yellow = Ongoing
198819921996200020042008
IPCC
Japan - Asia Pacific Seminar on CC
Switzerland - Global environment credit
US Country Studies Program (USCSP)
Germany (GTZ) – Measures to Implement the UNFCCC
Netherlands CC Assist. Prog. (NCCSAP) - phase I
UNFCCC Secretariat
UK Climate Impacts Prog. (UKCIP)
Finland – Supp. to the Imp. of the UNFCCC in Nicaragua
Japan - Asia-Pacific Network on CC (AP-net)
Consultative Group of Experts - CGE
Canada - The Canada CC Development Fund (CCCDF)
Greece – Capacity-Building to Deal with the CC Problem
Finland - Preparedn. to clim. var. + glob. change in SIDS in the Caribb. region
Germany (GTZ) - Climate Protection Prog. (CaPP)
OECD - Development and CC Project
Japan - Workshop on GHG Invent. in the Asia Region
US - GHG Inventory Supp. for Central Am.
Aust., Jap., NZ, US - Scient. Cap. Building/Enhanc. for Sust. Develop. in Dev. Countries
Netherlands CC Assist. Prog. (NCCSAP) - phase II
Other projects and programmes supporting the process of preparingnational communications from non-Annex I Parties - 1988-2008 (projected)
Yellow = Ongoing
Relevance of AIACC to the second national communication process
• To provide further understanding of the impacts of climate change
• To introduce new approaches/methods/tools
• To enhance the linkages between scientists and policy makers
• To highlight the vulnerabilities of developing countries
• To analyze the best options for adaptation
• To build capacity
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