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Manned Space Explorations. Manned Space Explorations. U.S. Manned Space Program Soviet Manned Space Program Case Study: The Space Shuttle Case Study: Space Stations. The Crew of the Challenger Space Shuttle It exploded less than 2 minutes after liftoff killing the entire crew. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Manned Space Explorations
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 2
Manned Space Explorations
• U.S. Manned Space Program
• Soviet Manned Space Program
• Case Study: The Space Shuttle
• Case Study: Space Stations
The Crew of the Challenger Space Shuttle
It exploded less than 2 minutes after liftoff killing the entire crew.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations SECTION 15.1 3
U.S. Manned Space Program
• American Crews in Space• Project Mercury• Project Gemini• Project Apollo
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 4
U.S. Manned Space Program American Crews in Space
• During the years between 1961 and 1975, the U.S. launched a number of manned space flights.
• The U.S. space programs included Project Mercury, Project Gemini, Project Apollo, Project Skylab, and the Apollo-Soyuz joint mission with the Soviets.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 5
U.S. Manned Space Program Project Mercury
• The United States launched its first satellite in 1958. By 1961, the United States was ready to attempt manned space flight. America’s first manned space flight program was called Project Mercury.
• Seven U.S. pilots were chosen as the original astronauts: Scott Carpenter, Gordon “Gordo” Cooper, John Glenn, Virgil “Gus” Grissom, Walter Schirra, Alan Shepard, and Donald “Deke” Slayton. (Figure 15-1)
The Seven Original NASA Astronauts
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 6
U.S. Manned Space Program Project Mercury (cont’d)
• Mercury’s mission was to find out if a human could survive space travel and how space travel might affect the human body. Figure 15-2 shows a cut-away view of the Mercury capsule.
• The Mercury capsule was very small but had just enough room for the crew member and all required equipment.
A Cut-away of the Mercury Capsule
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 7
U.S. Manned Space Program Project Mercury (cont’d)
• Alan Shepard was the first American in space in a suborbital flight that lasted only 15 minutes on May 5, 1961.
• Figure 15-3 shows that recent space suits look very different from the one Alan Shepard is wearing.
Alan Shepard Suiting-up
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 8
U.S. Manned Space Program Project Mercury (cont’d)
• Project Mercury’s third flight was also its first orbital flight. John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth. He remained in orbit for 4 hours and 55 minutes, while orbiting the Earth three times. John Glenn Enters His Capsule, Friendship
7
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 9
U.S. Manned Space Program Project Mercury (cont’d)
• Project Mercury’s original goal had been to put someone into orbit for one day.– The six flights of the program proved that the
basic flight sequences were sound and that a pilot had a place in orbital flight.
– Astronauts could not maneuver the capsule, they could direct it to its splashdown point.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 10
U.S. Manned Space Program Project Gemini
• Project Gemini’s objectives were to:– Improve methods
needed for a lunar mission.
– Put two people in space.
– Rendezvous and dock with another spacecraft.
– Achieve the first walk in space. The Two-Man Gemini Capsule
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 11
U.S. Manned Space Program Project Gemini (cont’d)
• During Gemini’s ten flights, it became the first two-person capsule and achieved the first American walk in space.– Gemini also gathered additional information
about how space flight affects the human body.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 12
U.S. Manned Space Program Project Gemini (cont’d)
• Project Gemini had been designed with two primary goals:– A flight duration of two
weeks.– The development of
methods for a rendezvous in space.
• By the time the missions were completed, the astronauts had the skills necessary to make a Moon landing.
Gemini IV’s Astronaut Ed White’s 22 Minute Space Walk
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 13
U.S. Manned Space Program Project Apollo
• Apollo 11 landed on the Moon and on July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the Moon. Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin became the second man on the Moon.
• The crew consisted of Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin and Michael Collins who stayed in the Lunar Lander while Armstrong and Aldrin walked on the Moon.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 14
U.S. Manned Space Program Project Apollo (cont’d)
Astronauts Collins, Aldrin and Armstrong
Aldrin prepares to step on the Moon
Armstrong on the Moon
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 15
U.S. Manned Space Program Project Apollo (cont’d)
• After Apollo 11, there were six more Apollo flights to the Moon.– Five of them resulted in successful Moon
landings. Apollo 13 was aborted due to an explosion in the spacecraft. But the Apollo 13 crew was brought back successfully to Earth.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations SECTION 15.2 16
Soviet Manned Space Program
• Cosmonauts in Space• Vostok• Voskhod• Soyuz
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 17
Soviet Manned Space ProgramCosmonauts in Space
• The Soviet Union’s space program developed along the same lines as the American program and occurred at approximately the same time.
• However the Soviets had several firsts in the space race.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 18
Soviet Manned Space Program Vostok
• The Soviets launched the first satellite into space called Spunik.
• The Soviets, having the advantage of larger rockets, launched Major Yuri Gagarin into space on April 12, 1961 aboard the Vostok 1.
• Vostok 6 carried the first woman into space in June 1963.
Yuri Gagarin: the First Human in Space
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 19
Soviet Manned Space Program Voskhod
• Vostok was followed by the Voskhod series which launched a three-person capsule in October 1964.
• On March 18, 1965 aboard the Voskhod 2 spacecraft, Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov became the first person to walk in space.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 20
Soviet Manned Space Program Soyuz
• Soyuz means “union” and the spacecraft were designed for docking in space.
• Soyuz consisted of three modules:– An instrument module
with the rocket engines– An orbital module– A descent module
Soyuz Launch
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 21
Soviet Manned Space Program Soyuz (cont’d)
• The cosmonauts would begin in the instrument section and after reaching orbit they would move into the orbiter module to conduct experiments. When they started the flight back they would move into the descent module.
• On re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere the three modules would separate with only the descent module re-entering the Earth’s atmosphere.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 22
Soviet Manned Space Program Soyuz (cont’d)
• Cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov died when Soyuz 1 crashed while trying to rendezvous with Soyuz 2.
• Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 fulfilled the mission of docking and transferring crew members in space.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations SECTION 15.3 23
Case Study: The Space Shuttle
• Experiencing the Space Shuttle• Overview of the Space Shuttle Program• Space Shuttle Systems• External Tank• Solid-rocket Boosters• Astronaut Life• Astronaut Selection and Training• Space Shuttle Crew Positions• Space Shuttle Mission Operations• The Space Shuttle’s Future
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 24
Case Study: The Space Shuttle Experiencing the Space Shuttle
• Most recently, the Shuttle has helped deploy and build main parts of the International Space Station. We’ll look at:– How astronauts live and work in space– What it takes to become a Shuttle astronaut– The people on the ground who support the
Shuttle missions
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 25
Case Study: The Space Shuttle Overview of the Space Shuttle Program
• NASA developed the Space Shuttle system in the 1970s.• During the early 1970s, NASA and their contractors did
studies to design a reusable space transportation system.
• The Space Shuttle’s mission is to transport its payload (crew and cargo) into low-Earth orbit. Major design requirements were that the orbiter and the two solid-rocket boosters be reusable.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 26
Case Study: The Space Shuttle Overview of the Space Shuttle Program
The Orbiter
• The Space Shuttle System has three main elements:– The orbiter that
ferries crew and cargo to and from orbit (Figure 15-12).
– .Space Shuttle Orbiter
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 27
Case Study: The Space Shuttle Overview of the Space Shuttle Program
The External Tank (ET)
• An external tank (ET) (Figure 15-13) which contains fuel and oxidizer for the SSMEs. The ET drops off to burn up in the atmosphere about 8 minutes after lift-off
Space Shuttle’s External Tank
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 28
Case Study: The Space Shuttle Overview of the Space Shuttle Program
Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs)
• Two solid-rocket boosters (SRBs) (Figure 15-14) used during the first two minutes of the mission to get the entire system off the ground and moving toward orbit.
Space Shuttle’s Solid Rocket Booster
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 29
Case Study: The Space Shuttle Space Shuttle Systems
The Orbiter
The Space Shuttle Orbiter’s Rollover: one of the pre-launch milestones.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 30
Case Study: The Space Shuttle Space Shuttle Systems
Space Shuttle’s Main Engines (SSMEs)
• Space Shuttle’s Main Engines (SSMEs) are reusable, high-performance rocket engines that use liquid propellant to produce variable thrust.
• The SSMEs use liquid hydrogen as fuel with liquid oxygen as the oxidizer (Figure 15-16).
The Space Shuttle’s Main Engines (SSMEs)
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 31
Case Study: The Space Shuttle Space Shuttle Systems
Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS)
• Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS), shown in Figure 15-17 provides the necessary velocity change to insert the Shuttle in its orbit, make the orbit circular, and handle orbit transfer, rendezvous, and de-orbit.
The Shuttle’s Two OMS Engines
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 32
Case Study: The Space Shuttle Space Shuttle Systems
Reaction Control System (RCS)
• The orbiter’s Reaction Control System (RCS) has a forward and an aft RCS. – The forward RCS is in the forward fuselage’s
nose area. – The aft (right and left rear) RCS is with the
orbital maneuvering system in the OMS/RCS pods.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 33
Case Study: The Space Shuttle Space Shuttle Systems
Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS)
• Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS). The ECLSS consists of systems that do the following:– Refresh air– Cool water– Revitalize and control atmospheric pressure– Actively control temperature– Supply water and handle waste water– Collect waste– Support the airlock
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 34
Case Study: The Space Shuttle Space Shuttle Systems
Environmental Control and Life Support System (cont’d)
• The functions of the ECLSS include:– Maintaining relative
humidity between 30 and 75 percent
– Keeping carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide at safe levels
– Controlling temperature and ventilation in the crew compartment
– Cooling electronics on the flight deck, mid-deck, and crew compartment Shuttle Commander, Air Force
Colonel Eileen Collins
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 35
Case Study: The Space Shuttle Space Shuttle SystemsElectrical Power System
• Electrical Power System (EPS). The EPS consists of three subsystems: power reactant storage and distribution (PRSD), fuel cell power plants, and electrical power distribution and control.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 36
Case Study: The Space Shuttle Space Shuttle Systems
Communication System
• Telemetry information about its operating conditions and configurations, system, and payloads.
• Commands to the orbiter systems to make them perform some function or configuration change.
• Documentation from the ground that prints out on the orbiter’s teleprinter or text and graphics system.
• Voice communications among the flight crew members and between the flight crew and ground.– Information transfers through radio-frequency (RF) links
directly with the ground or through the tracking and data relay system (TDRS).
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 37
Case Study: The Space Shuttle Space Shuttle Systems
Thermal-protection System (TPS)
• Thermal-protection System (TPS). The TPS allows the crew to survive the heat of re-entry.
• The Space Shuttle’s high temperatures were simulated in the test of the thermal insulation materials. Thermal-protection System
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 38
Case Study: The Space Shuttle External Tank
Liquid-oxygen Tank
• Liquid-oxygen Tank• The liquid-oxygen tank is an aluminum
pressure vessel that keeps liquid from sloshing and whirlpooling.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 39
Case Study: The Space Shuttle External Tank
Liquid-hydrogen Tank
• Liquid-hydrogen Tank– The liquid-hydrogen tank is a large, aluminum
pressure vessel.– This tank attaches to the orbiter through
struts and ball fittings.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 40
Case Study: The Space Shuttle External Tank
Intertank• The intertank is made from steel and aluminum
with flanges on each end that allow it to join the liquid-oxygen and liquid-hydrogen tanks. – The intertank houses electronics and instruments. It also
houses a plate through which ground workers can supply purge gas, detect hazardous gas, and boil off hydrogen gas as part of ground servicing.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 41
• Two solid-rocket boosters (SRBs) provide the main thrust to lift the Shuttle off the pad and up to an altitude of about 43 kilometers - the first two minutes of flight (Figure 15-21).
• The SRBs are the largest solid-propellant motors ever flown and the first designed for reuse.
Case Study: The Space Shuttle Solid-rocket Boosters
Solid-rocket Boosters (SRBs)
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 42
Case Study: The Space Shuttle Astronaut Life
Eating and Drinking• The mid-deck of the
orbiter has equipment for each crew member to stow, prepare, and eat food in two categories: menu or pantry.
• Three daily meals provide an average daily intake of about 2700 calories.
• The water dispenser provides the flight crew with water for drinking and reconstituting food.
Cosmonaut Korzun eating in Space
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 43
Case Study: The Space Shuttle Astronaut Life
Sleeping• Sleeping arrangements
consist of a mix of sleeping bags and sleep restraints or rigid sleep stations.
• In addition, each astronaut has a kit that contains eye covers and earplugs.
• The 24-hour period normally divides into eight hours of sleep and 16 hours awake for each crew member. The crew members get 45 minutes to prepare for each sleep period.
Kathryn Sullivan and Sally Ride prepare to sleep.
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 44
Case Study: The Space Shuttle Astronaut LifePersonal Hygiene
• Each crew member gets a kit for tooth-brushing, hair care, shaving, nail care and other needs.
• Going to the bathroom in space is much more complicated than on Earth. The Space Shuttle’s toilet (Figure 15-24) uses gravity to pull waste into the vacuum of space. Space Toilet
Unit 4, Chapter 15, Lesson 15: Manned Space Explorations 45
Case Study: The Space Shuttle Astronaut Selection and Training
• NASA continually accepts applications for the Astronaut Candidate Program.– Civilians may apply at any time. – Military personnel must apply through their parent service.
• Mission-specialist and pilot-astronaut candidates must have at least a bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution in engineering, biological science, physical science, or mathematics.
• Selected applicants are designated astronaut candidates and assigned to Johnson Space Center for training and evaluation.
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