View
5
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
1
Managing Urban Forests and Tree Managing Urban Forests and Tree Planting:Planting:
Richard HauerCollege of Natural Resources
University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
Urban Forestry Urban Forestry …… Is it a New Field?Is it a New Field?
• 3 to 4 decades
• 1 Century
• Several Millennia
Urban Forestry Urban Forestry …… Is it a New Field?Is it a New Field?
• Depends how you look at it– Systematic management– Expanded scientific discovery and application– Professional organization– Academic disciplines
Urban Forestry Urban Forestry …… Is it a New Field?Is it a New Field?
• Centuries and Millennia of History with practices used in Modern Arboriculture and Urban Forestry
Arboriculture and Urban Forestry
•• ArboricultureArboriculture –– concerned with the concerned with the management of the individual treemanagement of the individual tree
•• Urban ForestryUrban Forestry –– management of management of populations of trees, but applies populations of trees, but applies principles of arboriculture to the principles of arboriculture to the individual treeindividual tree
2
Compare to Compare to ““Smokey BearSmokey Bear”” ForestryForestry
Traditional Forestry CoursesTraditional Forestry Courses
•• BiometryBiometry•• SystematicsSystematics•• Forest EcologyForest Ecology•• ManagementManagement•• FinanceFinance•• ProtectionProtection•• SoilsSoils•• WildlifeWildlife
•• EntomologyEntomology•• PathologyPathology•• Amenity forestryAmenity forestry•• SilvicultureSilviculture•• GISGIS•• Integrated Resource Integrated Resource
ManagementManagement•• Water resourcesWater resources
Urban Forestry CoursesUrban Forestry Courses
•• Amenity forestryAmenity forestry•• ArboricultureArboriculture•• Tree Structure and Tree Structure and
FunctionFunction•• Tree Care TechniquesTree Care Techniques
•• Urban Trees and Urban Trees and ShrubsShrubs
•• Turf ManagementTurf Management•• RecreationRecreation•• Landscape DesignLandscape Design
Urban Forestry in Recent TimesUrban Forestry in Recent Times
• 1965 Coined by Erik Jorgenson
• 1972 USDA-FS adds urban forestry to mission
• 1978 USDA-FS first funds urban forestry assistance at modest levels ($3.5 million)
• 1990 Federal Farm Bill increases U&CF funding to $21 million
Urban Forestry and Arboriculture: Urban Forestry and Arboriculture: Professional LiteracyProfessional Literacy
• 1924 International Society of Arboriculture • 1932 Arborist Replaces Tree Surgeon Term• 1938 National Arborist Association Formed• 1972 SAF forms urban forestry working group• 1973 ISA forms urban forestry committee• 1976 Tree City USA program initiated• 1978 USDA-FS co-sponsors first national urban
forestry conference
Current Status of Urban Forestry Current Status of Urban Forestry in the USin the US
•• Federal support in pass through to the Federal support in pass through to the states is at $36 million per yearstates is at $36 million per year
•• State support is highly variable. State support is highly variable. Wisconsin has 7 urban foresters and Wisconsin has 7 urban foresters and additional support of $0.5 million per yearadditional support of $0.5 million per year
•• Ongoing federal research supportOngoing federal research support
The Forestry Profession and The Forestry Profession and Urban ForestryUrban Forestry
•• Urban forestry is one end of a forest Urban forestry is one end of a forest continuum that ends in wilderness continuum that ends in wilderness
•• Urban forestry is regarded (sometimes Urban forestry is regarded (sometimes reluctantly) as a part of the forestry reluctantly) as a part of the forestry professionprofession
•• US urban foresters are more likely to feel US urban foresters are more likely to feel at home in ISA rather than in the SAFat home in ISA rather than in the SAF
3
Arboricultural HistoryArboricultural History
• Basic principles of arboriculture well known for more then 2,000 years
• Professional crafted art in the late 1800’s
• What does ancient arboriculture tell us
Arboricultural History (cont.)Arboricultural History (cont.)
• 5,000 B.C. – practice of arboriculture known in the Sumerian culture with arboreta like parks
• 3,000 to 200 B.C. – Egyptians regarded as fathers of ancient arboriculture with tree selection, transplanting, tree cultivation on a massive scale
Arboricultural History (cont.)Arboricultural History (cont.)
•• 600 B.C. 600 B.C. –– Babylon was a large, walled Babylon was a large, walled city with monumental architecture, a city with monumental architecture, a temple, rectangular street system and temple, rectangular street system and dwellings for a variety of classes.dwellings for a variety of classes.
•• Hanging gardens are described in a Hanging gardens are described in a number of ancient textsnumber of ancient texts
Ancient Arboriculture and Earliest Known Ancient Arboriculture and Earliest Known Historical Records (Campana 1999)Historical Records (Campana 1999)
• 5,800 B.C. – written record of trees• 4,000 B.C. – street tree use• 3,500 B.C. – transport of trees• 2,800 B.C. – garden of trees• 1,500 B.C. – plant introduction• 1,200 B.C. – use of root ball• 650 B.C. – concept of arboretum• 650 B.C. – specific planting for shade• 600 B.C. – tree protection laws• 300 B.C. – authentic botanical garden• 175 B.C. – book on tree care• 100 A.D. – interior tree planting
Ancient History and Arboriculture LostAncient History and Arboriculture LostNew Arboriculture BeginsNew Arboriculture Begins
• 500 A.D. – Fall of the Roman Empire, as Norsemen conquered Europe, most recorded history destroyed
• 1,500 to 1,800 A.D.– Term arborist used by James Lyte in 1578– Cultivation of new plants via new world discoveries– Extensive landscaped gardens and arboreta– Estate foresters and origin of arboriculture as we know it– Books with aspects of tree care in print
GuttenbergGuttenberg’’s Printing Press s Printing Press
4
1553, Ralph Austen1553, Ralph AustenIn: a In: a Treatise on Fruit TreesTreatise on Fruit Trees
• Soil application of fertilizer discussed
• Fertilizer applied in holes punched with an iron bar
1618, William Lawson1618, William LawsonIn: In: A New Orchard and GardenA New Orchard and Garden
• First comprehensive treatment of arboricultural practices from that era
• Covered tree planting, pruning, fertilizing, transplanting, wound treatment, cavity filling
History of Arboriculture and Urban History of Arboriculture and Urban ForestryForestry
““most functioning most functioning rootsrootswere were near the surfacenear the surface””
and and injuryinjury would resultwould resultif these were if these were buriedburied
1618, William LawsonA New Orchard & Garden
Stem Compression, Decay, Failure
Brief Overview of the History of Brief Overview of the History of Urban Forestry in the United StatesUrban Forestry in the United States
• 1637 – Tree Protection Law in Watertown, MA• 1646 – Public Tree Planting in “Boston Towne”• 1682 – William Penn and open space design• 1773 – Oglethorpe planned Live Oak in Savannah, GA • 1807 – Michigan law street tree planting Detroit• 1821 – Jackson, Mississippi, squares• 1872 – Arbor Day in Nebraska• Romantic Landscape 1850’s• City Park Movement 1860’s• City Beautiful Movement (1892 Colombian Exposition)• 1911 Bernard Fernow, 1st Chief of the USFS
publishes “The Care of Shade Trees”
Formal Development of Municipal Formal Development of Municipal Arboriculture or Forestry Programs Arboriculture or Forestry Programs
• 1872 Washington D.C. (Trees and Parkings Division)
• 1902 New York (Park Board of Greater New York)
• 1909 New Orleans (Parking Commission)
• 1917 Milwaukee (Milwaukee Board of Park Commissioners)
• Many other large communities form programs
• East coast states and enabling legislation
A Bit of Green Amid the Concrete JungleA Bit of Green Amid the Concrete Jungle
A full hour before the party reached the city they had begun to note the perplexing changes in the atmosphere. It grew darker all the time, and upon the earth the grass seemed to grow less green. Every minute, as the train sped on, the color of things became dingier; their fields were grown parched and yellow, the landscape hideous and bare.
Upton Sinclair “The Jungle (1906)”
5
Urban Forestry in the 20Urban Forestry in the 20thth CenturyCentury
• Early 1900’s to WW II
• Post WW II and the decline of city forests
• Emergence or Reemergence of Urban Forestry in the late 1960’s
• Advances and Declines
Trees in American Cities:Trees in American Cities:Post WW IIPost WW II and the decline of city forestsand the decline of city forests
•• Air conditioningAir conditioning
•• Suburban sprawl and private vegetationSuburban sprawl and private vegetation
•• Decline of the urban coreDecline of the urban core
•• Dutch Elm DiseaseDutch Elm Disease
State of Minnesota Sanitation: State of Minnesota Sanitation: Primarily DEDPrimarily DED
• $104 Million sanitation cost (1977-1982)
• Over 800,000 documented elm losses
• Successes were evident
An Example:An Example: 1976 MnSTAC Recommendations 1976 MnSTAC Recommendations ––Insuring an Orderly Transformation of Our Urban ForestInsuring an Orderly Transformation of Our Urban Forest
YearElm Tree Mortality
% Change previous year
1977 250,7671978 180,648 281979 127,947 291980 111,256 131981 111,694 0
Sanitation: Sanitation: Estimated elm Estimated elm population and mortalitypopulation and mortality
Year of Report (Source)
Estimated Elm Population1
Estimated Annual Elm Loss2
Annual Percent Elm Loss
Percent of 1977 Base Year
1977(MDA Report)
1978(MDA Report)
1987(MDA Survey)
1988(MDA Survey)
2001(Hauer Survey)
239,908 3.61 100
6,052,882 166,212 2.75 91.1
6,647,392
109,987 3.37 49.1
4,756,067 93,843 2.05 68.8
3,260,845
42,761 3.58 18.01,195,196
Percent Elm Loss from DED in Minneapolis
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1963 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002
Year
Perc
ent M
orta
ility
6
Percent elm mortality in Minneapolis using 2001 and 2002 private tree removal data pooled together
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
3 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 35 39 43 47 51 55 64
Mean DBH (2 inch Range)
Perc
enta
ge o
f Tot
al
Loss of 50 Acres of LifeLoss of 50 Acres of Life--Saving Trees Saving Trees EverydayEveryday in the Atlanta Regionin the Atlanta Region
1974Atlanta Region
Vegetation Loss
1996Atlanta Region
Vegetation Loss
Community Growth Requires Community Growth Requires InfrastructureInfrastructure SupportSupport
• Roads• Water and utilities• Schools• Housing• And Trees
– Our “““GreenGreenGreen”Infrastructure
Why Why GreenGreen Infrastructure?Infrastructure?
• Trees are as necessary as other community resources
• Trees provide many economic, ecological and social benefits
• Planning for trees supports community growth
Trees and Community Growth:Trees and Community Growth:An Urban ForestAn Urban Forest
The Urban Forest IncludesThe Urban Forest Includes……
• Individual trees• Parks and open space• Trees lining your street• Small remnants of
woods, forest• Water and wildlife• People
7
Model of Urban and Community Forestry
Social or Human Dimensions(what we want)
Economic E & E(how we optimize it)
Ecologic Functions(what we get)
SustainableForests
Liabilities of TreesLiabilities of Trees
• Pollen
• Tree Part Shedding
• Tree Care Treatments
• Removal Costs
• Reforestation Costs
Social BenefitsSocial Benefits
• Aesthetic Value– Greener, softer
landscapes– Sharpens views or angles
• Community Value– Unifies the community– Creates a sense of
hometown pride
Trees. Vital to Community HealthTrees. Vital to Community Health..
• Tree-filled neighborhoods: • Lower levels of domestic violence • Are safer and more sociable
• Tree-filled landscapes reduce stress• Trees decrease need for medication
and speed recovery times
Economic BenefitsEconomic Benefits
• Increased property values
• Higher tax revenues• More jobs• Increased consumer
patronage
Increased Property ValuesIncreased Property Values
• Trees can increase property values by up to 30%.
• Homes with trees on the property sell for an average of 5% more than identical homes without trees.
8
Increased Tax RevenuesIncreased Tax Revenues
Effective tree planningleads to
higher property valuesleads to
higher property tax revenues.
Increased Consumer PatronageIncreased Consumer Patronage
• Approximately 75% prefer to shop in places beautified with trees and assorted vegetation.
• People are likely to spend around 11% more at stores with trees than at identical stores without them.
• More frequent shopping
• People spend more for parking
EcoEcologicallogical BenefitsBenefits
• Hydrology• Air Pollution• Energy Use• Noise
Trees. Important to Human Health.Trees. Important to Human Health.
• 100 trees remove five tons of CO2/year• 100 trees remove about 1000 lbs of
pollutants per year, including:400 lbs of ozone300 lbs of particulates
Trees Save the Environment. Trees Save the Environment.
• 100 mature trees catch about 100,000 gallons of rainwater
per year...- Less $ for stormwater control- Cleaner water
Trees. A Savings for Homeowners. Trees. A Savings for Homeowners.
• Save up to 30% of annual air conditioning costs
• Save 10-25% of winter heating costs
9
Trees Pay Us Back.Trees Pay Us Back.
Benefits = $225,000 Energy
Air Quality
Runoff
Real Estate
100 Trees Over 40 Years...
Costs = $82,000 Planting - Pruning
Removal/Disposal
Irrigation
Sidewalk Repair
Litter
Legal - Admin
Pay Off: $140,000
Plant Trees. Create a Legacy. Plant Trees. Create a Legacy.
Central Park, New York City
The Bottom Line...The Bottom Line...
• Quality of life depends on tree benefits• Benefits depend on healthy trees• Healthy trees require quality care• Quality care depends on you
Taking care of treesTaking care of treesin an urban settingin an urban setting
Main TopicsMain Topics
• Planting
• Maintenance
• Tree Risk Management or Removal
PlantingPlanting
• Arbor Day – First Friday in May
10
PlantingPlanting
• Arbor Day – First Friday in May• Right tree for the right place
PlantingPlanting
• Arbor Day – First Friday in May• Right tree for the right place
– Distance to buildings– Height to overhead lines or street lights– Fire hydrants– Distance to corner (sight)– Rooting volume– Soil type
PlantingPlanting
• Arbor Day – First Friday in May• Right tree for the right place• Stock types
– Bare root– Balled-and-burlap (B&B)– Potted– Container Grown– Machine planted
Bare-root stock
Balled & Burlap
Balled in Burlap
B & B
11
Container-grown Potted
Robert L. Anderson, USDA Forest Service
www.forestryimages.org
Tree movers (tree spades)
PlantingPlanting
• Arbor Day – First Friday in May• Right tree for the right place• Stock types• Planting – Water!
PlantingPlanting
• Arbor Day – First Friday in May• Right tree for the right place• Stock types• Planting – Water!
– Settle the tree in and remove air pockets
PlantingPlanting
• Arbor Day – First Friday in May• Right tree for the right place• Stock types• Planting – Water!
– Settle the tree in and remove air pockets– 1” caliper ~3 gallons/day– 2” caliper ~6 gallons/day
12
Note “berm” to keep water around tree PlantingPlanting
• Arbor Day – First Friday in May• Right tree for the right place• Stock types• Planting
– Depth
Keep “root collar”at the ground line
Keep “root collar”at the ground line
Planted too deep
PlantingPlanting
• Arbor Day – First Friday in May• Right tree for the right place• Stock types• Planting
– Depth– Circling (girdling) roots
13
Girdling roots especially prevalent with potted and container-grown trees
PlantingPlanting
• Arbor Day – First Friday in May• Right tree for the right place• Stock types• Planting
– Depth– Circling (girdling) roots– Staking for windfirmness
PlantingPlanting
• Arbor Day – First Friday in May• Right tree for the right place• Stock types• Planting
– Depth– Circling (girdling) roots– Staking– Mulching
Goals of Goals of mulchingmulching
• Decrease weed competition
14
Goals of Goals of mulchingmulching
• Decrease weed competition• Increase available water
Goals of Goals of mulchingmulching
• Decrease weed competition• Increase available water• Reduce potential mower damage
Goals of Goals of mulchingmulching
• Decrease weed competition• Increase available water• Reduce potential mower damage• Make it look pretty!
Properly mulched trees
15
Mulch volcano!
Don’t pile against trunk
PlantingPlanting
• Arbor Day – First Friday in May• Right tree for the right place• Stock types• Planting
– Depth– Circling (girdling) roots– Staking– Mulching– Fertilizing and amendments
MaintenanceMaintenance
MaintenanceMaintenance
• Pruning
MaintenanceMaintenance
• Pruning– Why?
• Remove dead, dying or diseased branches• Promote strong branch unions (U-shaped)• Improve line-of-sight• Control plant size and shape (branch location)• Control flowering and fruiting (horticulture)
16
Tight crotch (V-shaped)
Low strength
Prune when smallInsert picture of line-of-sight pruning needed
MaintenanceMaintenance
• Pruning– Why?– Types of cuts
• Heading
17
MaintenanceMaintenance
• Pruning– Why?– Types of cuts
• Heading• Thinning
Insert picture of a tree with good branch structure
Recommended