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Childhood study
Group-oriented
•Teamwork = strong group of friends
Individual oriented
•One-on-one talking (one or two best friends)
BOYS GIRLS
Gesture and Movement
As early as preschool, girls and boys exhibit body movements and gestures of their biological sex
Greater display of dominant gestures from males and a greater display of acquiescing gestures by females
Non-verbal communication
•Avoid direct eye-contact•Are still listening, although
they may not look directly at you•Misinterpret direct eye-
contact as confrontational or flirtatious
•Direct, face-to-face gaze•Used to focus on
connection•Misinterpret no eye-
contact as a sign of not listening
MEN WOMEN
Preening Behavior
Stroking one’s hair Fixing makeup Fixing clothes Looking in a mirror Leaving buttons open on shirts or
blouses Adjusting suit coats Pulling up socks Adjusting a tie
Actions of Appeal or Invitation
Cues such as rolling the pelvis, casting flirtatious glances, holding another’s gaze, crossing a leg to expose one’s thigh, showing one’s wrist or palm, and flexing muscles
Communication styles
Power relations Hierarchical Power based Direct Expressing concepts More frequent
interruptions
Solidarity Consensus-based Inclusion, sharing Indirect Expressive feelings Active listening
MEN WOMEN
Men communicate to establish social hierarchies
Women communicate to establish support circles
REPORT TALK RAPPORT TALK
Conversation Rituals
OPPOSITION
boys “play fight” playing Devil’s Advocate•used NOT to challenge but
rather to explore possibilities
Women misinterpret oppostion as:
indication of bad idea or mistake
personal attack
APOLOGY
“I’m not sorry I’m sorry”•means I’m sorry that
happened NOT a personal apology used as a transition in
conversation
Men misinterpret apology as:
disorganization incompetence
Conversation Rituals
MEN
use playful insults and teasing
related to the status dimension
WOMEN
use compliments related to the
connection dimension
Aggression
Men: Physical Women: Verbal
Mixed results
Men exceed women in physical aggression expressed toward same-sex peers and are slightly more verbally aggressive than women.
Evolutionary Psychology
Leadership is inherent in the male psyche
Has nature endowed men (more than women) with aggressive, competitive, controlling and status-seeking qualities?
Plausibility?
Lacking evidence of patriarchy in “simpler” societies calls many evolutionary psychology claims into question.
Predictors of EFFECTIVE leadership
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
•Male leaders could gain from more emphasis on the feminine aspects: warmth•Female leaders could gain from more
emphasis on the masculine aspects: assertiveness
The “Double Bind” for Women
Expectations for how an authority figure should speak is based upon men in authority.
If a woman is direct (masculine) she appears pushy or bossy.
If woman is indirect (feminine) she appears incompetent.
Study from 1974
Women who achieved success in male-dominated environments were at times likely to oppose the rise of other women.
Today
Far from nurturing the growth of younger female talent, they push aside possible competitors by chipping away at their self-confidence or undermining their professional standing.
It is a trend thick with irony: The very women who have complained for decades about unequal treatment now perpetuate many of the same problems by turning on their own.
“We are hard-pressed to think of a term comparable to ‘catfight’ that is regularly used to label conflict and competition between two men” (Sheppard & Aquino, 2013)
This perception may have actual impact on hiring/promotion of women
Quick tips
MEN
Give compliments more freely
Use praise to temper criticism
Asks for another‘s opinion to make them feel included
WOMEN
Be more dominant when giving orders
Giving Orders
DIRECT dictate orders not bossy or offensive
Women misinterpret direct orders as:
impoliteness overbearing
INDIRECT use strategies not to
appear bossy
•“could we do this…”•“do you think it’s
possible…”•“I would do it this way…”
Men misinterpret indirect approach as:
not being managerial easier to say “NO”
“There are two traits now that in the corporate world are the kiss of death: Intellectual arrogance and bullying” (Eagly & Carli, p. 39)
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