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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SANDHYA RAGA (MIRABILIS JALAPA. LINN) IN COMPARISON WITH MADHUSNUHI (SMILAX CHINA .LINN) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS VRANAROPANA PROPERTY-SHEHNA.S.R., Department of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, Alva’s Ayurveda Medical College, Moodbidri, Karnataka - 574 227
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SANDHYA RAGA(MIRABILIS JALAPA. LINN) IN COMPARISON WITH
MADHUSNUHI (SMILAX CHINA .LINN) WITH SPECIALREFERENCE TO ITS VRANAROPANA PROPERTY ’
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,BANGALORE, KARNATAKA
AS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR AWARDING THE DEGREE
OF
AYURVEDA VACHASPATI [M.D (Ay)]IN
Dravyaguna Vijnana
BY
SHEHNA.S.R.
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
Department of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna VijnanaAlva’s Ayurveda Medical College
Moodbidri, Karnataka - 574 227
2008
Prof.Dr.N.Viswanathan M.D. (Ay)
Guide & H.O.D
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,
Alva’s Āyurveda Medical College,
Moodbidri,
Karnataka.
Dr.Subrahmanya P. M.D.(Ay)
Co-Guide & Assistant Professor
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,
Alva’s Āyurveda Medical College,
Moodbidri,
Karnataka.
ALVA’S AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGEDEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN DRAVYAGUNA VIJNANA
MOODBIDRI, KARNATAKA
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled ‘EXPERIMENTALSTUDY OF SANDHYA RAGA (MIRABILIS JALAPA.LINN) INCOMPARISON WITH MADHUSNUHI (SMILAX CHINA.LINN) WITHSPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS VRANAROPANA PROPERTY’” is a
bonafide research work done by SHEHNA S.R., in partial fulfilment of
the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati - M.D. (Ay) in
Dravyaguna Vijnana of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,
Bangalore, Karnataka.
Prof.Dr.N.Viswanathan M.D. (Ay)
H.O.D.,
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,
Alva’s Āyurveda Medical College,
Moodbidri Moodbidri
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SANDHYA RAGA(MIRABILIS JALAPA. LINN) IN COMPARISON WITH
MADHUSNUHI (SMILAX CHINA .LINN) WITH SPECIALREFERENCE TO ITS VRANAROPANA PROPERTY
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,BANGALORE, KARNATAKA
AS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR AWARDING THE DEGREE
OF
AYURVEDA VACHASPATI [M.D (Ay)]IN
Dravyaguna Vijnana
BY
SHEHNA S.R.
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
Department of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna VijnanaAlva’s Ayurveda Medical College
Moodbidri, Karnataka - 574 227
2009
Prof.Dr.N.Viswanathan M.D. (Ay)
Guide & H.O.DDept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,
Alva’s Āyurveda Medical College,
Moodbidri
Dr.Subrahmanya P. M.D.(Ay)
Co-Guide & Assistant ProfessorDept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,
Alva’s Āyurveda Medical College,
Moodbidri
ALVA’S AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGEDEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN DRAVYAGUNA VIJNANA
MOODBIDRI, KARNATAKA
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation titled ‘EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ofSANDHYA RAGA (MIRABILIS JALAPA.LINN) IN COMPARISONWITH MADHUSNUHI (SMILAX CHINA.LINN) WITH SPECIALREFERENCE TO ITS VRANAROPANA PROPERTY’ submitted by
SHEHNA.S.R., in partial fulfillment for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati - M.D. (Ay)
in Dravyaguna Vijnana, of the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore,
is a record of research work done by her during the period of her study in this institute,
under our guidance and supervision and the dissertation has not previously formed
basis to the award of any degree, diploma, fellowship or other similar titles.
We recommend this dissertation for the above degree to the University for
approval.
Prof.Dr.N.Viswanathan M.D. (Ay)H.O.D.,
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,
Alva’s Āyurveda Medical College,
Moodbidri
Dr.Subrahmanya P. M.D.(Ay)Assistant Professor,
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,
Alva’s Āyurveda Medical College,
Moodbidri
Moodbidri
ALVA’S AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGEDEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN DRAVYAGUNA VIJNANA
MOODBIDRI, KARNATAKA
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this dissertation titled ‘EXPERIMENTALSTUDY OF SANDHYA RAGA (MIRABILIS JALAPA.LINN) INCOMPARISON WITH MADHUSNUHI (SMILAX CHINA.LINN) WITHSPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS VRANAROPANA PROPERTY’ is a
bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the
guidance of Prof.Dr.N.Viswanathan M.D. (Ay) and Dr.Subrahmanya P.
M.D.(Ay), Dept. of P.G. Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, Alva’s Āyurveda
Medical College, Moodbidri, Karnataka.
Moodbidri SHEHNA.S.R.P.G.ScholarDept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,Alva’s Āyurveda Medical College,Moodbidri.
ALVA’S AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGEDEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN DRAVYAGUNA VIJNANA
MOODBIDRI, KARNATAKA
ENDORSEMENT
This is to certify that the dissertation titled ‘EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OFSANDHYA RAGA (MIRABILIS JALAPA.LINN) IN COMPARISON WITHMADHUSNUHI (SMILAX CHINA.LINN) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCETO ITS VRANAROPANA PROPERTY’ is a bonafide research work done by
SHEHNA S.R. under the guidance of Prof.Dr.N.Viswanathan M.D. (Ay) and
Dr.Subrahmanya P. M.D.(Ay), Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,
Alva’s Āyurveda Medical College, Moodbidri, Karnataka.
Prof. Suresh Negalaguli M.D. (Ay.)
Dean
Post Graduate.Studies
Alva’s Āyurveda Medical College,
Moodbidri.
Prof.Lakshmeesh Upadhya M.D.(Ay.)
Principal,
Alva’s Āyurveda Medical College,
Moodbidri.
Moodbidri
COPYRIGHT
I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health
Sciences, Karnataka shall have all rights to preserve, use and
disseminate this dissertation in print or electronic format for academic
/ research purposes.
© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,Karnataka
Moodbidri SHEHNA.S.RP.G.ScholarDept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,Alva’s Ayurveda Medical College,Moodbidri,Karnataka – 574 227
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I solicit my deep and profound sense of respect to my rewarded guide
Prof. Dr.N.Viswanathan,M.D(Ay), H.O.D, Department of P.G.Studies in Dravya
guna Vjnana for his advise, motivational inspiration and ever encouraging constant
indefeasible guidance extended towards me through out this dissertation work
I sincerely express my deep sense of gratitude to my teacher and co-guide,
Dr.Subrahmanya P. M.D(Ay), Asst. Professor, Department of P.G.Studies in
Dravya guna for the magnitude of his dynamic and untiresome guidance
throughout the study.
I express my sincere gratitude to Prof.Dr. A.P.Haridasan., Dept. of
P.G.studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana , for his constructive suggestions and
meticulous guidance given from time to time while carrying out dissertation work
I offer my special thanks to Dr.Mohan Alva, Chairman, Alvas Education
Foundation for providing me an opportunity in his esteemed institution for Post
Graduation studies.
I wish to offer my sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Suresh Negalaguli, Dean of
Post Graduation studies , and Prof. Dr. Lakshmeeesh Upadhya, , Principal ,Alvas
Ayuveda Medical College ,for their encouragement and support.
I acknowledge with sincere thanks for the valuable guidance and kind co–
operation of Prof. Dr.Sethumadhava Murthy H.O.D, and Dr.Srikanth, Lecturer
Department of P.G.Studies in Dravya guna Vijnana , and authorities of S.D.M.
Educational Society for providing me all the requisite facilities to carry out the
animal experimentation work.
I express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Radhakrishna Rao MSc. PhD.
Visiting Professor, Dept. of Dravyaguna for his valuable guidance in the
pharmacognostical aspect and drug authentication of this work.
I express my sincere gratitude to Dr.T.S.Mahesh, Dr. Ravi Rao,
Dr.Vinod Joshi, and Dr.Sridevi, teaching staff , Dept. of Dravyaguna, for their
constructive suggestions and guidance given from time to time while carrying out
dissertation work.
I here acknowledge the valuble help and suggestions I have had discussing
my dissertation with Dr.Krishna Murthy and Dr.Prashanth.B.K Lecturers ,
Department of Bhaishajya kalpana.
I offer my special thanks to Mrs.Reshma, Statistician, Managalore, for her
valuable assistance during statistical analysis of result.
It is beyond the reach of my language as it is very difficult to find
appropriate words to express my sincere and hearty gratitude to my husband,
batch mate Dr.Suchith.M.S and my friend, classmate Dr.Subhasree.G.H for
being with me any time I needed help, moral support, during the miseries I faced
during the work and suggestions which helped me to pull through.
I am indebted to my other batch mates and my juniors and every one who
have helped me directly and indirectly during my dissertation work.
I am thankful to my parents, in laws and my brother for their love, blessings
and never ending support through out the span of my work and for being there for
me.
I am ever indebted to the God almighty for showering his blessings upon me
and for making my hurdles lighter so that I could complete my work satisfactorily.
Moodbidri Shehna.S.R.
CONTENTS
ABBREVATIONS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF DIAGRAMS
LIST OF GRAPHS
LIST OF IMAGES
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER. 1 INTRODUCTION 1-5
CHAPTER. 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
DRUG REVIEW- Madhusnuhi
Sandhyaraga
DISEASE REVIEW
Vrana
6-81
CHAPTER. 3 DRUG ANALYSIS 82-93
CHAPTER.4 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Materials
Methods
Grouping
94-98
CHAPTER.5 OBSERVATION AND RESULTS 99-148
CHAPTER.6 DISCUSSION 149-159
CHAPTER.7 CONCLUSION 160-161
CHAPTER.8 SUMMARY 162-163
LIST OF REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANNEXURE
ABBREVATIONS
A.H -Astanga Hridaya
A.P.I -Ayurvedic Pharmacopia of India.
A.S -Astanga Sangraha.
B.P.N -Bhavaprakasha Nighantu.
C -Control group.
C&C - Conservation and consumption, A study on crude drug trade
in threatened medicinal plants in Trivandrum district
Ch. -Charaka Samhita
Chi - Chikitsa sthana.
D.G.V -Dravya Guna Vinjana.
Eg/eg -Example.
EM -External MadhusnuhiES - External Sandhyaragagms -Grams.
i.e -That is.
I.M.P.K&B-Indian Medicinal Plants by Keerthikar and Basu
I.M.P.O.L - Indian Medicinal Plants, Published by Orient Longman
IEM -Internal external madhusnuhiIES -Internal External sandhyaragaIM -Internal MadhusnuhiIS -Internal SandhyaragaM.M.P - Materia Medica of Local Health Traditions of Payyannur
M.Ni -Madhava Nidana.
mg -MilliGrams
ml -milli litre.
mm2 -Millimeter Square.
Ni. -Nidana Sthana.
Pg -Page
R -Rat
S.D -Standard Deviation.
S.E -Standard Error.
S.Y -Sahasra Yogam
Sa.Ka.Dru -Shabda kalpa druma.
Sam. -Samhita.
Sl.No. -Serial Number.
Su .Chi -Susrutha samhitha .Chikitsasthana
Su -SuthrasthanaSu.Sam - Susrutha samhitha
U -Uttarathantraviz. - Namely
Vol -Volume
Y..R -Yoga Ratnakara.
% -Percentage.
& -And
LIST OF TABLES
Table
No.
Topic Page
No.
2.B.1 Classifications of NijaVrana 38
2.B.2 Classification of Vrana based on prognosis and treatment 41
2.B.3 Types of Agantuja Vrana 42
2.B.4 Vrana Adhishtanas 46
2.B.5 Vrana Lakshanas as per Susrutha Samhita 47
2.B.6 Vrana Lakshanas as per Charaka Samhita 49
3.1 Results of phytochemical analysis 89
4.1 Physical attributes 96
4.2. Group, Drug and Mode of Administration 98
5.1 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on
4th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)
99
5.2 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug A
(Madhusnuhi) groups on 4th post wounding day
100
5.3 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on
8th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)
100
5.4 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug A
(Madhusnuhi)groupson 8th post wounding day
101
5.5 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on
12th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)
101
5.6 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug A
(Madhusnuhi)groups on 12th post wounding day
102
5.7 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on
16th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)
102
5.8 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug A
(Madhusnuhi)groups on 16th post wounding day.
103
5.9 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on
4th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B ( Sandhyaraga)
103
5.10 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug B
(Sandhyaraga) groups on 4th post wounding day
104
5.11 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on
8th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B ( Sandhyaraga)
104
5.12 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug B
(Sandhyaraga) groups on 8th post wounding day
105
5.13 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on
12th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B (Sandhyaraga)
105
5.14 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug B
(Sandhyaraga) groups on 12th post wounding day
106
5.15 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm)
on16th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B
(Sandhyaraga)
106
5.16 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug B
(Sandhyaraga) groups on 16th post wounding d
107
5.17 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on
4th post wounding day of Control and Internal administration groups
of both Trial drug
107
5.18 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and Internal
administration groups of both Trial drugs on 4th post wounding day
108
5.19 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on8th
post wounding day of Control and Internal administration groups of
both Trial drugs
108
5.20 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and Internal
administration groups of both Trial drugs on 8th post wounding day.
108
5.21 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on
12th post wounding day of Control and Internal administration
groups of both Trial drugs:
109
5.22 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and Internal
administration groups of both Trial drugs on 12th post wounding
day
109
5.23 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on
16th post wounding day of Control and Internal administration
groups of both Trial drugs
109
5.24 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and Internal
administration groups of both Trial drugs on 16th post wounding
day
110
5.25 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on
4th post wounding day of Control and External administration
groups of both Trial drugs:
110
5.26 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and External
administration groups of both Trial drugs 4th post wounding day
111
5.27 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on
8th post wounding day of Control and External administration
groups of both Trial drugs
111
5.28 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and External
administration groups of both Trial drugs 8th post wounding day
112
5.29 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on
12th post wounding day of Control and External administration
groups of both Trial drugs
112
5.30 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and External
administration groups of both Trial drugs 12th post wounding day.
112
5.31 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on
16th post wounding day of Control and External administration
groups of both Trial drugs:
113
5.32 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and External
administration groups of both Trial drugs 16th post wounding day.
113
5.33 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on
4th post wounding day of Control and Combined Internal and
External administration groups of both Trial drugs
114
5.34 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and Combined
Internal and External administration groups of both Trial drugs 4th
post wounding day
114
5.35 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on
8th post wounding day of Control and Combined Internal and
External administration groups of both Trial drugs
115
5.36 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and Combined
Internal and External administration groups of both Trial drugs 8th
post wounding day
115
5.37 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on
12th post wounding day of Control and Combined Internal and
External administration groups of both Trial drugs
116
5.38 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the percentage of closure in
excision wound area of Control and Combined Internal and
External administration groups of both Trial drugs 12th post
wounding day
116
5.39 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm)
on16th post wounding day of Control and Combined Internal and
External administration groups of both Trial drugs
117
5.40 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and Combined
Internal and External administration groups of both Trial drugs 16th
post wounding day
117
5.41 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on
4th post wounding day of Control and all groups of Trial drugs
118
5.42 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the percentage of closure in
excision wound area of Control and all groups of Trial drugs on on
4th post wounding day of Control and all groups of Trial drugs
118
5.43 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on8th
post wounding day of Control and all groups of Trial drugs
119
5.44 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the percentage of closure in
excision wound area of Control and all groups of Trial drugs on 8th
post wounding day
120
5.45 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm)
on12th post wounding day of Control and all groups of Trial drugs
121
5.46 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and all groups of
Trial drugs on 12th post wounding day
121
5.47 Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm) on
16th post wounding day of Control and all groups of Trial drugs
123
5.48 interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative percentage
of closure in excision wound area of Control and all groups of
Trial drugs on 16th post wounding day
123
5.49 Comparison of period of epithelialization (in no. of days) between
Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)
125
5.50 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative period of
epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and Trial drug A
(Madhusnuhi)
125
5.51 Comparison of period of epithelialization (in no. of days) between o
Control and Trial drug B (Sandhyaraga)
126
5.52 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative period of
epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and Trial drug B
(Sandhyaraga)
126
5.53 Comparison of period of epithelialization (in no. of days) between
Control and Trial drugs internal administration groups
127
5.54 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative period of
epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and Trial drugs internal
administration groups :
127
5.55 Comparison of period of epithelialization (in no. of days) between
Control and Trial drugs external administration groups
128
5.56 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative period of
epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and Trial drugs External
administration groups:
128
5.57 Comparison of period of epithelialization (in no. of days) between
Control and Trial drugs combined internal and external mode of
administration groups
129
5.58 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative period of
epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and Trial drugs
combined internal and external mode of administration groups
129
5.59 Comparison of period of epithelialization (in no. of days) between o
Control and all groups of both Trial drugs
130
5.60 Interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparative period of
epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and all groups of both
Trial drugs
130
LIST OF DIAGRAMS
No. Topic Page No.
List of Graphs
5.1 Mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 4h post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A
(Madhusnuhi)
132
5.2 Mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 8h post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A
(Madhusnuhi)
132
5.3 Mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 12th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug
A (Madhusnuhi)
133
5.4 Mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 16h post wounding day of Control and Trial drug
A (Madhusnuhi)
133
5.5 Mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 4th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug
B ( Sandhyaraga)
134
5.6 Mean percentage closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 8th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug
B ( Sandhyaraga)
134
5.7 Mean percentage closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 12th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug
B ( Sandhyaraga)
135
5.8 Mean percentage closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 16th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug
B ( Sandhyaraga)
135
5.9 Mean percentage closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 4th post wounding day of Control and Internal
administration groups of both Trial drugs
136
5.10 Mean percentage closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 8th post wounding day of Control and Internal
administration groups of both Trial drugs
136
5.11 Mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 12th post wounding day of Control and Internal
administration groups of both Trial drugs
137
5.12 Mean percentage wounding day of Control and Internal
administration groups of both Trial drugs
137
5.13 Mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 4th post wounding day of Control and External
administration groups of both Trial drugs
138
5.14 Mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 8h post wounding day of Control and External
administration groups of both Trial drugs:
138
5.15 Mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 12h post wounding day of Control and External
administration groups of both Trial drugs:
139
5.16 Mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 16h post wounding day of Control and External
administration groups of both Trial drugs:
139
5.17 Mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 4th post wounding day of Control and Combined
Internal and External administration groups of both Trial
drugs
140
5.18 Mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 8th post wounding day of Control and Combined
Internal and External administration groups of both Trial
drugs
140
5.19 Mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on12th post wounding day of Control and Combined
Internal and External administration groups of both Trial
drugs
141
5.20 Mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 16th post wounding day of Control and Combined
Internal and External administration groups of both Trial
drugs
141
5.21 Mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 4th post wounding day of Control and all groups
of Trial drug A and B
142
5.22 Mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 8th post wounding day of Control and all groups
of Trial drug A and B
142
5.23 Mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 12th post wounding day of Control and all groups
of Trial drug A and B
143
5.24 Mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on 16th post wounding day of Control and all groups
ofTrial drug A and B
143
5.25 Mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area
(sq.mm) on every fourth day of Control and all groups of
Trial drug A and B
144
5.26 Mean period of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control
and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)
144
5.27 Mean period of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control
and Trial drug B (Sandhyaraga)
145
5.28 Mean period of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control
and Trial drugs internal administration groups
145
5.29 Mean period of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control
and Trial drugs external administration groups
146
5.30 Mean period of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control
and Trial drugs combined internal and external mode of
administration groups
146
5.31 Mean period of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control
and all groups of both Trial drugs
147
List of Images
2.1 Madhusnuhi. 35
2.2 Madhusnuhi-Inflorescence 35
2.3 Sandhyaraga 35
2.4 Sandhyaraga Inflorscence and fruit 35
2.5 Dry specimen of Madhusnuhi tuber 35
2.6 Dry specimen of Sandhyaraga tuber 35
3.1 Tuber of Sandhyaraga 84
3.2 T.S of Sandhyaraga tuber 84
3.3 Outer cork cells of Sandhyaraga tuber 84
3.4 Xylem bundles of Sandhyaraga tuber 84
4.1 Madhusnuhi Churna 97
4.2 Sandhyaraga Churna 97
5.1 Stages of Excision Wound Healing 148
ABSTRACT
Title:‘Experimental study of Sandhyaraga (Mirabilis jalapa.Linn) in
comparison with Madhusnuhi (Smilax china.Linn) with special reference to its
Vranaropana property’
Sandhyaraga, (Mirabilis jalapa Linn) is a common herb, tubers of which
have been sold in the market as an adulterant of Madhusnuhi (Smilax china
Linn.). On literary review it is seen that both drugs possess wound healing
property. So an investigation to bring out the wound healing property of the
plant Sandhyaraga and to compare its efficacy with that of Madhusnuhi is
sought.
The objectives of the study are to conduct scientific investigations on
Sandhyaraga viz; Pharmacognostical study ,Phytochemical studies ,study on
Pharmacological property (Rasa estimation) amd to evaluate the Vranaropana
(wound healing) property of Sandhyaraga in comparison with Madhusnuhi in
experimental animals(Morton and Malone -1972 methodology) and thus to find
out the most effective route of administration of both trial drugs .Albino rats
were the experimental model. 42 albino rats were selected and divided into 7
groups of 6 rats each. 3 groups were used for trial drug A and 3 for trial drug B
where one group being served as the control. Trial drug groups were
administered by the respective drugs internally, externally and in combined
internal and external form. Albino rats were wounded under aseptic conditions
using wound techniques suggested by Marton and Malone [1972]. Wound area
was measured by planimetry contraction percentage calculated and day of falling
of eschar was noted.The statistical values of three groups of both trial drugs were
compared with Control group.
The results conclude that the trial drugs Sandhyaraga and Madhusnuhi are
effective, safe and well tolerated in the treatment of excision wound and the
drugs can be used for human trial.
Key words: Madhusnuhi, Sandhyaraga, Adulteration, Comparison, Albino rats,
Excision wound, Planimetry, Wound healing.
Chapter-1 Introduction
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 1
INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda originated long back in pre-vedic period. Rigveda and Atharva-veda
(5000 years B.C.), the earliest documented knowledge have references on health and
diseases. Ayurveda is the science based up on principles like Panchamahabhuta,
Tridosha and Trisutras. Ayurveda considers every Dravya in the nature as Aushadhi.
Dravyaguna vijnana is a branch of Ayurveda, in which numerous herbal drugs
have been discussed in detail regarding their pharmacological & therapeutic aspects.
As the tradition of it spreads through out the country, various plants have been
mentioned for maintaining health and curing ailments.
Medicinal plants constitute a source of raw materials for both traditional
systems of medicine (e.g. Ayurveda, Chinese, Unani and Siddha) and modern
medicine. Most rural populations, especially in the under developed and developing
countries, depend on medicinal herbs as their main source of primary healthcare. Most
medicinal herbs are not fit for administration as such. Hence, preparations suitable for
administration are made according to the pharmacopeial directions known as
Kalpanas.
Some factors, which have led to the increased usage of plant materials as a
source of medicines for a wide variety of human ailments are – increased population,
inadequate supply of drugs, prohibitive cost of treatments, side effects and
development of resistance to isolated principles and their synthetic versions.
In Ayurvedic system, the crude plants are used in the preparation of medicines
by which the undesired side effects and resistance are not developed. But the isolation
and identification of the active principles and elucidation of the mechanism of action
Chapter-1 Introduction
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 2
of a drug is of paramount importance as far as the standardization point of view of
Ayurvedic drugs is concerned.
A drug is said to be adulterated if it does not meet the quality and purity
characteristics it is represented to possess or if sold under the name, which pertains to
another drug, or if it is imitation or a substitute for the other drug or resembling
another drug in a manner likely to deceive.
Different methods adopted for adulteration may be grouped as follows:
Substitution with inferior commercial varieties adulteration by artificially
manufactured substitutes, substitution by exhausted drugs, substitution by
superficially similar but cheaper natural substances, adulteration by addition of
worthless heavy materials, addition of synthetic principles and usage of vegetative
matter from the same plant.
Sandhyaraga, (Mirabilis jalapa Linn) is a common herb seen in western ghats and
coastal areas of Karnataka and Kerala. It has been noted that the tubers of the plant
have been sold in the crude drug market as an adulterant of Madhusnuhi (Smilax
china Linn.). The drug Madhusnuhi (Dweepantharavacha) has been mentioned in
Bhavaprakasa nighantu by Bhavamisra in Hareethakyadi varga as beneficial in
Phiranga roga . 1
Being a non classical drug Sandhyaraga is not found in ancient classical texts of
Ayurveda. References regarding Mirabilis jalapa Linn. as adulterant is obtained from
the research work viz‘Materia Medica of Local Health Traditions of Payyannur’ by E.
Unnikrishnan2 and ‘Conservation and consumption, A study on crude drug trade in
threatened medicinal plants in Trivandrum district’ by Parvathi Menon3. Several
Chapter-1 Introduction
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 3
references regarding ethnomedical practices of Sandhyaaga is mentioned in websites
which shows its medical importance.
So an investigation to bring out the medicinal property of the plant Sandhyaraga
if any, and to compare its efficacy with that of Madhusnuhi has become the need of
the day. References regarding medicinal property of Mirabilis jalapa Linn. especially
its wound healing property is mentioned in the text books – ‘Indian Materia Medica’
by K.M.Nadkarni and ‘Indian Medicinal Plants Vol. – III’ by Kirthikar.K.R. and
Basu.B.D. The references regarding its ethno medical practice in the disease Syphilis
and as a remedy for wound is also available.
The common property which was found to be claimed in both the drugs is
Vranaropana. In Ayurveda classical use of Madhusnuhi is mentioned in
Phirangaroga where Vrana is a symptom. Hence Vranaropana is the criteria selected
to compare the medicinal property of trial drugs.
Aims and objectives of the study are:
1. To conduct scientific studies on Sandhyaraga viz
a) Pharmacognostical study(.Both macroscopically and microscopically)
b) Phytochemical studies (test for alkaloids, tannins, saponins etc)
c) Study on Pharmacological property (Rasa estimation)
2. To evaluate the Vranaropana (wound healing) property of Sandhyaraga in
comparison with Madhusnuhi in experimental animals(Morton and Malone
[1972]methodology).
3. To find out the most effective mode of administration of both trial drugs .
Chapter-1 Introduction
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 4
Susuruta Samhita has explained Vrana, its complications and management in
detail. In the Vranitopasaneeya adhyaya4, he has explained that, “If the Raksha
Karma of Vrana is proper then the Nishachara’s leave the patient, same as the
Mrugaas (deer) run away from the jungle terrified by a lion.”
Sandhyaraga is a drug which was not described in Ayurvedic classics. Hence
it is a need to postulate Rasadi Gunas of the drug. So an attempt is made in the
present study to evaluate the Rasa of the drug Sandhyaraga.
A vast scope of research exists in the field of Ayurveda for the benefit of the
science and humanity at large. Hopefully, a number of scientists and experts working
in this field may help in achieving this goal.
Plan of the study
Chapter 1. Introduction part gives a general view on, Ayurveda Dravyaguna
Vijnana, need of the study and a brief outline of trial drugs , disease , and
experimental study
Chapter 2. Review of literature:An extensive collection regarding trial drugs and
disease is mentioned in this chapter
Chapter 3. Drug analysis part is where the pharmacognostical, phytochemical and
pharmacological analysis (regarding Rasa estimation)of drug Sandhyaraga
is explained.
Chapter-1 Introduction
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 5
Chapter 4. Experimental study is the chapter where materials and methods,
experimental procedure, grouping of experimental animals are explained
Chapter 5. Result: This section deals with the analysis of observation and
interpretations of statistical analysis.
Chapter 6. Discussion: Major findings and probable mode of action of drugs are
discussed here.
Chapter 7. Conclusion: The dissertation concludes with highlighting important
findings, further scope, limitations and recommendations of the study.
Chapter 8. Summary part summarises the study in a nutshell
Chapter-2 Review of Literature
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 6
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In Ayurveda, Dravya is one among the Padachatustaya. Dravya is
very important as the instrument for Chikitsa Siddhi. It has been told by Acharyas that
there is no Dravya which cannot be used as medicine because of its
Panchabhoutikatva. But in classical texts of Ayurveda only a limited number of plants
are considerd for the management of diseases. Even though plants possessing
medicinal properties are abundantly seen around us they are not being used as
medicine because they are not recommended by classical texts.
The present trial drugs are Madhusnuhi and Sandhyaraga.
Madhusnuhi is a drug mentioned in Bhavaprakasa samhita by Acharya Bhava Misra
around 15th century A.D. It is used effectively by the practitioners of Ayurveda for the
treatment of Phiranga, the outstanding symptom of which is Vrana. Hence it has been
decided to study for its Vranaropana (wound healing) property.
Sandhyaraga is a plant which is not mentioned in any Ayurvedic
classical texts.It is commonly found all over India especially in the valleys of Western
Ghats. Many crude drug sellers are using the tuber of this plant as an adulterant of
Madhusnuhi because of similar therapeutic property. It also possesses enormous
ethnomedical importance in the treatment of skin ailments and wound. The
informations received from traditional physicians this plant is having good curative
effect on ulcers, wounds, skin disease etc. Hence to verify the claims of traditional
Chapter-2 Review of Literature
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 7
physicians and drug sellers and with the informations received from world wide
ethnomedical uses of the plant5, this study has been undertaken to evaluate the
comparative efficacy of Madhusnuhi and Sandhyaraga for their Vranaropana
property in experimental animals and analyze it statistically.
PART-A
DRUG REVIEW
MADHUSNUHI (SMILAX CHINA.LINN)
Ayurvedic Review of the Plant
The drug Madhusnuhi is commonly known as Chopacini. It is grown in China and
Japan. Probably this plant might have been brought to India during 15th century A.D
in order to treat syphilis (Phiranga). Hence there is no much reference about the drug
in the ancient classical texts. This drug is first found mentioned and explained in
Bhavaprakshanighantu. It is not found in earlier nighantus like Astanga nighantu,
Dhanvanthari nighantu, Raja nighanu etc. But it is found explained extensively in
text books of later period.
SYNONYMS 6,7,8
The description about medicinal plants in Ayurvedic texts is in a simple and
informative pattern, i.e. through the synonyms. The ancient Taxonomy is designed for
communicating about the plant both morphologically and pharmacologically.
Chapter-2 Review of Literature
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 8
Madhusnuhi- Snuhivat thekshnasodhanadigunayukthamapi madhuram. (It
possess aall the pharmacological properties of snuhi,but it is madhura rasa) 9
Dveepantharavaca- Dweepantharath aagatham idam vacha sadrusham
kandham. (The rhizome was first brought from Java nd Sumatra islands to india)
Susnuhi
Subhachini
Chopachini
Sumuulika
Dwipautra
Vaca
ROOPA VIJNANA10
It is a tuber possessing nodes on them yellowish white colored, taut, possessing
Madhura rasa and leaves like Aswagandha.
GANA /VARGA
Bhavaprakasa nighantu - Haritakyadi varga
Nighantu Adarsa - Lashunadi varga
Saligrama nighantu - Haritakyadi varga
Priya nighantu - Satapushpadi varga
Chapter-2 Review of Literature
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 9
GUNA-KARMA11,12,13
Rasa : Tiktha
Guna : Laghu,Ruksha
Virya : Ushna
Vipaka : Katu
Doshaghnatha : Vataharam ,Tridosahara
Karma : Sothahara,Sukrasodhaka, Deepana, Mutrala,Raktasodhaka,Rasayana
Tridosahara, Varnya, Vedanasthapana, ,Nadeebalya, Anulomana,
Svedajanana. Tarunyatha, Poushtiki, Garbhaprada
Vyadhighnatha:Angagraha,Upadamsha, Kateegraha, Urustambha, Rajayaksma,
Vrana, Gandamaala,Netraroga,SarvangavaataKampavaata,
Kubjavaata, Rakta vikara,Rakta dushti, Phiranga, Shodha, Klaibya,
Sukra vikara, Agni mandya, Adhmana, Udarashoola, Krimiroga,
Mootravikara,Pooyamootra, Sandhivikara, Sandhishodha, Jadya,
Kushta, Dourbalya, Unmaada, Apasmara,VaatavyadhiPakshaghatha,
Amavaata
PRAYOGA
In Upadamshaja sandhigatavaata, decoction of Ushava and Copacini is mixed
with honey and taken internally.14
In Phiranga, powder of Copacini with honey shall be taken while keeping on salt
free diet.15
Decoction of fresh roots is used in veneral complaints and sores.
Chapter-2 Review of Literature
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 10
It is used in India like sarsaparilla as a depurative, alterative, antisyphilitic and
aphrodisiac in the form of decoction which is prepared by boiling 2 ounces of root in
one pint of water till the water is reduced to ten ounce. It is useful in rheumatism,
epilepsy, insanity and syphilis.16
MATHRA (DOSE): 17
Dose of a drug is an important factor for achieving desired therapeutic effect. The
dose is decided or fixed according to the condition of the disease with respect to its
stage, the age of the patient, the structure of the patient, the body weight, etc. It also
depends on the potency of the drug, mode of action and also the form of application
like Churna, Kwatha, etc. The usual dose of this drug is 3-6 gms of Churna as per
Ayurvedic Pharmacopeae of India.
VISISHTA YOGAS
Chukkuthippalyadi Kashayam18
Pavukashayam18
Madhusnuhi rasayana18
Chopachini paka19
FORMULATIONS IN OTHER SYSTEMS20
Parangi pattai choornam
Parangi rasayanam
Parangipattai pathangam
Chapter-2 Review of Literature
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 11
NISHEDHA
One should abstain from Madya, Taila, Kanjika, Shaaka, Kshara, Amla,
Lavana and Tikta Bhojana.21
REVIEW OF MODERN LITERATURE OF SMILAX CHINA.LINN
History 22
The drug Smilax china was introduced into Goa from China about
A.D.1535.Previous to this date it was not noticed by any of the Mahometan
physicians. The Portugese, how ever, appear to have lost no time in carrying it to their
factories in Persia, as it was mentioned, a few years after its introduction into Goa, by
Mir –Immad_ed-din Mahmud of Shiraz, Mirza Kazi of Yezd, andMir MuhMMead
Hashim of Teheran. In 1669 it was described as a well known drug in the Tuhfat-el-
muminin under the name of Chub-chini (Chinese wood) in Arabic Khasab -es –
sini.The author of theMahzan el Adwiya has a long article upon its medicinal
virtues. He also notices particularly the variable appearances of different samples of
the drug, and directs that what is heavy, of a rosy colour, free from knots is to be
selected. He tells us that fresh root is some times brought to India; some of this he
planted at Moorshedabad (A.H.1178); it produced a climbing stem with small
elongated leaves, not unlike bamboo; after a years time he dug it up , but found that
the roots degenerated and did not retain the qualities of the China article. Chubchini is
considered by these writers to be anti-rheumatic anti-syphilitic, aphrodisiacal, and
demulcent. Loureiro says of it, “valet in quibusquunque doloribus vagis, veneris, aut
rheumaticis”
Chapter-2 Review of Literature
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 12
Ainslie (Mat.Ind.,i.,70)notices its use in southern India as an anti-syphilitic and as
a remedy of much repute in a disease called maygum vaivoo, in which the limbs are
stiff and contracted. He also states on the authority of the AbbeRochon (voyage to
Madagascar and East indies, London, 1792) that “the Chinese often eat the root
instead of rice, and that it contributes to make them lusty.” Roxburgh states that the
Smilax glabra ,a native of Sylhet and of the adjacent Garrow country, where it is
called Hurina -shook- China , has large tuberous roots, not to be distinguished by the
eye from the China root and that the natives of the country use a decoction of the
fresh root for the cure of sores and venereal complaints(Flora Indica). This plant also
grows in China and affords some of the china-root of commerce. (Trimen’s Journ.of
Bot.,i.,102)
The reported good effects of China root on the Emperor Charles.V. who was
suffering from gout acquired for the drug a great celebrity in Europe, and several
works were written in praise of its virtues. But though its powers were soon found to
be over-rated, it still retained some reputation as a sudorific and alternative, and was
much used at the end of the 17th century in the same way as sarsaparilla. It still retains
its place in some pharmacopoeias. (Pharmacographia).In the East the Chub-chini is
still as highly esteemed as it ever was , and the China trade Returns show a steady
yealy increase in the quantity shipped from Southern China
Taxonomy
Kingdom - Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom - Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision - Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Chapter-2 Review of Literature
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 13
Division - Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class - Liliopsida – Monocotyledons
Subclass - Liliidae
Order - Liliales
Family - Smilacaceae – Catbrier family
Genus - Smilax L. – greenbrier
Species - china L. – China root
Vernacular names 23
Arab -Kasbussini,Kashabchinae, Aslussini
Bengali -Thopchini, Kumarika, Harna shukhochina
Chinese -Too-fup,
English -China-root,Bamboo Briar root
Gujarathi -Chopchini
Hindi -Chobchini,Thopchini
Japanese -Too-Puf
Kannada -Chinipavu,Neerubetta balli
Malayalam -Chenapavu,Cheenapairu,
Marathi -Chobchini
Persian -Chob-chinae
Punjabi -Chobchini
Sanskrit -Dveepantharavaca,Chopchini,Madhusnuhi
Sinhala -China alla
Chapter-2 Review of Literature
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 14
Tamil -Parankichekkai, Parankipatte, Shukchina, Paringay
Telugu -Pirangichekka,Gali-chekka
FAMILY CHARACTER23
LILIACEAE
Herbs (very rarely shrubs or small trees) with fibrous roots, or a creeping root
stock, or a bulb or corm. Leaves various. Flowers usually hermaphrodite, axillary or
terminal, solitary, or twin, or umbellate, spicate, racemose, paniculate, or fasciculate ;
bracts usually small, scarious, sometimes, whwn the flowersa are umbellate, spathe
like. Perianth herbaceous or petaloid, usually 6-merous in two series, imbricate (rarely
valvate) in bud. Stamens 6 (rarely 3 or fewer), hypogynous or adnate to the perianth ;
filaments free or connate ; anthers oblong or linear, often dorsifixed, usually dehiscing
longitudinally. Ovary 3 celled ; ovules 2 or more from the inner angles of the cells,
anatropous (rarely orthotropus) ; style usually simple, often long (rarely short or 0), or
styles 3. Fruit a capsule or berry, usually 3 – (rarely 1- ) celled. Seeds 1 or more,
globose or flattened ; albumin horny or fleshy ; embryo small, terete. Genera 250.
Species 2,700. Cosmopolitan.
GENUS CHARACTER
SMILAX.Linn
Climbing shrubs (rarely erect herbs). Leaves alternate (rarely opposite), persistent,
3-7 nerved, reticulately veined ; petiole usually with 2 tendrils above its base. Flower
small, umbellate, dioecious. Perianth of 6 free, usually incurved or recurved, subequal
segments. Male flowers : stamens 6 or more, inserted at the base of the perianth ;
Chapter-2 Review of Literature
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 15
filaments erect, free long or short ; anthers oblong, 2 celled, didymous, with
contiguous cells or with cells discrete by a forking of the connective. Pistillode 0.
Female flowers: staminodes 3 or 6, filiform. Ovary 3 celled, 3-gonous ; ovules 1-3 in
each cell;, orthotropous, pendulous ; style short or 0 ; stigmas 3, stout, recurved. Fruit
a globose berry. Seed solitary, or more often 2. , hemispheric, rarely 3; albumen
horny; embryo small, Species 210, Tropics and subtropics.
HABIT , HABITAT and DISTRIBUTION
Habit
It is a thorny climbing shrub with good vegetation with tendrils. It ia having
smallwhite flowers whichIt is in flowers in May, and the seeds ripen in October. The
plant is not self-fertile.
Habitat
Forests, thickets, hillsides, grassy slopes, shaded places along valleys or streams
from near sea level to 2000 metres. The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy)
and heavy (clay) soils. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can
grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It requires moist soil.
Distribution
Assam, Khasi and Garo hills, Japan,China
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF SMILAX CHINA.LINN
Root : The tubers which are formed on the fibrous root of the plant, are of shape and
size of an elongated kidney potato, some what flattened, knotty, covered with a rusty
Chapter-2 Review of Literature
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 16
coloured bark, some times smooth and shining, sometimes rough, internally their
substance is of a pinkish white colour ,hard and farinaceous, insipid, mucilaginous
and inodorous
Stem: It is a climbing shrub with slender branchlets,
Leaf: Terete smooth unarmed leaves rather than 7.5 to 15cm by3.2 to 5.7cm ,elliptic
or ovate lanceolate, acuminate,3 costate to the rounded or cuneate base ,petiole 13.5
to17mm,narrowly sheathing, unarmed sheath 8 to17mm.longaxillary;cirrhi very
slender.
FlowersUmbels subsessile,many flowerd;peduncle ebractat;pedcels t8 mm;bracteoles
subulat;flowrs very small, white,buds depressed globose,deeply 6lobed from the
goove on the back othe obovate cucullate cornaceous sepals;minute petalsstamens
very short;staminoids in female flowers.
MICROSCOPIC CHARACTER OF TUBERS OF SMILAX CHINA.LINN24
The bark consists of thick walled dark brown brick shaped cells, which contains
bundles of crystalline needles and resinous matter. The bulk of the tuber is made up of
a parenchyma, the cells of which are large and have a radiate hilum .The vascular
system is scalariform and is associated with porous wood cells.
CULTIVATION & PROPAGATION25
Seed – sown on March in a warm greenhouse. This method probably refers to the
tropical members of the genus, seeds of plants from cooler areas seem to require a
period of cold stratification, some species taking 2 or more years to germinate. Seeds
of temperate species are sown in a cold frame as soon as they are received . Seeds are
Chapter-2 Review of Literature
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 17
obtained as soon as they are ripe .When the seedlings eventually germinate, they are
pricked out into individual pots when they are large enough to handle and grow them
on in the greenhouse for at least their first year, though normally in pots for 2 years.
They shall be planted out into their permanent positions in early summer. Division in
early spring as new growth begins. Larger divisions can be planted out direct into
their permanent positions. It is found out best to pot up the smaller divisions and
grow them on in a lightly shaded position in a cold frame, planting them out once they
are well established in the summer. The flowers are dioeciou, so both male and female
plants must be grown if seed is required
PHYTOCHEMISTRY26
Root contain fat ,sugar glucoside, colouring matter, saponin, gum and starch.
Aproximate analysis the air dried drug afforded :
Ether extract (fat) …………………… 0.33
Alchoholic extract(sugar, glucoside)……… 1.72
Aqueous extract (sugar, gum )……..… 6.79
Crude fibre……………………………… 13.79
Ash………………………………………….1.47
Moisture……………………………………. 6.10
Starch (by difference)…………………… 69.80
100.00
The root contained no alkaloid, but the alcoholic extract contained a glucoside and
a colouring matter which gave an olive-green tint with ferric chloride, but no
precipitate with gelatine. With soda it afforded a deep red colour, and was precipitated
from the solution by neutral plumbic acetate. The sugar present abundantly reduced
Fehling’s test without previous inversion. The amount of ash, consisting of all
alkaline salts is very small.
Chapter-2 Review of Literature
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 18
IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENGTH27
Foreign matter -Not more than 2 per cent,.
Total Ash -Not more than 0.6 per cent.
Acid-insoluble ash -Not more than 0.006per cent
Alcohol-soluble extractive -Not less than 0.8 per cent
Water-soluble extractive -Not less than 5 per cent
THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY (T.L.C.)
T.L.C. of the alcoholic extract on precoated Silica gel 'G' plate (0.2 mm thick)
using Toluene : Ethyl acetate : Methanol (10 : 10 : 4) as mobile phase and on spraying
with Anisaldehyde-Sulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate at 1050C for ten
minutes ten spots appear at Rf. 0.09 (dark green), 0.17 (violet), 0.21 (dirty yellow),
0.26 (grey), 0.32 (yellow), 0.48, 0.55 and 0.58 (all violet), 0.73 (greenish blue) and
0.77 (violet).
THERAPEUTIC USES28
Apart from the classical texts the other valuable sources for Dravya Guna
Vignana like Indian medicinal plants ,The Indian Materia Medica, etc have given the
elaborate usage of Smilax china as follows
Aphrodisiac in the form of decoction (1 in 10 or 2 ounces in a pinch of water and
boiled down and reduced to 5) dose- 1 ounce thrice daily.
It is boiled with milk to which Mastaki, cardamoms and cinnamons are added and
taken internally, in Rheumatism, gout, epilepsy, Chronic nervous disease, Cachexia,
Seminal weakness and Constitutional Syphilis.
Chapter-2 Review of Literature
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 19
It is used along with Anathamool, and other drugs of reputed efficacy in syphilis
and rheumatism.
In Unani system it is indicated in syphilis, leprosy, kidney and bladder diseases,
paralysis, headache, convulsions etc
ADULTERATION
China root is used in India to some extent like sarasaparilla.28
Tubers of Mirabilis jalapa, (naalumani) are used as an adulterant of
Smilax china ( Cheenappavu).29,30
Smilax china is adulterated with Smilax pseudochina and Pachyma cocos. 31
SANDHYARAGA(MIRABILIS JALAPA.LINN)
Traditional use of medicinal plant is very important to researchers. If a plant has
been used in a specific way for a specific purpose for many years and in many
different geographical areas, there is probably a reason for it. Science that deals with
the study of such traditionally used plants is called Ethnobotany. This branch of
science help scientist to do research and study them scientifically. All indigenous
systems have originally discovered the medicinal uses of plant derived drugs from
such traditional practice and experience. Sandhyaraga is such a drug which has very
much ethnobotanical relevance.
AYURVEDIC REVIEW OF THE PLANT
Sandhyaraga is a drug which is not mentioned in classical texts of ayurveda.
According to some authors a reference is seen in Rajanighantu32 in Karaveeradi
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Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 20
varga about a plant called Trisandhya33 Gosh (probably the name is due to the reason
that it flowers in the evening). But in later text books such references are not seen. In
Bhavaprakasha Nighantu the plant Trisandhya has been equated to Japapushpa34.
PARYAYA
Krishnakeli35
Sandhyaraga 36 (Sandhyaya iva rago asya)
Sandhyakali
Trisondi 37
Krishnakali ‘Swanaama khyate pushpa pradhane vrukshe’38
REVIEW OF MODERN LITERATURE OF MIRABILIS JALAPA. LINN
HISTORY39
Five varieties of the plant , Mirabilis jalapa, with white red ,yellow ,red& white
,red and yellow flowers were introduced from West Indies in 1596 and must have
been carried by the Portuguese to the east shortly afterwards , as the plant is said to
have been introduced into Persia in the reign of Shah Abbas the first , and was
established on the Malabar coast Van Rheede.It was at time supposed to produce the
Jalap of commerce. M.Jalapa has been given the Sanskrit name Sandhyakali,or
“evening flower “ but is best known by its Persian name Gul A’bbas or “flower of
Abbas”; it is a favorite flower or Persians, who cultivate it in ornamental flower pots.
The Arabs call it Shab-el-leili which is evidently a translation of the French “belle de
nuit”; it is the “Fula quodrahoras” or “four o’clock” flower of the Portuguese as its
flower open at the hour in the after noon.
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BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND CLINICAL RESEARCH40
The plant and root have demonstrated other biological activities in addition to the
antiviral actions of the Mirabilis Anti-viral Protiens. In 2001, researchers found new
phenolic compounds in clavillia which demonstrated in vitro action against the yeast
Candida albicans. A hot water extract of the flower, leaf, and root of clavillia has
shown antifungal activity in another in vitro study. Other research on the leaf and
branches of clavillia did not confirm any antimicrobial actions; therefore, these
properties are probably attributed only to the root of the plant. In early research, the
root of the plant (in water and ethanol extracts) also demonstrated mild uterine
stimulant actions in rats, and antispasmodic actions in guinea pigs.
TAXONOMY
Kingdom - Plantae -- Planta, plantes, plants, Vegetal
Subkingdom - Tracheobionta -- vascular plant
Division - Magnoliophyta , Angiospermes, angiosperms, flowering plants,
phanérogames, plantes à fleurs, plantes à fruits
Class - Magnoliopsida -- dicots, dicotylédones, dicotyledons
Subclass - Caryophyllidae
Order - Caryophyllales
Family - Nyctaginaceae (four o'clocks, nyctaginacées)
Genus - Mirabilis L. ( four o'clock, four-o'clock
Species - Mirabilis jalapa L. -- common four o'clock, common four-o'clock,
marvel of Peru, marvel-of-Peru
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COMMON NAMES:40
Clavillia,
Four-o’clocks
Marvel of peru
VERNACULAR NAMES 40,41,42,43.
Africans -Vieruurbom
Arabic -Shahelleilli, Zahrulajl
Assamese -Godhuligopal
Bengal -Gulabas, Krishnakeli, Krishnokeli
Bombay -Gubhaji, Gulabbas
Burma -Mizubin, Myoezu
Canarese -Chandramallige, Gulamaji, Madhyahnamallige,Sanjamallige,
Sanjimallige
Catalan -Diego de noche, Don Diego de noche, Juan de noche,
Don Juan de noche
Chinese -Tche Kia Hoa
Deccan -Gulabash
English -Four o’clock flower, Marvel of peru, Clavillia
Fanti -Guaamboroba,Sankani
French -Belle de nuit, Fleur admirable, Herbe triste, Faux jalap, Jasmin
rouge, Merveille du Perou, Nyctage, Nyctage fauxjalap,
French Guiana -Belle de nuit, Herbe de quatre heures
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Ga -Dmaidzi edzwai forfori
German -Abendblume
Gujarathi -Gubbaji
Hindi -Gulabbas, Gulabash, Guleaabbas
Hova -Vanimpolera, Voampoleri, Vonimpolera
Konkani -Akasamugri
Lareunion -Belle de nuit
Malayalam -Anthimalari, Anthimantharam
Northwestern provinces -Gulbansa
Oriya -Rangai
Persian -Guleabbas, Guliaabbas
Philippines -Diego de noche, Maravillas, Oricion, Suspiros
Punjab -Abasi , Gulabbas
Sanskrit -Krishnakeli, Sandhyakali
Sinhalese -Sendrikka, Sindrikagaha
Spanish -Don diego de noche, Don juan de noche, Maravilla de noche,
Trompetilla
Synd -Abhasie
Tagalog -Gilalas, Guilalas
Tamil -Andhimalligai, Pattarachi,Pattarashu
Telugu -Batharachi, Bhadrakshi, Chandrakantha, Chandramallige,
Twi -Nnonnannhwiran
Urudu -Guleabbas
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FAMILY CHARACTER44
NYCTAGINACEAE
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves usually opposite, entire; stipules 0. Flowers
hermaphrodite (rarely unisexual), regular, sometimes dimorphous ; inflorescence
various; bracts often involucrate, free or connate. Perianth monosepalous, usually
small, petaloid; tube persistent, enveloping the fruit ; limb 3-5 lobed, persistent or
decidous, the lobes plicate in bud. Stamens 1-30, hypogynous, sometimes unilateral ;
filaments small, unequal, inflexed in bud ; anthers included or exserted, dorsifixed,
didymous. Ovary one celled, free, ovule solitary, basal, erect; style filiform, involute
in bud,; stigma small; simple or multifid. Fruit membranous, indehiscent,, enclosed in
a coriacceous perianth tube . seed erect; testa adherent; albumin soft or foury; embryo
straight with convolute cotyledons or incurved; radicle inferior. Genera-20. Species-
160. Mostly tropical and especially in America.
GENUS CHARACTER
MIRABILIS .Linn
Herbs often with tuberous roots and medium sized or somewhat large flowers
clustered on the branches of large leafy panicles, each or clusters of 2-10 surrounded
by a calyx like involucre of 4-5 connate bracts. Perianth brightly colored, salver –
shaped to campanulate. Stamens 3-5, rarely 6 somewhat exserted. Nut ellipsoid or
obpyramidal, often ribbed or rugose. Cotyledons large sub orbicular on germination.
Species 25. tropical American. Mirabilis jalapa Linn. Is used medicinally in
Philippine islands, La Reunion, Guiana ; Mirabilis dichotoma Linn. in Brazil ;
Mirabilis dichotoma Linn. and Mirabilis longiflora Linn in tropical America.
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HABIT, HABITAT and DISTRIBUTION OF MIRABILIS JALAPA. LINN45
HABIT
It is a perennial herb growing upto 0.6m. It flowers from July to Oct, and the fruits
ripen from August to October. The scented flowers are hermaphrodites. Four o’
clocks are grown as annuals in cool regions.
HABITAT
Culture – Fast growing four o’ clocks are easy to grow and essentially trouble free,
thriving mostly in any soil.
Light - four o’ clocks do best in full sun but also perform well in partial shade.
Moisture - regular garden moisture, reduced watering in winter. It is planted for
ornamental purposes in gardens, houses, and along railway lines, exotic, cultivated for
beautiful flowers of variegated colors.
DISTRIBUTION46
It was officially botanically recorded in 1753 although it already had been
distributed as an ornamental plant throughout the tropics of the world. There is some
disagreement about where it came from originally: Mexico, Chile, or India. Today,
clavillia is naturalized throughout the tropics of South America, Latin America,
France, and India. In Brazil the plant is known as clavillia, maravilha, or bonina; in
Peru it is known as jalapa or maravilla. Hybrids of clavillia can be found in nurseries
throughout the U.S. where they are sold as ornamental landscape plants.
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MORPHOLOGICAL CHARECTERS OF MIRABILIS JALAPA. LINN
A well known herbaceous dichotomous plant 1 metre high with large
perennial tuberous roots, rather fleshy stems and cordate leaves.
Root of young plants is cylindrical above and tapering below, but in old plants, it
becomes napiform or subrotund. The external surface is dark brown and marked with
numerous circular rings. Internally it is dirtywhite or grayish in transverse section
presenting concentrate rings of a darker color, it shows numerous acicular crystals
when magnified. When dry, very old roots become hard, compact and heavy and
deepen in color, but younger roots are of a leathery consistence.47
Stem: dichotomous branching,Fleshy stems,purplish coloured,which thickens at the
node48
Leaves -Simple,opposite, reticulate venation, entire margin,acute and cordate, ovate
with acuminate tip, smooth and of dark green color leaf blade 5.1-6.3cm long
petiolate, petiole 2.5-3.8cm long and exstipulate.
Flowers usually purple but very numerous colors (white, yellow to crimson, often
striped or blotched )are found and the perianth is sometimes variegated. There is only
one flower (Solitary)to the involucre in this species, which latter therefore is apt to be
mistaken for a calyx.49 Flowers brilliant, elongate, fragrant, long tubular flowers
opening in the evening borne in clusters among the leaves at the end of branches.
Slender tube 4 to 5 cm, widening abruptly to a wide limit with rounded petal like
lobes spreading 3-4cm across, perianth –undivided terminally incised.
Fruits –Achenes, black, muricated rough resembling black pepper.
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CULTIVATION & PROPAGATION
They succeed in almost any ordinary garden soil, prefers a fertile well-drained soil
in full sun or part day shade. Plant seeds in early spring or divide tubers any time. If
large black seeds are soaked in water overnight before planting they will germinate
quicker. tuber can also be dug up at the end of the season and replant it next spring.
Four o'clocks will self seed.
PHYTOCHEMISTRY50,51,52
This plant contains alanine, alpha amyrins, arabinose, beta amyrines, campesterol,
daucosterol and dopamine. (ref. from – Antibacterial activity of some selected Indian
medicinal flora)
The roots are collected in July, cut into slices, exposed to warm air, and then
reduced to powder and desiccation completed at 100o C. the fresh roots dried over
sulphuric acid lost 81.136 % in wweight ; the ash amounted to 6.135% and was free
from manganese.
The proximate analysis was made with the powdered roots dried at 1000 C and
was conducted according to Dragendroff’s plan with the following results.
Light petroleum ether extract - 0.580%
Ether extract, soluble in water - 0.09%
Ether extract, soluble in alcohol - 0.222%
Residue insoluble in water or alcohol - 0.02% - 0.340%
Absolute alcohol extract - 3.040%
Aqueous extract containing glucose - 1.6%
Saccharose or allied carbohydrate - 7.97%....30.62%
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The petroleum ether extract was soft and pale yellowish in color, not crystalline
and without any special odour. It consisted of wax and pale yellow oil soluble in
absolute alcohol with neutral reaction.
The ethereal extract was soft and yellowish. The portion soluble in water had an
acid reaction but gave no coloration with ferric chloride. Acidulated with sulphuric
acid, a slight precipitate was afforded with Mayer’s reagent. The residue of the
ethereal extract soluble in alcohol was also yellowish, soft and on standing became
indistinctly crystalline. Treated with water acidulated with Sulphuric acid, it gave no
alkaloidal reactions; with alkalies on gently warming, it was slightly soluble with
pale yellow coloration, the color being destroyed by acids and whitish flocks
precipitated.
The alcoholic tincture of the roots was of a port wine color and the extract of a
deep orange tint. In water part was soluble with acid reaction and afforded a
precipitate with alkaloidal reagents. The extract was treated with ammonia in which
the greater part dissolved affording a dirty brownish red solution and the solution
agitated with ether- the ethereal extract amounted to 0.384% and contained a small
amount of alkaloid with much coloring matter. An attempt was made to purify the
alkaloid by reagitating this extract from an acid solution with ether, and then
neutralizing and again agitating with ether; an unweighable amount of alkaloid was,
however obtained. No special color reactions of the alkaloid were observed. An
alkaline solution of the alcoholic extract was only slightly precipitated by acids,
solution remaining dark colored. The aqueous extract contained 1.6% of glucose
calculated on the roots dried at 1000 C. after boiling with dilute sulphuric acid, a
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Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 29
second determination with Fehling’s solution was made, and the result calculated as
Saccharose which was equivalent to 7.97%.
In order to determine whether the plant had any injurious properties, the alcoholic
extract from 10gms of the dried and pounded roots was mixed with a few drops of
ammonia and water and injected into a cat’s stomach; the cat vomited once but was
not otherwise inconvenienced.
Four new miraxanthins- I,II,III and IV isolated from flowers and charectarised;
Indica xanthin and Vulga xanthin – I also isolated.
As recorded in Rainforest Database chemical analysis of clavillia shows that it is
rich in many active compounds including triterpenes, proteins, flavonoids, alkaloids,
and steroids. Of particular interest to researchers is a group of amino acid-based
proteins, called mirabilis antiviral proteins (MAPs). These chemicals have shown
specific antiviral and antifungal actions. They are produced in the seeds, roots, and
young shoots, and help the plant protect against various plant viruses and soil-borne
fungi. In 1994, a Japanese tobacco company was awarded a U.S. patent on the MAPs
in clavillia as being effective in protecting economically-important crops (such as
tobacco, corn, and potatoes) from a large variety of plant viruses (such as tobacco
mosaic virus, spotted leaf virus and root rot virus). Researchers in Hong Kong
isolated another MAP in the roots of clavillia with the same antiviral actions, and also
noted, "The MAP demonstrated to possess abortifacient [abortion-causing] activity in
pregnant mice, inhibitory effects on cell-free protein synthesis, and antiproliferative
effects on tumor cells." The MAPs found in clavillia have shown to inhibit cellular
processes in viral cells.
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Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 30
The highest concentration of MAPs is found in the seeds of the plant, followed by
the roots, then leaves. The seeds, however, are a significant source of other peptide
chemicals with actions similar to the neurotoxic peptides found in spider venom.
These peptides are in the same classification as (and act similarly to) another
plant-derived toxic peptide, ricin (now being employed as a biological weapon). As
compared with ricin, though, clavillia's peptides are only about 1/30th as toxic.
Because of this toxicity, though, the seeds are not generally used in herbal medicine
systems (despite researchers' documentation of the significant antimicrobial actions
attributed to them).
Clavillia's main chemicals include: alanine, alpha-amyrins, arabinose, beta
amyrins, betalamic acid, betanin, brassicasterol, beta-sitosterols, 2-carbosyarabinitol,
campesterol, daucosterol, d-glucan, dopamine, hexacosan-1-ol, indicaxanthin,
isobetanin, 6-methoxyboeravinone C, methylabronisoflavone, mirabilis antiviral
proteins, mirabilis peptides, miraxanthins, n-dotriacontane, n-hentriacontane, n-
heptacosane, n-hexacosane, n-nonacosane, n-octacosane, n-pentacosane, n-
pentatriacontane, n-tetracosane, n-tetratriacontane, n-triacontane, n-tricosane, n-
tritriacontane, oleanolic acid, stigmasterol, tartaric acid, trigonelline, tryptophan,
ursolic acid, and vulgaxanthin I.
PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
The leaves have a sharp taste; maturant;lessen inflammations. The root is
aphrodisiac; good for syphilitic sores (Yunani).
Its roots are known as aphrodisiac and mild purgative.
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Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 31
Mirabilis jalapa was screened for its antibacterial activity and is proved to possess
antifungal, antimicrobial, antiviral, antispasmodic, antibacterial, diuretic, carminative,
cathartic, hydrogogue, purgative, stomachic, tonic, and Vermifuge propertiesLeaves
are tonic & antiseptic.53.Root, in powder form, possess a distinct odour and a slightly
acrid taste followed by a tingling warm and numbing sensation stimulating the flow of
saliva. Moistant powder is irritant to skin and mucus membrane..It also cures wounds
and Bruises.
INDICATIONS 52
Sandhyaraga is indicated in several diseases and is practiced world wide .It is
indicated mainly in skin related ailments and for intestinal parasites.
Brazil :for candida, chagas disease, colic, constipation, contusions, diarrhea,
dysentery, earache, edema, eczema, freckles, herpes, hives, itch, intestinal parasites,
liver problems, pain, skin problems, skin infections, syphilis, vaginal discharge,
urinary insufficiency, wounds, worms
Cuba: for herpes, intestinal parasites
Guatemala: for abscesses, aches, boils, bruises, conjunctivitis, dermatitis, fungal
infections, gonorrhea, inflammation, mucosal lesions, ringworm, scrofula, skin
problems, sores, ulcers (skin), vaginal discharge, vaginitis, wounds
India: for conjunctivitis, edema, fungal infections, inflammation, pain, swellings
Mexico:for bee stings, dysentery, scorpion stings, vaginal discharge, wounds
Peru:for constipation, dermatitis, earaches, herpes, urinary insufficiency
U.S.A.: for abortions, bone fractures, childbirth, mumps
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Elsewhere for abscesses, arthritis, boils, bowel cleansing, burns, bruises, colic,
constipation, diabetes, digestion stimulation, dropsy, dyspepsia, fungal infections,
gonorrhea, hepatitis, herpes, hypochondria, intestinal gas, intestinal parasites, libido
stimulation, liver problems, menstrual irregularities, muscle pains, piles, pimples,
sores, splenitis, strains, syphilis, thrush, tonic, tumors, urinary insufficiency,
urogenital inflammation, urticaria, wounds
THERAPEUTIC USES
The root is used as a purgative in La Reunion and the Philippine islands. The leaves
are applied to boils, phlegmons and whitlow, as a maturant.55
The fresh juice of its leaves is considered as demulsant and found useful in
Urticaria. Also cures the inflammation and bruises. Its roots after rubbing with water
are applied externally in contusions.56
Tuber is used as a poultice on carbuncles, fresh leaf juice is very soothing and
allays the heat and itching when applied to the body in urticaria. It also cures wounds
and bruises. Powdered and fried in ghee with spices, it is given in milk as nourishing
or strengthening medicine. Rubbed with water, it is applied as lepa in contusions. The
leaves bruised and heated and applied as poultice to boils and abscesses hasten the
suppurative process.57
Dr. P.S.Mootooswamy states that in Thanjavur, the roots boiled and made into
curry are considered beneficial to those who suffer from piles and that a powder and
confection are also in use. according to Thunberg, the Japanese prepare a kind of
white paint for their complexion from the seeds58.
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Tender twigs extract taken in stomach pain, flatulence, and gastritis by villagers in
North India.
There are lots of indigenous practices which have impelled clavillia's presence in
herbal medicine systems around the world59
The indigenous people of the Amazon enjoy the beauty of clavillia's flowers as
much as city dwellers, and often plant it in their gardens. They employ the plant
medicinally as well.
Indigenous Peruvian people use a root decoction as a diuretic.
The Shipibo-Conibo Indians put the flowers in baths to treat colds and flu.
In Brazil, the Kayapo Indians inhale the powdered, dried flowers as a snuff for
headaches, and use a root decoction to wash wounds and to treat such skin afflictions
as leprosy.
The Assuraní Indians in Brazil crush the seeds to use as a peppery condiment on
foods, and grate the tuberous root into cold water and drink it for intestinal parasites.
The tribal people of Orissa, India grind the roots of the plant into a paste with
black pepper and take it orally for conjunctivitis. They also apply the juice of the
leaves to fungal infections of the skin.
In Peru, the plant and/or tuber is used as a diuretic, laxative, and bowel cleanser.
The juice of the flower is used to clear herpes lesions and for earaches. In
Brazilian herbal medicine, a paste is made of the leaf and flower and applied to
affections of the skin such as itchiness, eczema, herpes, skin spots, and skin
infections.
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The juice of the root is dropped into the ear for earaches. Brazilians also use the
root to combat worms, intestinal parasites, leucorrhea, edema, diarrhea, dysentery,
abdominal colic, syphilis, and liver affections.
In Mexico, the entire plant is decocted and used for dysentery, vaginal discharge,
infected wounds, and bee and scorpion stings.
In the United States, the plant is used for mumps, bone fractures, and as an uterine
stimulant to hasten childbirth.
DOSE59
The standard dose of the drug is mentioned in Rainforest data base
Standard Dosage
Powdered drug : 1 g twice daily
Tincture : 1-2 ml twice daily
Infusion : 1/2 cup twice daily
AS AN ADULTERANT
The seeds are used to adulterate black pepper.60
Root is a substitute or adulterant of true jalapa. (Exogonium purga)61
Tubers of Mirabilis jalapa, (naalumani) are used as an adulterant of Smilax china
(Cheenappavu) 62,63
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Image2.1 Madhusnuhi. Image 2.2 Madhusnuhi-Inflorescence
Image2.3.Sandhyaraga Image 2.4.Sandhyaraga-Inflorescence
and fruit
Image2.5 Dry specimen of
Madhusnuhi tuber
Image2.6 Dry specimen of
Sandhyaraga tuber
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PART B.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON VRANA
History of the disease Vrana (wound) is as old as mankind. Large number of
references pertaining to the wound and wound healing was found in ancient Indian
literature. For better insight about the disease, apart from knowledge of types of
wounds and the process of wound healing, history of wounds is also of utmost
importance.
Much reference regarding Vrana and its management is not found during prevedic
period we get references in Vedic period. Rigveda and Atharva Veda are c the texts of
which have given importance to medical and treatment aspect during Vedic period.
These texts contribute to us with some references regarding Vrana.References in
Rigveda include Sandhaan karma done by Ashwini Kumaaras in case of severed
head of Yajnya (Daksha)and joining the limb of Vishpala the daughter of Khela.
Enumeration of Sadhyo Vranas and references regarding healing medicines are got in
Atharva veda. Indirect references about Vrana were got Puranas like Agnipurana and
in Epics like Ramayana & Mahabharata.
AYURVEDIC LITERARY REVIEW OF VRANA
A vast and elaborate description regarding Vrana is available in Ayurvedic text
books. Vrana is a topic which is dealt in detail by all the basic Samhitha-s of
ayurveda.According to Acharya Charaka diseases are grouped into four, out of which
three are caused by innate factors and fourth is caused by exogenous factors. A
detailed description of skin i.e. about its formation, layers, disease afflicting it and its
physiological as well as anatomical significance are mentioned in our classics.
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Etymology:
Vrana has the meaning to recover, which is further suffixed by ‘Ach’, is the sense of
Bhava. The ‘Ch’ sound is elided and the form remains Vrana + ‘A’ in the sense of
Gatra vicurnane.64
DEFINITION
‘Vrunoti Yasmat Roodeapi Vranavastu Na Nashyathi
Adeha Dharanat Tasmat Vrana Ityuchyathey Budhaihi’65
As the scar of a wound never disappears even after complete healing and its
imprint persists for long time, this lesion is called Vrana by wise.
“Vranagathra vicurnane Vranayatiti Vrana:” 66
Gathra Vicurnana has a grammatical meaning i.e., a particular type of roga
which creats a feeling of cutting the body in to small pieces. Word Vicurnane has the
other meaning with reference to this disease like destruction, break, rupture,
discontinuation etc. Therefore, Vrana gatra vicurnane means phenomenon complex
causing destruction, rupture, or discontinuation of tissue in a particular part of the
body leading to discolouration.
Dalhana in his commentary mentions that, “Vrana Gathra Vaivarnyam Karoti
iti”67.Vivarnyata is the prime feature i.e., there is discoloration of the affected part.
According to Ashtanga Sangraha68 “Yavadayurvraneete Vivrunoti Va Shareeramiti
Vrana” i.e., Vrana is one that produces a distortion of the affected part which
remaines through out the life.
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CLASSIFICATION OF WOUNDS:
Ayurvedic treaties classified the Vrana mainly in to two category, i.e,
1) Nija and 2) Agantuja
Ashtanga samgrahakara tells about another classification
1) Suddha and 2) Dushta
Nija Vrana
Based on dosa predominance NijaVrana is classified into Ekadosaja, Dwidosaja,
Sannipataja and Raktaja as per different Acharyas:
Table 2.B.1 showing classifications of NijaVrana
No Of
typesAcharya Susrutha Acharya Charaka Acharya Vagbhata
3 - Vataja, Pittaja and Kaphaja -
5
Vataja, Pittaja
Kaphaja,Raktaja &
Sannipataja
- -
7 -
Vataja, Pittaja,
Kaphaja,VataPittaja,
VataKaphaja,PittaKaphaja,
VataPittaKaphaja
-
15
Vataja, Pittaja, Sleshmaja,
Sonitaja, VataPittaja,
VataSleshmaja,
PittaSleshmaja,
VataSonitaja, PittaSonitaja,
SleshmaSonitaja,
VataPittaSonitaja,
VatasleshmaSonitaja,
PittasleshmaSonitaja,
VataPittaSleshmaja,
VataPittaKaphaSonitaja
-
Vataja, Pithaja,
Sleshmaja, Sonitaja,
VataPittaja,
VataSleshmaja,
PittaSleshmaja,
VataSonitaja,
PittaSonitaja,
SleshmaSonitaja,
VataPittaSonitaja,
VatasleshmaSonitaja,
PittasleshmaSonitaja,
VataPittaSleshmaja,
VataPittaKaphaSonitaja
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Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 39
According to Acharya Sushruta: 69
Sushruta had quoted sixteen types of nija-Vranas, including Suddha-Vrana, that
are given below:
1. Vataja Vrana – Vrana caused by Vata is dark and reddish, thin, cold, slimy,
with little discharge, rough, cracking, having pain of twitching, stretching, pricking
and tearing nature and devoid of muscle occurs mainly in Adhah Kaya Predominanly
on Basthi.70
2. Pittaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Pitta emerges quickly, is yellow and blue in
colour, discharges white liquid resembling washing of kimsuka flowers, attended with
burning, suppuration and redness and covered with yellow boils.
3. Kaphaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Kapha has extensive and severe itching,
thick margins, covered with net of stiff veins and ligaments, hard, pale, with mild pain
and exuding white, cold, thick and slimy discharge and is heavy.
4. Raktaja Vrana –Vrana caused by Rakta looks like collection of coral pieces,
is covered with network of black eruptive boils and pustules, smells likes stable, is
painful, fuming, bleeding and having signs and symptoms of Pitta.
5. VataPittaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Vata and Pitta has pricking pain,
burning and fuming, yellow and reddish in colour and with discharge of the same
colour.
6. VataKaphaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Vata and Kapha has excessive
itching, pricking pain, is rough, Guru, hard, occasionaly discharging cold, slimy and
little fluid.
7. PittaKaphaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Pitta and Kapha is Guru, with
burning sensation, and warm discharge as yellow and pale.
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Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 40
8. VataRaktaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Vata and Rakta is rough, thin, has
intense pricking pain, numbness, red and reddish colours and discharge also of the
same colour.
9. PittaRaktaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Pitta and Rakta, looks like ghee-scum,
smells like washing of fish, soft, spreading and discharging hot and black fluid.
10. KaphaRaktaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Kapha and Rakta is red, heavy,
glossy, slimy, itching, firm and with discharge as red and pale.
11. VataPittaRaktaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Vata, Pitta and Rakta has
twitchings, pricking, burning and fuming with discharge as yellow, thin and red.
12. VataKaphaRaktaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Vata, Kapha and Rakta has
itching, twitching and tingling with discharge as pale, thick and red.
13. PittaKaphaRaktaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Pitta, Kapha and Rakta has
predominance of heat, suppuration, redness and itching with discharge as pale, thick
and red.
14. VataPittaKaphaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Vata, Pitta and Kapha has
colour, pain and discharge of all the three types.
15. VataPittaKaphaRaktaja Vrana – Vrana caused by Vata, Pitta, Kapha and
Rakta, has burning (as making ash), churning, twitching, pricking, heat, suppuration,
redness, itching and numbness and attended with various colours, pain and discharge.
Apart from these 15 one more named shuddhaVrana is also mentioned
16. Shuddha Vrana - The clean wound resembles lower surface of the tongue, is
soft, unctuous, smooth, painless, well-formed and free from discharge.
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Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 41
According to Acharya Charaka 71
Acharya Charaka had mentioned nija wound as of three types.
1. Vataja Vrana – Vrana caused by Vata is stiff, hard on touching, with slow
exudation,excruciating pain, piercing pain, throbbing and blackishness.
2. Pittaja Vrana – it is known from the thirst, confusion (Moha), fever, sweating,
burning sensation, impurity, tearing, foul smell and discharge.
3. Kaphaja Vrana – it has much slimness, is heavy, unctuous, wet with mild pain,
paleness in colour, little fluid and chronicity. Vrana caused by Vata, Pitta, Kapha and
Rakta, has burning (as making ash), churning, twitching, pricking, heat, suppuration,
redness, itching and numbness and attended with various colours, pain and discharge.
According to Acharya Vagbhata: 72
Acharya Vagbhata had followed the same classification of NijaVrana as in
Susrutha samhitha. He had divided nija Vrana into fifteen types.
Table2.B.2 showing classification of Vrana based on prognosis and treatment
Samhitha Classification Subtypes and name
Su-upacara (4) Ayata, Caturasra, Vritta, Triputaka.2
types Durupacara (10) Sukti, Dwaja, Ratha, Kunta, Jaji,
Vrana, Gho, Vrisha, Prasadakritya,
Curnita.
Susrutha73
4
types
Sukhasadhya, Krichra sadhya,
Yapya, Asadhya
20
types
Kritya, Akritya, Dushta, Adushta,
Marmasritha,Marmanasritha,
Samvrita, vivrita, Daruna, Mridu,
Sravi, Asravi, Savisha, Nirvisha,
Vishama, Sama, Utsangi,
Anutsangi, Utsanna, Anutsanna.
-Charaka74
3 Asadhya, Sukhasadhya, Krichra
sadhya
-
Ashtanga
samgraha
4 Sukharopaniya, Krichraropanya,
Yapya and Asadhya
-
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Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 42
AGANTUJA VRANA / SADHYOVRANA
SushruthaAcharya has mentioned that Agantuja Vrana is caused by the bites of
men, beasts, birds, ferocious animal, reptiles/lizards, or by fall, pressure and blow or
by fire, alkali, poison or irritant drugs, or through injuries inflicted by pointed wood,
skeletal bones, horns, discus, arrows, axes, tridents or such other weapons. 76
Agantuja Vrana is classified into,
6 types
3 types
8 types
Classification of Agantuja Vrana77,78,79.
Table2.B.3 showing types of Agantuja Vrana
Susrutha
Samhitha
6 types Chinna, .Bhinna, Vidda, .Kshata, Piccita, Grishta
Chinna(5) Grishta, Avakrita,ViccinnaVilambhi,Patita.
Vidda (8) Anuvidda, Uttundita, Ativida, Nividda, Anubhinna,
Bhinnothundita, Atibhinna, Nirbhinna.
Ashtanga
Samgraha
3types
Piccita(2) 1.Savarna,2.Avarna
Ashtanga
Hrudaya
8 types Ghrishta, Avakrita, Viccinna, Pravalambita, Patita, Vidda, Bhinna,
Vidalita.
Chapter-2 Review of Literature
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 43
Characters of Agantuja Vrana based on shape and severity of injury: 80,81.
Acharyas have described accidental (exogenous) wound having various shapes
briefly and with features as of six types
These are- Chinna (severed), .Bhinna (ruptured), Vidda (punctured), .Kshata
(lacerated), Piccita( crushed) and Grishta (abraded).
The first two are caused by edged weapons, punctured by pointed ones while
others are caused by trauma with stone, stick etc.
Chinna- The wound which is broad, either oblique or straight and cause falling off
of any of the limbs is known Chinna (severed)
Bhinna- When a viscus injured by the pointed spear, trident, double-edged or
simple sword and also by horn (of animals) etc, exudes some discharge from
respective Ashaya, is known as Bhinna. (ruptured).
For example, disharge may be blood, urine and stool from respective viscera.
Kostha Bhinna lakshana:If kostha is ruptured and filled with blood, fever and
burning sensation appear, blood comes out of urethra, rectum, mouth and nose along
with the following symptoms-fainting, dyspnoea, thirst, flatulence, anorexia, retention
of faeces, urine and flatus, perspiration, redness of eyes, metallic smell in mouth, foul
smell in body pain in cardiac region and sides.
Amasaya bhinna lakshana:If blood is situated with in stomach, hematemeses
takes place along with excessive flatulence and severe colic.
Pakvasayabhinna lakshana: In case bleeding is in intestines, there are pain,
heaviness and coldness, blood being discharged from the passages (Srotas) below
umbilicus (Nabhi).
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Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 44
Viddha - The body part, except viscera injured with splinter having fine tip and
either protrude or gone out is known as Viddha (punctured).
Kshata- The uneven wound neither excessively cut nor severely torn but having
feature of both is known as Kshata (lacerated)
Piccita- The part which is swollen along with bone by striking and pressing and
affecting marrow and blood is known as Piccita (crushed).
Ghrista- When skin is removed by rubbing or any other cause associated with
burning sensation and discharge, it is known as Ghrista (abraded).
Aetiopathogenisis
In Ayurvedic classics it is mentioned that aetiopathogenesis helps in defining the
process of the diseases as well as its treatment.
Classification based on healing
Acharyas have also mentioned the signs and symptoms of the Vrana that are given
below.
Characters of Sudda Vrana 82,83,84,85,86:
According to Acharya Susruta Vrana that is of recent origin, unaffected by three
vitiated doshas, edge with a slight blackish colour, having granulation tissue, absence
of pain and secretion with an even/equal elevation of the surface through out its
length.
According to Acharya Charaka, wound which is neither reddish nor whitish/black
without much pain and elevation or depression is Suddha Vrana.
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Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 45
According to Ashtanga hridaya, wound resembling like surface of tongue, soft,
unctuous, smooth with normal surface, absence of pain and secretion is Suddha
Vrana.
Characters of Ruhyamana Vrana 87
Wound with margin of grey cololur like pigeon’s colour without moisture, firm
and scaly should be known as healing ulcer.
Characters of Ruda Vrana 88
Wound which had ground matrix healing up; knotless; unswollen; painless; with
colour similar to that of skin and even should be known as well healed ulcer.
Aetiopathogenisis of Vrana
In Ayurvedic classics it is mentioned that aetiopathologenesis helps in defining the
process of the diseases as well as its treatment.
Nidana:, 89,90, 91, 92 93
The word nidana refers to the root cause of all ailments. All causes can be classified
into Ayoga, Hinayoga, and Atiyoga of Asatmendriyartha, which are three main factors
to produce a disease. All the etiological factors of Vrana belong to extrinsic or
intrinsic forces.
Intrinsic causes: 94
Vata
Ahara - intake of non-unctuous, light and food.
Vihara -over administration of vamana, virechana, rakthamokshana, physical
exercise, suppression of natural urges, fasting assault, sexual indulgence, anxiety,
grief and vigil during night etc.
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Pitta
Ahara- Excessive intake of ushna, amla, lavana, kshara, katu.
Food intake at time of from indigestion.
Vihara- exposure to sun, fire, exhaustion, anger.
Kapha
Ahara- excessive intake of unctuous, heavy, sweet, slimy, sita and lavana food.
Vihara- Sleeping during daytime and lack of exercise.
Extrinsic causes:
By the bites of men, beasts, birds, ferocious animal, reptiles/lizards, or by fall,
pressure and blow or by fire, alkali, poison or irritant drugs, or through injuries
inflicted by pointed wood, skeletal bones, horns, discus, arrows, axes, tridents or such
other weapons.
Samprapti:95
Acharya Charaka has explained the samprapti of Nija Vrana as the Vatadi Doshas
aggravated due to their own etiological factors produce Nija Vrana by the
predisposing Bahya marga.
Vrana moolas : 96
Vataja, Pittaja, Sleshmaja, Sonitaja, Sannipataja,Aganthuja.
Table 2.B.4 showing Vrana Adhishtanas
Sushrutha 97 8 Twak Mamsa sira ,Snayu, Sandhi, Asthi,Koshta,Marma
Charaka98 8 Twak, Sira, Mamsa, Meda, Asthi, Snayu, Marma, Antarasraya
Vagbhata99 8 Twak, Mamsa, Sira, Snayu, Sandhi, Asthi, Koshta, Marma
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Table 2.B.5 showing Vrana Lakshanas as per Susrutha Samhita100,101,102,103,104
Sabdha100
Ksveda, Ghurgura, Jvalantiva, Pavana sashabdam visrujyanthi.
Gandha
Prakrutha - Katu, Tikshna, Visra, Loha Gandha, Mishra Gandha, Laja, Atasi
taila,
Vaikrutha – Madya, Agaru, Aagya, Sumana, Padma, Chandana, Champaka,
Divya Gandha, Swana, Vaji, Mooshika, Dhwanksha, Puti, Valloora, Matkuna,
Panka.
SparshaDahyante antharathyartha bahihi seetascha or
Dahyante bahirathyartham bhavanthi anthascha seetala
Twak Salila, Visra, Pithavabhasa.
Mamsa Sarpi, Sandra, Swetha, Pichila.
SiraRakta, Puya, Tanu, Vichinna, Pichila, Avalambi,
Shyava, Avasyaya
Snayu Snigdha, Ghana, Singhanaka, Rakta
AsthiSukti Dhouta, Majja misra, Rakta, Snigdha,
Sandhigata, Pichila, Avalambi
Koshta Mutra, Pureesha, Puya, Udaka
Marma As above
Vata in TwakParushya, Shyava, Avashyaya, Dahi, Mastu,
Ksharodaka, Mamsadhavana pulakodaka
Pitta in TwakGomeda, Gomutra, Bhasma, Shanka, Kashaya,
Udaka, Madweeka, Taila
Kapha in TwakNavaneetha. Kaseesa, Majja, Pishta, Tila,
Nalikerodaka, Varaha Vasa.
Sannipata in TwakNalikerodaka, Ervaruka rasa, Kanjikaprasada,
Arukodaka, Priyangu phala, Yakrut, Mudga yusha.
Pakwashaya (Asadhya) Pulakodaka,
Raktashaya (Asadhya) Ksharodaka
Srava
Amashaya &
Trikasandhi (Asadhya)Kalayaambha
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Vata
Toda, Bheda, Tadana, Chedana, Ayamana,
Mandhana, Vikshepana, Chumuchumayana,
Nirdahana, Avabhanjana, Sphotana, Vidarana,
Utpatana, Kampana, Vividha shoola, Vikirana,
Stambhana, Poorana, Swapna, Aakunchana,
Ankushika
Pitta
Osha, Chosha, Paridaha, Dhumayana,
Angaramavakirnamiva, Ushmabhivrudhi,
Ksharavasikta
Rakta Same like Pitta
KaphaKandu, Gurutwa, Suptatwa, Upadehtwa, Alpa
vedana, Stambha, Shaitya
Vedana
Sannipata All the above
Akruthi Ayata, Caturasra, Tryasra, Mandala, Ardacandrapratikasa, Visala,
Kutila,Sarvasadrsa, Yugmadhya.
Vata Bhasma, Kapotasti, parusha, Aruna, Krishna
Pitta & RaktaNeela, Peeta, Harita, Shyava, Krishna Rakta,
Pingala, and KapilaVarna
Kapha Swetha, Snigdha, Pandu
Table 2.B.6 showing Vrana Lakshanas as per Charaka Samhita105
Akruthi (12)
Sveta, Avasannavartma, Athisulavartma, Atipinjara,Nila,
Syava, Atipidaka, Rakta, Krishna, Atiputika, Ropya,
Kumbhimukha.
Gandha Sarpi, Taila, Vasa, Puya, Rakta, Syava, Amla, Puti.
Srava (14) Lasika, Jala, Puya, Asruk, Haridra, Aruna, Pinjara, Kashaya,
Neela, Haritha, Snigdha, Ruksha, Sita, Asita.
Sadhyasadhyata
The prognosis is based on a number of conditions and various types of wounds.
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Characteristics of Sukhasadya Vrana106,107,108,109,110
Vrana arising in only Tvak Adhishtana.
Patient who is having good Satva, good strength, equilibrium of Agni, wound
which is circular/elliptical/triangular /rectangular in shape and not at the site of
buttock, anus, penis, lips, back, inner side of buccal cavity, throat .
Vrana which is rectangular, square, circular and triangular in shape
Patient of Vrana who follows the pathyapathya sincerely.
Early age of patients, strength of body, mental power, vitality of dhatus.
Vrana situated at such a place where dressing, application of medicaments etc are
easier and availability of healing tissue is better .
Wound occurring in the skin and the flesh, in the region which is easy to
approach, which is of recent in origin, which occurs in favorable season also in
young.
Vrana having Kapota Varna, edges dry and stable.
Characteristics of Krichra Sadhya Vrana 111,112
Vrana of bone, teeth, nose, lateral angle of eye, srotas, umbilicus, stomach,
suture, buttock, flanks, abdomen, thorax, breast, joints,etc, those secreting frothy
blood /pus with a gurgling sound or containing any foreign matter embedded inside.
A wound appearing in the neither region of the body and pointing upward or at the
root of the hair or about the end of the nails or in any of the vulnerable parts of the
body, on the tibio-fibular joint, pelvis, and Bhagandara which has got the opening
inward
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Wound of leprotic, diabetes mellitus, tubercular, poisonous one, and reoccurrence
of pre-existing wound.
Vrana which is having smell, 16 complication and 24 Vrana Dosha.
Lacking the lakshanas told for Sukhasadya Vrana .
Characteristic features of Yapya Vrana: 113,114.
Characteristics of Yapya Vrana is explained as Avapatita, Niruda Prakasa,
Sanniruda Guda, Jatara Granthi, Krimi, Pratishyaya, Koshtagata Krimi, Sarkara
Meha, Sikata Meha, Vatakundalika, Ashtila, Dantasarkara, Upakusha, Kanthasaluka,
Dushita gums, Visarpa, Bhagna, Urakshata, and Vrana Granti. With out treatment in
proper time, curable wound can be converted in to Yapya.
Characteristic features of Asadya Vrana115,116,117,118,119Wound without taking
treatment
Wound which grows like a fleshy mass, painful, containing pus copious secretion
with its edges raised like genitals of mare, horn of a cow which are soft/ hard,
elevated at its base, exudates, blood/thin slimy secretion/fat/marrow/coagulated
blood/brain matter embossed / heaped up at center, dipped at its extremity, covered
with shreds of ligaments, bad appearance, Koshtagata Vrana having yellow/black
discharge/urine/faces/air exudation from mouth anus and wound itself, multi
spreading narrow mouthed wound of an emaciated patient, narrow mouthed from
where air bubbles come out, passing air with sound from a head/neck wound, pus and
blood discharge from wounds of emaciated patients wound, wound with complication
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such as anorexia, indigestion, cough and dyspneoa, brain injury from which brain
matter exudates and all doshas are vitiated.
Wound which exudates fat, marrow, or cerebrospinal fluid, may prove incurable
to medical treatment.
If a wound does not heal, even without involvement of vein/joint/bone / vital parts
of body.
Shape of wounds other than those explained in Sukha Sadya Llakshanas.
Wound having secretion like Pulakodaka from large intestine, discharge like
alkaline water from Raktasaya, peya yusha like exudates from stomach and sacral
joint.
Lacking of all conditions of Sukasadhya Vrana.
Wound associated with the diseases like erysepales, fever, diarrhea, cough, thirst,
insomnia, dyspnoea, indigestion.
Wound produced by dosha vitiation and having exudes of musclefat, marrow,
cerebrospinal fluids.
Wound which having smell of wine /agar /ghee/chameli /red lotus / Champa
/Divya /extra ordinary smell.
Wound becomes squire, painful even without involvement of vital parts, which is
hot externally and cold internally, “wound of patients who have emaciation,
dyspnoea, cough, anorexia, which exudes too much muco-purulent blood stained
discharges and wound of vital parts is incurable even after taking treatment.
Wounds of patient whose Koshta is filled with blood, having coldness\of hands,
legs, mouth and respiration,eyes become red and having Anaha.
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Vrana upadrava
Acc to Acharya Susrutha there are many complications of wound and the
wounded patient. Out of them complication of wound are five sense subjects relating
to smell etc. while those of wounded are Jwara,Atisara, Moorcha, Hikka, Chardhi,
Arochaka, Swasa, Kasa, Avipaka and Thrushna.120
Acc to Acharya Charaka Vrana Upadravas are 16 in number.
They are Visarpa ,Pakshaghata, Sirastambha, Apatanaka, Moha, Unmada, Ruja,
Jwara, Hrushna, Hanugraha, Kasa, Chardi, Atisara, Hikka, Swasa and Vepadhu.121
Vrana Upadrava Hetu-s 122
1. Snayu kleda
2. Sirakleda
3. Gambhirya
4. Krumi bhakshana
5. Asthibheda
6. Sasalyatva
7. Savishatva
8. Sarpana
9. Nagha prabheda
10. Kashtaprabhedt
11. Charma athikattana
12. Loma athikattana
13. Midhyabandha
14. Atisneha
15. Atibhaishajya karshana
16. Ajirna
17. Atibhuktha
18. Virudhdha bhojana
19. Asathmya bhojana
20. Soka
21. Krodha
22. Divaswapna
23. Vyayama
24. Maidhuna
VRANA ROPANA
Etymology:
Root “ruh” adding the suffix “Ana”, na-ruh-nic-hasya yah-lyut in the meaning of
Janane or to regenerate.
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Definition:
Vrana is so named by the scholars because it covers the site and the scar thus formed
does not disappear, even after healing, and persists until the person lives.
Vrana Chikitsa
The entire course of treatment in Vrana is classified under,
1. Poorvakarma,
2. Pradhana karma,
3. Paschatkarma.
Classical texts have mentioned that if the aganatuja Vrana does not heal even after
seven days, has to be considered as sharirika and the treatment is to be done like that
of Doshaja Vrana123,124..
Susruthacharya has adviced Saptopakramas as the basic treatment principles for
Vrana where he has incorporated various procedures viz.Shashti upakramas in
them.125
Saptopakramas are
1. Vimlaapana
2. Avasecana
3. Upanaaha
4. Patana Kriya
5. Sodhana
6. Ropana and
7. Vaikrutaapaharana
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Sashti upakramas are
1. Apatarpana
2. Aalepa
3. Parisheka
4. Abhyanga
5. Sweda
6. Vimlaapana
7. Upanaaha
8. Paacana
9. Visraavana
10. Sneha
11. Vamana
12. Virecana
13. Chedana
14. Bhedana
15. Daarana
16. Lekhana
17. Eshana
18. Aaharana
19. Vyadhana
20. Vidraavana
21. Seevana
22. Sandhana
23. Peedana
24. Sonita sthaapana
25. Nirvaapana
26. Utkaarikaa
27. Kashaaya
28. Varti
29. Kalka
30. Sarpi
31. Taila
32. Rasakriyaa
33. Avacoornana
34. Vranadhoopana
35. Utsaadana
36. Avasaadana
37. Mrudukarma
38. Daarunakarma
39. Kshaarakarma
40. Agnikarma
41. Krushnakarma
42. Paandukarma
43. Pratisaarana
44. Romasanjanana
45. Lomaapaharana
46. Bastikarma
47. Uttarabastikarma
48. Bandha
49. Patraadaana
50. Krumighna
51. Bramhana
52. Vishaghna
53. Sirovirecana
54. Nasya
55. Kavaladhaarana
56. Dhooma
57. Madhu
58. Sarpi
59. Yantra
60. Aahaara
The Upakramas incorporated in Vimlapana are:
Apatarpana,
Alepa,
Parisheka,
Abhyanga,
Sveda,
Vimlapana
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The Upakramas incorporated in Avasechana are
Visravana
Snehana
Vamana.
Virechana.
The Upakramas incorporated in Upanaha are
Upanaha
Pacana
The Upakramas incorporated in Patana
Chedana
Bhedana
Darana
Lekhana
Eshana
Aharana
Vyadhana
Visravana
Sivana
The Upakramas incorporated in Shodana and Ropana
Sandhana
Pidana
Sonithasthapana
Nirvapana
Utkartika
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Kashaya
Varti
Kalka
Sarpi
Taila
Rasakriya
Avacurnana
Dhupana.
The Upakramas incorporated in Vaikrutapaharana are 26 cosmetic measures.
As per Charakacharya126
Charaka has mentioned thirty-six therapeutic measures for the treatment of wound.
1. Sophaghna
2. Patana
3. Vyadhana
4. Chedana
5. Lekhana
6. Prachchana
7. Avapidana
8. Nirvapana
9. Sandhana
10. Swedana
11. Samana
12. Eshana
13. Sodhana kasaya
14. Sodhana pralepa
15. Ropana kasaya
16. Ropana pralepa
17. Sodhana taila ghrita
18. Ropana taila ghrita
19. Patra
20. Bahya Chadana
21. Antah Chadana
22. Bandana
23. Upabandhana
24. Pathya Bhojya
25. Utsadana
26. Avasadana
27. Agni Daha
28. Kshara daha
29. Kathinyakara dhupana
30. Mardavakara dhupana
31. Kathinyakara – alepa
32. Mardavakara – alepa
33. Avacurnana
34. Ropana
35. Varnya
36. Lomarohana
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As per Ashtanga Sangraha
1. Vamana
2. Virecana
3. Upacaara
4. Raktamokshana
5. Seka
6. Abhyanga
7. Sophahara Lepa
8. Swedana
9. Sthirasophahara
Lepa
10. Upanaaha
11. Daarana
12. Peedana
13. Prakshaalana
14. Vranasodhana Lepa
15. Varti
16. Dhoopa
17. Utsaadana
18. Avasaadana
19. Kshaarakarma
20. Agnikarma
21. Vranaropana Lepa
22. Vranaropana Ghruta
23. Vranaropana Taila
24. Avacooranana
25. Svarnakarana
26. Romasan`janana
Treatment of Sadyovrana:128,129
1. Immediate general treatment is done for pacifying the heat released at the site of
injury due to Pitta aggravation by special cooling measures.
2. Sneha – processed by Vatahara drugs are advised for loss of blood due to vitiation
of Vata following by sudation.
3. Irrigation of drugs having Seeta Veerya (cold properties) for excessive burning
sensation followed by suppuration.
4. Vamana, Virecana, Langhana, Pathya, repeated blood letting are indicated for red
and inflamed Vrana.
5. Specific treatment:
A) Ghrushta Vrana: Dusting of powder after Subsiding of pain.
B) Avakruta Vrana: Use of Kalka, Kashaaya.
C) Vicchinna and Pravilambita: Bandaging and Avapeedana after suturing.
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D) Viddha Vrana: Salya Harana.
E) Vidaalita Vrana: Like Bhagnapratishedha.
Recurrence of Vrana occurs due to Dosha Prakopa, Vyaayaama, Abhighaata,
Ajeerna, Harsha, Krodha and Bhaya.
PATHYAAPATHYA130,131
Charaka had mentioned Pathya-apathya for the patient suffering from Vrana. He
had quoted that such a patient should abstain from salt, sour, pungent, hot, burning
heavy food-drinks and also sexual intercourse. Food and drinks not too cold, heavy
and fatty, non-burning, according to the nature of the wound and day sleep are
beneficial.
According to Sushruta, if the wound, in spite of being situated in location not near
the vital spots and free from vessels, joints and bones; spreads all over the body. He
also suggested avoiding physical exercise and intercourse for a year.
According to Vagbhata, he who takes old rice (Shali dhanya) cooked well and
added with fats (ghee etc) in small quantity along with meat of animal of arid land
(Jangala) followed by drinking warm water gets cured of the ulcer quickly.
REVIEW OF MODERN LITERATURE OF WOUND
DEFINITION OF WOUND
“A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues often ,which may be
associated with disruption of structure and function”.132
SYNONYMS: 133
Wound, sore, ulcer, abscess, tumour, cancer, boil, scar, cicatrix, crack, fistula,
injury.
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DEFINITION OF ULCER:
An ulcer is a break in the continuity of the covering epithelium, either skin or
mucus membrane due to molecular death 134
CLASSIFICATION OF WOUNDS135
A wound can be caused by almost any injurious agent and can involve any tissue
or structure. Rank and Wake field classify wounds mainly into two viz; tidy and
untidy.
Tidy wounds
They are afflicted by sharp instruments and contain a devitalized tissue,where they
get closed primarily with the expectation of quiet primary healing .Eg: Surgical
incisions, cuts from glass and knife wounds .
Untidy wounds
They result from crushing, avulsion, vascular injury or burns and contain
devitalized tissue. Skin wounds will often be multiple and irregular. Such wounds
doesnot heal primarily and usually heal with complications.
Other types of wounds are bruise, contusion and haematoma
A closed blunt injury may result in a bruise or contusion. There is bleeding into
the tissues and visible discoloration. Where the amount of bleeding is sufficient to
create a localized collection in the tissues, this is described as a haematoma.
Puncture wounds and bites
A puncture wound is an open injury in which foreign material and organisms are
likely to be carried deeply into the underlying tissues. Common causes are standing
on a nail or other sharp object. There may be little to see on the surface,
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Radiological examination may detect metal fragments or glass.
Abrasions and friction burns
An abrasion is a shearing injury of skin in which the surface is rubbed off. Most
are superficial and will heal by epithelialisation, but some may result in full-thickness
skin loss. Abrasions may be dirt ingrained and if this dirt is not removed at the time
of primary treatment permanent, tattooing of the skin will result.
Laceration
A laceration or cut is the result of contact with a sharp object (the surgical
equivalent is an incised wound). Once the suting implement has gone deep to the
dermis, there is less resistance in the subcutaneous tissues and the cut may therefore
penetrate to a considerable depth.
Traction and avulsion
Avulsion injuries are open injuries where there has been severe degree of tissue
damage. Such injuries occur when hands or limbs are trapped in moving machinery,
such as is rollers, producing a degloving injury. Degloving is caused by shearing
forces that separate tissue planes, rupturing their vascular interconnections and
causing tissue ischaemia. This most frequently occurs between the subcutaneous fat
and deep fascia. Degloving injuries can be open or closed. Degloving can be
localized or circumferential. It can occur only in the single, subcutaneous plane, but
where present in multiple planes, such as between muscles and fascia and between
muscles and bone, is an indication of a severe high energy injury with a limited
potential for primary healing.
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Crush
Crush injuries are a further variant of blunt injury and are often accompanied by
degloving and compartment syndrome. Injury to tissues within a closed fascial
compartment leads to bleeding, exudate and swelling of these tissues, and increased
interstitial pressure. As the interstitial pressure rises above capillary perfusion
pressure thje blood supply to the viable tissues is reduced, resulting in further
ischaemic tissue injury and swelling. This cycle causes a worsening compartment
syndrome with muscle ischaemia and nerve ischemia progressing to muscle necrosis,
skin necrosis and limb loss. Muscle necrosis may result in renal failure. This process
can be arrested by early recognition and decompression of the affected compartments
by fasciotomy.
Injury to Internal organs
Wound such as stab wounds may be associated with damage to internal organs.
Treatment of penetrating abdominal or thoracic wound has been discussed elsewhere.
The possibility of blunt or sharp abdominal trauma must not be overlooked when
treating extensive injuries else where, particularly in an unconscious patient.
War wounds and gunshot injuries
Gunshot injuries are associated with different severity of tissue damage depending
upon whether the injury is of low or high velocity. Low-velocity injuries, such as
from a hand gun, result in an entry and exit wound, the latter being the large, and
damage along the tract of the missile, Such injuries are often assoiated with server
tissue contamination from clothing, dirt or other foreign materials. High-velocity
injuries from modern assault rifles) cause explosive pressure and decom pression
effect, such that there is widespread tissue damage, with injury to major limb vessels
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and nerves situated some distance from the tract of the missile. Where a high-velocity
missile strikes bone, the high-energy exchange result in fragmentation of the bone.
Injuries to bone and joints
Fractures may be closed where the skin is intact or open where there is a wound.
Open fractures may have a skin wound due to penetration from the outside or, more
frequently, due to bursting of the skin from within by bone fragments. The bone
displacement is worst at the very moment of injury and bone fragments partially
reduce spontaneously thereafter.
Injury to nerves -usually seen in open wounds and presented with impaired nerve
function.
Injuries to arteries and veins - wound is presented with very much bleeding.
Chronic wounds
Several conditions are classified as varieties of chronic wounds, although they
may not clearly follow mechamical trauma.
Ulcers
All ulcer is any breach in an epithelial surface. Chronic ulcers are wounds that
fail to heal. In generally, they have a fibrotic margin and a bed of granulation tissue
which may include areas of slough (necrotic tissue).
Pressure sores
These are chronic wounds following tissue necrosis from pressure. They occur
over bony prominences. There pathogenesis is identical to compartment syndrome in
theat they ariose where there is unrelieved pressure in the soft tissues overlying bone
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such that the external pressure exceeds capillary perfusion pressure and ischaemic
necrosis occurs.
WOUND HEALING 136
The word ‘healing’ means replacement of destroyed tissue by living tissue.
Wounds may be caused by-
i) Trauma-either accidental or surgical.
ii) Physical, chemical and microbial agents, which give rise to inflammation and may
lead to necrosis or destruction of living tissue.
iii) Ischaemia, which leads to infraction.
Regeneration and repair are two important factors to be understood in the context
of wound healing .
Regeneration, which means replacement of lost tissue by tissue similar in type.
This occurs due to proliferation of surrounding undamaged specialized cells.
Repair, which means replacement of lost tissue by granulation tissue, followed by
fibrosis and scar tissue formation. This occurs when the surrounding specialized cells
do not possess the capacity to proliferate e.g. neurons and muscle or destruction of
tissue to such an extent that proliferation of the surrounding undamaged cells cannot
make good the loss.
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Two types of healing are:
Healing by first intention-When a wound is sutured primarily with clips, sutures
or adhesive materials, the wound healing occurs with minimum scarring and it is
known as healing by first intention.
Healing by second intention-When there is irreparable skin loss or the wound
becomes infected and breaks open, primary suturing is not possible. So the wound
heals with more scar tissue and taken longer time to heal. This is known as healing by
secondary intention. An ulcer also heals in the same way.
The four basic processes which take place in wound healing are:-
A. Inflammation.
B. Wound contraction.
C. Epithelialization.
D. Granulation tissue formation.
Although all wounds heal by the same basic process, yet their application is different
in closed wounds and open wounds.
A. Inflammation- Immediately after disruption of tissue integrity either by
accidental trauma or by surgeon’s knife, inflammation starts. Platelets become
adherent and with clotting factors form a haemostatic plug to stop bleeding from the
smaller vessels. The blood vessels undergo transient vasoconstriction followed by
vasodilation. Histamine is considered to be the primary mediator of inflammatory
vascular responses. This is liberated by platelets, mast cell and granulocytes.
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Histamine produces local vasodilatation and increases permeability of small vessels.
With increase of permeability, proteins and plasma leak out of the vessels. The action
of histamine is short lasting and local sources are depleted rapidly. Soon the kinins, a
series of biologically active peptides and the prostaglanins, principally PEG1 and
PEG2 take over the job of implicating local inflammatory vascular responses from
histamine. Kallikrein, and enzyme found in plasma and in gametocytes, release
bradykinin and kallidin. In the presence of kinins, the local cells produce a varity of
prostaglandin’s. These prostaglandin’s seem to be the final mediators of acute
inflammation and may play a chemotactic role for white cells and fibroblasts. In the
early stages of inflammation, actively motile white cells migrate into the wound and
start engulfing and removing cellular debris and injured tissue fragments. At first,
polymorph nuclear leucocytes dominate. This stage has also chemical mediators.
Leukotaxine, a peptide formed in damaged tissues by the enzymatic destruction of
albumin, is though to be the chemotactic agent-attracting leucocytes into the wound.
As the transient phase of white cell migration ends, the granulocytes with shorter
life die and release acid hydrolases into the local environment. Previously the
proportion of granulocytes and monocytes in the wound area were in the same ratio as
they are in the blood. As the granulocytes are dying, the proportion of monocytes
increases significantly and these monocytes continue their scavenging activity for
weeks. Monocytes become the dominant cell type by the 5th day. They are
phagocytic and ingest cellular debris. It has been found out experimentally that
wound healing may proceed normally in the absence of granulocytes and
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lymphocytes, but monocyte must be present to create normal fibroblasts production.
Depression of monocytes will delay wound healing.
Clinically, inflammation is presented by redness, tenderness, heat, swelling and
loss of function.
B. Wound contraction- Wound contraction has been noticed in open wounds
with tissue loss for centuries. Only recently however, the mechanisms responsible for
wound contraction have been investigated extensively.This wound contraction does
not begin immediately and that about 3 to 4 days elapse before movement of the
edges become measurable. This period, when no wound contraction is noticed, is
called the initial ‘Lag period”. After this period there is a period of rapid contraction,
which is completed by the 14 the day. At this time the wound is reduced to
approximately 80% of its original size. The magnitude of contraction varies with the
species of animal and with the shape, size and site of the wound.
CAUSES OF WOUND CONTRACTION
Over the years a great deal of research work has been performed to know the
mechanism of wound contraction, but yet it is not known with certainty.
1. Removal of fluid by drying has been suggested as a cause of diminution in the
size of wound. But this has not been substantiated, as water content of central wound
tissue at the beginning of wound contraction has not changed significantly as at the
end of contraction.
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2. Contraction of collagen has also been incriminated as the cause of wound
contraction. Although collagen increases markedly between the 5th and 8th day of
healing, yet the total collagen in the wound falls significantly after this period, so it
does not correlate with the period of wound contraction. Moreover the rate of wound
contraction is not affected by suppressing collagen synthesis. In scorbutic animals,
although granulation tissue is formed, collagen production is inhibited and yet wound
contraction proceeds normally.
3. Contraction of granulation tissue: - That contraction occurs at a time when
granulation tissue is actively being formed has laid many workers to regard the
granulation tissue as forming an organ of contraction. But curiously excision of
central granulation tissue did not agent the rate of wound contraction. It was further
noticed that although wound contraction was not inhibited by excising the central
mass of granulation tissue, it could be stopped decisively by excising a very limited
zone of tissue just beneath the advancing dermal edge.So this indicated that the
contracting mechanism is located in margins of the wound, the so called picture-frame
area. This histological area of this ‘picture-frame area reveals a collection of large,
stellate, pale staining cells which have been thought to be the cells responsible for
moving the overlying dermis. These are myofibroblasts. These cells show
characteristics of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells including a rough endoplasmic
reticulum and microfilament bundles similar to smooth muscles.
FACTORS INHIBITING WOUND CONTRACTION
1. Corticosteroid administration has inhibitory effect on wound contraction.
2. Contraction does not occur normally in burns.
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3. Immediate skin grafting prevents wound contraction.
4. X-irradiation, if applied on the wound, causes delay in wound contraction.
5. Trocinate, which is a smooth muscle inhibitor, acts on actin which is the
contractile protien of fibrous contractures in human beings.
6. Colchicine and vinblastin also inhibit wound contraction, as they are inhibitors of
microtubule formation in the myofibroblasts. In fact colchicines is presently used in
the control of fibrous contractures in human beings.
7. Cytotoxic agents particularly the cytochrome poisons in non-lethal doses inhibit
wound contraction.
C. Epithelialisation:- In skin wounds, the epidermis immediately adjacent to the
wound edge begins thickening on the first day. Marginal basal cells lose their firm
attachment to the underlying dermis, enlarge and begin to migrate into the wound.
The fixed basal cells in a zone near the wound edge undergo rapid mitotic divisions
(proliferate) and the daugher cells migrate. Within 48 hours, the entire wound surface
is re-epithelialised. After bridging the wound defect, the migrating epithelial cells
lose their flattened appearance and become more columnar in shape. Layering of the
epithelium starts and surface cells keratinise. The epithelial cells also migrate down
the suture tracts. Subsequent epithelial thickening and keratinisation may produce
marked foreign body reaction and formation of sterile abscess. Epithelialisation of
the wound mainly occurs by proliferation and migration of the marginal basal cells
lying close to the wound margin.
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D. Granulation tissue formation:- The haematoma within the wound is soon
replaced by granulation tissue, which consists of new capillaries and fibroblasts. This
formation of granulation is preceded by two phases- (i) phase of traumatic
inflammation and (ii) phase of demolition.
1. PHASE OF TRAUMATIC INFLAMMATION:- The details of this traumatic
inflammation has been discussed in the context of wound inflammation.
2. PHASE OF DEMOLITION:- The dead tissue cells liberate their autolytic
anzymes. Similalry disintegrating polymorphs liberate proteolytic enzymes. The
mononuclear cells along with lage phagocytic macrophages infiltrate and ingest
particulate matters. They either digest or remove them. Fusion of these macrophages
results in the formation of foreign body gaint cells.
3. GRANULATION TISSUE FORMATION:- The granulation tissue is mainly
formed by proliferation and migration of the surrounding connective tissue elements.
It is in fact composed of in the first instance by capillary loops and fibroblasts with a
variable number of inflammatory cells. So initially it is highly vascular tissue, which
gradually turns into an avascular scar tissue. The two stages are considered in this
process- (a) stage of vascularisation and (b) stage of devascularisation.
a) Stage of vascularisation-As mentioned above the wound clot is invaded by
macrophages, which with their phagocytic activities remove the particulate matters
and move towards the center of the wound. This process is followed by capillary
loops and fibroblasts. The ingrowth of capillary loops and fibroblasts which help to
form living granulation tissue is known as organization.
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Solid buds of endothelial cells grow out of the existing damaged blood vessels at
the surface of the wound. These undergo canalization by anastomosis with their
neighbours form a series of vascular arcades. Under the electron microscope gaps are
seen between the endothelial cells and the basement membrane is poorly formed.
These newly formed capillary loops leak protein and thus the tissue fluid which is
formed is a very suitable medium for fibroblastic growth. Gradually these capillary
loops differentiate, a few acquire muscle coat and become arterioles, whereas others
enlarge to form thin walled venules. A few disappear or persist as part of the
capillary bed. The source of smooth muscle fibres to form arterioles is either cell
migration or differentiation of existing primitive mesenchymal cells. Direct
arteriovenous shunts are also formed.
The fibroblasts, which accompany the capillary loop, gradually become larger to
become elongated fibrocytes. During this process of fibrogenesis, pH becomes
alkaline. From these fibroblasts ultimately collagen is formed. Collagen is an
extracelllar secretion from specialized fibroblasts and the basis molecules which
fibroblasts synthesise are frequently called tropocollagen. This tropocollagen
condenses in the mucopolysaccharide extracellular space to form fibrils. These fibrils
are grouped together to form the reticulin fibres. These fribrils when condensed
together form the collagen fibres. This collagen is not inert and it undergoes constant
turnover under the influence of tissue collagenase. More thicker collagen fibres are
laid down haphazardly.
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These are several types of collagen which differ in the amino acid sequence of the
constituent chains, though hydroxyproline, proline and glycin dominate. Type I
collagen is found in the tendon, ligament, skin and bone Type II collagen is found in
cartilage, mainly in articular and costal cartilages. Type III collagen is found in
foetal dermis and later on is replaced by type I collagen at birth. Type III collagen
appears to be an important component of tissues with unusual degree of elasticity
such as aorta, oesophagus and uterus. The aminocids found in collagen are
hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine. Other fibrous tissues such as elastin do not contain
significant amount of hydroxyproline.
Fibroblasts are also though to be responsible for the production of
mucopolysaccharide ground substance.
b) Stage of devascularisation- In this stage fibroplasia proceeds and some vessels
undergo atrophy, whereas others show endarteritis obliterans, that means their lumens
become obliterated due to intimal proliferation. So the granulation tissue looks pale at
this stage, which is known as devascularisation.
At the beginning of this stage, nerve fibres and lymphatics form, with the
ingrowth of nerve fibres, the arterioles exhibits rhythmic contraction. The new
lymphatics develop from existing lymphatics in the same way as do the capillary
loops. Mast cells also make their appearance and their granules are derived from the
ground substance. At later stage these mast cells disappear and hyalinisation occurs.
Ther is also formation of scar tissue. This process is known as cicatrisation. Collagen
turn over and remodeling in the scar never stops. In fact the turn over of collagen in
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scar tissue is faster than in other tissues. The phenomenon of scar remodeling is the
basic function of injured tissues. The gross appearance of remodeling scars suggests
that collagen fibres are altered and rewoven into different architectural patterns with
time.
Factors affecting granulation tissue formation
1. Cortisone administration- Excess corticosteriod administration inhibits
granulation tissue formation.
2. Scurvy- Maturation to collagen does not occur in the absence of vitamin C.
3. Protein starvation- also causes delayed formation of collagen. There remains
excessive accumulation of poorly sulphated ground substance.
Healing of Skin Wounds
Healing of a clean incised wound, the edges of which are closed (closed wound)-takes
place by a process known as healing by first intention. The following changes take
place-
i. Initial haemorrhage results in the formation of a fibrin-rich haematoma.
ii. Acute inflammatory process occurs and the fibrinous exudates help to cement the
cut margins of the wound together.
iii. Minimum granulation tissue is formed, which can be called organization.
iv. Regeneration of epithelium- The process of epithelialisation has been discussed
above. In the first 24 hours basal cells mobilize from the undersurface of the
epidermis. By 48 hours the advancing epithelial edge undergoes cellular
hypertrophy and mitosis. Epithelial cells gradually line the wound deep to the
fibrin clot and it also lines the suture tracks. Implantation epidermoid cyst may
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develop from epithelial remnants. There may be formation of ugly punctuate
scars from sutures which are left in position for longer period. The use of
adhesive tapes instead of sutures for closing wounds avoids these marks and gives
better cosmetic results.
Healing of open wounds- If delayed closure is not performed and if there skin loss, a
remarkable change in the physical dimension of the wound occurs. Healing of such
wound is known as healing by secondary intention. The main bulk of tissue with
performs the healing process is the granulation tissue and that is why this type of
healing is also called healing by granulation. But this does not mean that granulations
are not formed in the simple incised wounds. The difference is quantitative and not
qualitative. The followings are that various important processes of this type of wound
healing.
i) Initial inflammatory phase affects the surrounding tissues and the wound is filled
with coagulum. This coagulum dies and forms a scab.
ii) The most important feature of healing of this type of wound is wound contraction.
The skin wound contracts by stretching the surrounding skin to close the defect and
not by the production of new skin. After a dealy of ‘lag period’ of 2 or 3 days, the
dermal edges begin moving towards each other. Between 5 and 10 days, the wound
edges move rapidly and after 2 weeks it becomes slowed down again.
iii) The exposed wound gradually becomes completely covered with granulation
tissue. This granulation tissue forms a temporary protective layer against infection
until the surface is covered by epithelium.
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iv) The epithelium gradually grows over the granulation tissue, but beneath the scab
to complete the healing process. Specialized epithelial structures like interpapillary
processes, hair follicles and sebaceous gland are not reformed.
The epithelial cells in fact slide into the wound forming a thin tongue of
cells between the granulation tissue and the clot. Gradually as the epithelialisation
continues, there is also remodeling of the granulation tissue and scar, so that the
wounded area which was at first depressed, ultimately forms a flat scar.
Complications of wound healing:
i) Implantation cysts.
ii) Painful scars.
iii) Cicatrisation- It often produces various deformities.
iv) Keloid formation
v) Neoplasia
Factors influencing wound healing - The various factors which influence wound
healing can be divided into two groups-general factors and local factors.
General factors:-
1. Age- Wound healing is fast in the young, but it is normal in old age unless
associated with debilitating diseases or ischaemia or diabetes etc.
2. Nutrition- (i) Protein deficiency- As mentioned above, protein depletion causes
impairment of granulation tissue and collagen formation. It should be noted that it is
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not always due to inadequate intake, but may be due to excessive loss e.g. nephrotic
syndrome, cirrhosis, chronic inflammatory conditions etc.
ii) Vitamin C deficiency
iii) Vitamin A is required for proper epithelialisation, which may be hampered due to
its deficiency.
Zinc, Calcium, Copper and Manganese deficiency- Zinc is an essential component of
many enzymes which are involved in protein synthesis. There is some failure of
granulation tissue formation in case of zinc deficiency. Others are essential minerals
which are also required for proper wound healing. These may be depleted in
intestinal fistulas and burns.
3. Hormones- (A) Corticosteroids- The effects of this hormone on granulation tissue
formation and wound contraction have been discussed above.
b) Desoxycorticosterone acetate and anabolic steroids like testosterone are also
concerned with increase in the speed of wound healing.
The following conditions delay or hamper the quality of wound healing. These are:-
4. Anaemia.
5. Uraemia
6. Jaudice.
7. Diabetes.
8. Blood dyscrasias
9. Malignant disease.
10. Cytotoxic drugs.
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Local factors:-
1. Position of skin wound- When the skin wounds are parallel to the lines of
langer, they heal faster and wounds right angle to these lines tend to gape and
the healing is delayed.
2. Blood Supply- Wounds with poor blood supply heal slowly
3. Tension-If the wound is in tension, its healing will be jeopardized.
Haematoma and infection increase tension.
4. Infection-Once infection occurs in a wound, healing is always delayed. Due to
infection, fibroblasts face tough time to persist as they have to complete with
inflammatory cells and bacteria for oxygen and nutrients. So proper
granulation tissue formation and collagen formation become affected. This
has been often the sause of burst wound which requires secondary sutures.
5. Movement- it delays wound healing, so rest is very essential. The delicate
capillary lopps of the granulation tissue and the delicate epithelium are
damaged due to movement.
6. Exposure to ionizing radiation-Previous X-irradiation may affect vascularity
of the part. It also causes delay in the formation of granulations tissue. But
most important is that it inhibits wound contraction.
7. Foreign bodies- These include tissue reaction and inflammation.
8. Adhesions to bony surfaces cause delay in wound heating probably by
preventing proper wound contraction.
9. Necrosis- This obviously retards healing.
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10. Lymph drainage- Impairment of lymph drainage, which causes oedema of the
part, jeopardizes the process of wound healing.
11. Ultraviolet light is well known clinically to increase the rate of healing. This
has been confirmed experimentally.
12. Faulty technique of wound closure is obviously responsible for delay in
wound healing in many cases.
SCARS 137
The most superficial wound such as superficial burns and abrasions will heal by
epithelialisation alone without scar formation. In these circumstances adnexal
structures are preserved and the epithelium regenerates from these structures. This
may leave alterations in keratinisation, texture or pigmentation of the healed area, but
not scarring as such. A scar is the inevitable consequence of wound repair. The final
phase of wound repair is the process of remodeling and scar maturation. The
fibroblasts, capillaries, glycosaminoglycans, and immature collagen of granulation
tissue and the newly healed wound are replaced by relatively acellular, avascular scar
tissue composed of mature collages with scattered fibroblasts. This biological process
is manifested by a change in appearance of the scar from a red, raised, firm,
contracting, and perhaps itchy nodule to a pale, flat softer, static, symptomless plaque
of mature scar. The rate at which any given scar passes though this process can vary
widely depending on the age of the individual, the site of the wound, the time the
wound took to heal, the direction of the scar and the tension across it. In general,
scars in younger patients with wounds on the trunk that heal slowly, perhaps with
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Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 78
infection or dehiscence, and scars that have a lot of tension across them will take
much longerto mature than scars in older people, in thin-skinned areas, that heal
rapidly by first intention and that have minimal tension across them.
Adverse scars.
There are many types of adverse scar many of which can be avoided or prevented by
correct incision planning and adequare wound manangement. Some types, however,
cannot be prevented and are unpredicatable in their occurrence.
Wrong Direction
Incisions that passs along ideal lines are more likely to leave acceptable scars.
Poor Alignment of features
Mal-alignments result in conspicuous adverse scars.
Stretched scar
Scars from excisional wounds on the trunk and limbs often stretch.
Contracted scar
Where a linear scar crosses a flexor surface shortening may result in a scar
contracture which may prevent full extension of that part.
Pigment alteration
The new epidermis of a scar will often not have the same degree of pigmentation
as surrounding unscarred areas mosly hypopigmented, but hyperpigmentation can
also occur.
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Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 79
Contour deformity
Where would edges are not anatomically aligned in the vertical plane or where a
beveled cut is not repaired accurately there is a risk of contour irregularity in the
healed scar.
Tattooing
Grit, dirt or soot become implanted in the wound as it heals result in tattoned
scars.
Stitch marks
If skin sutures are left in place for more than 7 days then scars from the stitch
marks will usually result.
Hypertrophic scars
Hypertrophic scars typically occur in wounds where healing was delayed, perhaps
were complications such as infection or dehiscence occurred.
Keloid scars
In some situations there is an extreme overgrowth of scartissue that grows beyond
the limits of the original wound and shows no tendency to resolve.
MANAGEMENT OF WOUNDS138
1. Wound is inspected and classified as per the type of wounds.
2. If it is in the vital area then
The airway should be maintained.
The bleeding, if present, should be controlled.
Intravenous fluids are started.
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Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 80
Oxygen, if required, may be given.
Deeper communicating injuries and fractures etc. should be looked for.
3. If it is an incised wound then primary suturing is done after through
cleaning.
4. If it is lacerated wound then the wound is excised and primary suturing is
done.
5. If it is a crushed or devitalized wound there will be oedema and tension in
the wound. So after wound debridement or wound debridement or wound
excision by excising all devitalized tissue, the oedema is allowed to subside
for 2-6 days. Then delayed primary suturing is done.
6. If it is a deep devitalized wound, after wound debridement it is allowed to
granulate completely. Later, if the wound is large a split skin graft (Thiersch
graft) is used t cover the defect.
7. In a wound with tension, fasciotomy is done so as to prevent the
development of compartment syndrome.
8. Vascular or nerve injuries are dealt with accordingly. Vessels are sutured
with 6-zero polypropylene no absorbable suture material. If the nerves are
having clean cur wounds it can be sutured primarily with polyprolelene 6-zero
or 7-zero suture material. If there is difficulty in identifying the nerve ends or
if there is difficulty in identifying the nerve ends or if there are crushed cut
ends of nerves then marker stitches are placed using silk at the site and later
secondary repair of the nerve is done.
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Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 81
9. Internal injuries (intracranial by cranioromy, intrathoracic by intercostals
tube drainage, intraabdominal by laparotomy) has to be dealt with accordingly.
Fractured bone is also identified and properly dealt with.
10. Antibiotics, fluid and electrolyte balance, blood trasfusion, tetanus toxoid,
or antitetanus globulin (ARG) injection.
Wound debridement (wound toilet, or wound excision) is liberal excision of all
devitalized tissue at regular intervals (of 48-72 hours) until healthy, bleeding vascular
tidy wound is created.
Primary suturing means suturing the wound immediately within 6 hours. It is done in
clean insides wounds.
Delayed primary suturing means suturing the wound in 48 hoours to 10 days. It is
done in lacerated wounds. This time is allowed for the oedema to subside.
Secondary suturing means suturing the wound in 10-14 days or later. It is done in
infected wounds. After the control of infection, once healthy granulation tissue
appears, secondary suturing is done.
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Dept. of P.G, Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 82
DRUG ANALYSIS
The drug Sandhyaraga is not mentioned in Ayurvedic classical texts and not
included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India. The tuber of this drug is being used as
a traditional medicine in many parts of the country.It has been claimed very effective
for intestinal parasites, wounds, ulcers and such other clinical conditions.This drug
has not been studied scientifically for curative properties for its pharmacological
actions so far by anybody. Hence here an attempt is made to analyze the drug for its
Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological nature. The tuber has been
selected for the detailed analytical study.
PHARMACOGNOSY OF SANDHYARAGA TUBER
Macroscopic features:
It is fleshy with cylindrical oblong appearance, tapering to the end, dark brown
to deep black in colour.
Microscopic features:
Transverse section (T.S) of outer portion of older root of Sandhyaraga (Mirabilis
jalapa Linn).
The outer cork consists of about 15-20 layers of laterally elongated compactly
arranged radial rows of cells. This forms the outer cork which is dark brown or black
in color.
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Dept. of P.G, Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 83
Inner to this portion, there are 2 bands of thick walled sclerenchyma which are
rectangular shaped. Few layers of larger thin walled polygonal cells separate the
bands of Sclerenchyma. Most of the cells contain dark coloured crystals of calcium
oxalate raphids. Inner to the second layer of transverse band of sclerenchyma, large
thin walled radially arranged parenchymatous cells which are found filled with
enormous amount of starch grains.
T.S of the terminal portion of the root of Sandhyaraga (Mirabilis jalapa Linn).
Anatomy of the root of Sandhyaraga shows an atypical character when
compared with that of a typical dicot root. During secondary growth, the primary
thickening meristem differentiates in the pericycle outside the vascular tissue.
Histology of the section shows very small central pith with compactly arranged thin
walled cells. Four patches of xylem bundles surround pith with metaxylem facing
towards center and protoxylem towards periphery. Outer to the layer of xylem
bundles, few layers of thin walled lighter colored cells are found which probably
include the cells of primary phloem between the arms of xylem and the conjunctive
tissue. Outside this, a patch of secondary xylem vessels is found scattered here and
there.
Secondary xylem vessels were interrupted by radially arranged rectangular
cells which contain starch grains. The layer of secondary xylem is surrounded by a
layer of polygonal thin walled cells, which may include the region of secondary
phloem and inner cortex. Some of the polygonal cells contain dark coloured contents
in them. The outer cortex contains a layer of sclerenchyma which is followed by a
band of sclerenchymatous cells which is followed by the cork on the periphery. The
cork cells are arranged radially, rectangular shaped and arranged in 10 to 15 rows.
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Dept. of P.G, Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 84
Image3.1. Tuber of Sandhyaraga
Image 3.2. T.S of Sandhyaraga tuber
Image 3.3Outer cork cells ofSandhyaraga tuber
Image.3.4Xylem bundles ofSandhyaraga tuber
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Dept. of P.G, Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 85
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SANDHYARAGA TUBER139
Extracts of drug in different solvents viz,Water,Alchohol,and Ether, were made and
used for phytochemical analysis.
DETERMINATION OF PETROLEUM ETHER EXTRACT.
5 gm of the air dried drug was macerated, coarsely powdered, with 100 ml of
petroleum ether of the specified strength in a closed flask for 24 hours, and shook it
frequently for 6 hours and allowed to stand for 18 hours. After that it was filtered
rapidly, taking precautions against loss of solvent, evaporate 25 ml of the filtrate to
dryness in tared flat bottomed shallow disc, and dry at 1050, to constant weight and
weigh. The percentage of the petroleum ether soluble extractive was calculated with
reference to air dried drug.
DETERMINATION OF ALCHOHOL SOLUBLE EXTRACT
5 gm of the air dried drug was macerated, coarsely powdered, with 100 ml of alcohol
of the specified strength in a closed flask for 24 hours, and shook it frequently for 6
hours and allowed to stand for 18 hours. After that it was filtered rapidly, taking
precautions against loss of solvent, evaporate 25 ml of the filtrate to dryness in tared
flat bottomed shallow disc, and dry at 1050, to constant weight and weigh. The
percentage of the alcohol soluble extractive was calculated with reference to air dried
drug.
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Dept. of P.G, Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 86
DETERMINATION OF WATER SOLUBLE EXTRACT
5 gm of the air dried drug was macerated, coarsely powdered, with 100 ml of water of
the specified strength in a closed flask for 24 hours, and shook it frequently for 6
hours and allowed to stand for 18 hours. After that it was filtered rapidly,, taking
precautions against loss of solvent, evaporate 25 ml of the filtrate to dryness in tared
flat bottomed shallow disc, and dry at 1050C, to constant weight and weigh. Calculate
the percentage of the water soluble extractive with reference to air dried drug.
DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ASH
Incinerate about 2 to 3 gm accurately weighed, of the ground drug in a tared platinum
or silica disc at a temperature not exceeding 4500 until free from Carbon, cool and
weigh. If a Carbon free ash cannot be obtained in this way, exhaust the charred mass
with hot water, collect the residue on a ash less filter paper, incinerate the residue and
filter paper, add the filtrate, evaporate to dryness, and ignite at a temperature not
exceeding 4500. Calculate the percentage of ash with the reference to the air dried
drug.
DETERMINTION OF pH VALUE
The pH value of a liquid is determined by means of a glass electrode and a pH
meter. Suitable glass electrode and pH meters of both the potentiometric and
deflection type are available.
Method: - Operate the pH meter and the electrode system according to the
manufacturer’s instructions. Standardize the meter and the electrodes with 0.05 M
potassium hydrogen phthalate (pH 4.0) when measuring a acid solution or with 0.05
M sodium borate when measuring in alkaline solution. At the end of a set of
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Dept. of P.G, Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 87
measurements, take a reading of the solution used to standardize the meter and
electrodes. This reading should not differ by more than 0.02 from the original value at
which the apparatus was standardized.
Preparation of solutions: - A10% w/v solution in water filtered through a dry filter and
used.
TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES
Benedict’s test:
To 0.5 ml of aqueous extract of drug add 5 ml of Benedict’s solution and boil
for 5 minutes. Formation of a coloured precipitate is due to the presence of
Carbohydrate.
TEST FOR PROTIENS:
Biuret’s test:
To 1 ml of hot aqueous extract of the drug, add 5- 8 drops of 10% w/v Sodium
hydroxide solution followed by 1 or 2 drops of 3% w/v Copper sulphate solution. A
red or Violet colour is obtained.
TEST FOR SAPONINS:
In a test tube containing about 5 ml of aqueous extract of the drug, add a drop
of Sodium bicarbonate solution, shake the mixture vigorousely, and leave for 3
minutes .Honeycomb like froath is formed and the froath remains for 3 minutes.
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Dept. of P.G, Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 88
TEST FOR FLAVONOIDS:
In a test tube containing 0.5 ml of alcoholic extract of the drug, add 5- 10
drops of diluted Hydrochloric acid followed by a small piece of Magnesium. In the
presence of
Flavonoids presence of pink, reddish pink or Brown colour is produced.
TEST FOR ALKALOIDS
Dissolve a few milligram of alcoholic or aqueous extract of the drug in 5 ml of
distilled water, added 2 M hydrochloric acid until an acid reaction occurs, then
add 1 ml of Dragendorff’s reagent, an orange or orange red precipitate is produced
immediately.
Mayer’s test
Add a few drops of Mayor’s reagent to 1 ml of acidic aqueous extract of the drug.
White or pale yellow precipitate is formed.
TEST FOR TANNINS:
To 1- 2 ml of alcohol extract of the drug add a few drops of 5% FeCl3 solution .A
green colour indicates the presence of gallotannins while a brown colour Tannins.
TEST FOR STEROIDS
Liebermann – Burchard’s test
Add 2 ml of acetic anhydride solution to 1 ml of petroleum ether extract of the
drug in chloroform followed by 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid. A greenish
colour is developed which turns to blue.
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Dept. of P.G, Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 89
Table3.1 showing results of phytochemical analysis
Sl No Test Result
1. Petroleum Ether soluble extract 0.76%
2. Alchohol soluble extract 3.6%
3. Water soluble extract 1.8%
4. pH value 5.2
5. Ash value 6.2%
6. Test for Carbohydrates Positive
7. Test for Proteins Negative
8. Test for Saponins Positive
9. Test for Flavonoids Negative
10. Test for Alkaloids ( Mayer’s test) Mildly positive
11. Test for Alkaloids (Dragendorff’s test) Positive
12. Test for Tannins Negative
13. Test for Steroids (Liebermann – Burchard’s
test)
Negative
PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY OF SANDHYARAGA TUBER140
A drug performs its action by the virtue of its the pharmacological properties,
viz, Rasa, Guna, Veerya Vipaka, and Prabhava. But generally it is considered that
the prime factor of drug action is its potency. Acharya Charaka describes it as ‘Yena
Kurvanti tat Veeryam’. The potency is obtained by a drug on the basis of the Bhautik
combination and the resultant Rasa and Guna. So in order to study the drug action in
detail the knowledge about Dravya’s Bhautik composition and the embedded Gunas
are to be investigated. In Samhitas and Nighantus, the properties like Rasa, Guna,
Veerya etc of many drugs have been described. In the case of non classical drugs
Charakacharya in Suthrasthana 26thchapter 66th sloka has given specific directive
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to examine their Gunas as mentioned that Raso Nipate Dravyanam, Vipakam
Karmanishtaya I, Veeryam Yavad Adhivasat nipatachopalabhyathey.II On the basis
of this direction the pharmacological properties of the Dravya can be made out
Rasa- On contact with tongue
Veerayam-by long contactand or by means of external contact with body
Vipakam-By the Karma performed
The drugs for the present study are Madhusnuhi and Sandhyaraga as stated in the
previous chapters. Of them Madhusnuhi is a known drug for its pharmacological
properties and pharmacological properties of Sandhyaraga is not mentioned. So to
have a clear idea about the pharmacological properties of Sandhyaraga, investigations
into the pharmacological nature of the drug is highly necessitated .At this juncture the
method adopted and suggested by Dr.S.C. Dhyani is sought for the purpose.
Rasa and Vipaka indicate the chemical structure of drugs, and Guna and
Veerya indicate the physico-pharmacological properties of drugs. Different drugs
have got different arrangements of the five Mahabhutas in terms of weight, number
and configuration in their composition. The specific arrangement of any two of the
Mahabhuta gives rise to a particular taste of a drug are inferred from it’s taste. The
specific taste inherits the specific qualities from its predominant proto-elemental
constituents. Rasa have certain local and systemic actions on account of their
qualities. Hence study of the first pharmacological property, Rasa has been done.
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Need for Rasa determination
There are several problems faced by the practitioners regarding the confusion in rasa
of a drug.
The first problem is that different texts have described different Rasas to a
drug. The reasons for this difference of opinion may be:
1. Different plants being used under one name.
2. Different parts of drugs being used.
3. Different place and season of collection and storage.
4. Taste of drug in a green and dry form.
5. Not only by the method of ‘Taste with the tongue’ but also by inference on the
basis of the actions the drug produces.
The second problem is that some texts have two or more Rasas to a drug and have
not generally mentioned as to which of those Rasas is the principal taste and which is
the secondary taste (Pradhana Rasa and Anurasa)The third problem is the drugs of a
particular Rasa may have varying intensity of taste. For example Tara-tama Bhava of
a Rasa.The fourth problem is the assessment of the effect of storage on the taste of
drugs. The crude drug powders are said to retain their potency for two months only.
Definition of Rasa
That, which is recognized or perceived first after the contact of the substance
with the tongue, is the Pradhana Rasa ( main taste), and that, which is subsequently
perceived, is called Anu-rasa or Uparasa( Secondary taste). The Rasa is gustatory
appeal caused by the substance after coming in contact with the tongue. Therefore,
Rasa has been defined as taste with tongue.
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The drug or dietic substances may give different Rasa in immature and mature
states. In other words, Rasas in a drug may vary when it is green and when dried up.
Charaka, therefore, observed; that savour, which becomes patent on the first contact
of dry substance with the tongue, is declared to be its Rasa. What is otherwise
apprehended is its latent or after-taste (Anurasa or Uparasa).
Sandhyaraga is a non classical drug whose Rasadi properties are not yet known.
Hence an attempt was made to estimate the taste and determine the taste threshold.
Estimation of taste
Taste with tongue is the criterion for determining the Rasa or Anurasa of a drug. The
following procedures for taste with tongue were adopted.
The drug was collected , and dried up and made into fine powder fine powder
by grinder. 25 healthy volunteers were selected from first year PG scholars so
that nochance of mistakes in expressing the Rasa they perceive is there. They
were asked to them to wash their mouth. Five minutes gap was maintained
between washing of mouth and tasting drug. 5 gms of fine powder of drug
was served to these volunteers. They were given pieces of paper and
requested to record the Rasa and Anurasa they perceived. The volunteers were
not told about the sample (Blind method).
Papers were collected and the results were recorded.
Result : All the volunteers expressed unanimous opinion about the taste of the drug
that it was Kashaya rasa .Hence it was accepted as the Pradhana Rasa of that drug.
The volunteers could mention the Anurasa as Katu.
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Dept. of P.G, Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri 93
Detemination of the Taste-threshold
5 gms of drug powder was taken and put it in 100ml. of water and stirred for
30 minutes. Then it was filtered with the filter paper. 1 ml of that filtered solution
was taken and diluted with distilled water gradually. Few drops of this solution was
tasted between different dilutions. The point at which the taste is last perceived was
taken as the Taste threshold of that taste in that drug. Any further dilution of the
solution did not reveal any taste.
Result
Taste threshold of Kashayarasa ;385ml
Threshold of Katurasa: 472ml,(Katutama)
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
MATERIALS AND METHODS
MATERIALS
Materials utilized for the present study are:
Albino rats
Trial drugs (Tubers of Madhusnuhi & Sandhyaraga)
Surgical instruments like scalpel with blade, forceps.
Selection of Animals:
42 healthy Albino rats of both sex with an average body weight of 175gm
were selected for the experiment. They were grouped into seven, containing six
animals in each group and were kept in separate cages after weighing and labeling
with potassium permanganate stain for their individual identity. All these cages were
numbered serially from 1 to 7. The animals were fed with standard laboratory diet and
drinking water.
Selection of Trial Drugs - Tubers of Madhusnuhi and Sandhyaraga were used as
trial drugs for the experiment. The first drug Madhusnuhi was collected from Alva’s
Ayurveda College Pharmacy, Mijar. The tubers of Sandhyaraga were collected
directly from the farm of the Trivandrum district. The above drugs were officially
identified in the department of Dravyaguna Vijnana, Alva’s Ayurveda College,
Moodbidri.
Preparation of Trial Drugs
The collected drug samples were washed and cleaned with water, initially
dried in shadow and thereafter dried in an electric drier.
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Preparation of Powder
1kg of properly dried tubers of each drug was initially crushed in a
disintegrator and then powdered using a pulverizer at a mesh size of 80 to get a fine
powder. Drugs were then stored in air tight, separate containers. These samples were
used for the entire experiment.
Mode of Administration of the Drug:
1. Internal - Dose was calculated using the formula Rat dose= Human dose x
0.018 x 5/kg body wt.141
Madhusnuhi - The drug was administered at a dose of 108mg/200g body
wt in solution form.
Sandhyaraga - The drug was administered at a dose of 36mg/200g body
wt in solution form.
2. External - Trial drug powders were used for dusting, in a quantity sufficient
to cover the wound area.
3. Combined- Internal & External together done in this group
METHODS
Preparation of Wounds:- Excision Wound Healing method
The wound model chosen for present study was excision wound technique
suggested by Morton and Malone142. (A slight modification was made in the
methodology by reducing the wound size from 500mm2 to 200mm2 as per the
suggestion of the ethical committee.) Full aseptic measures were carried out and
animals did not receive either local are systematic chemotherapeutics. The groups of
animals were housed separately.
Selected animals were starved twelve hours prior to wounding. Animals were
anaesthetized using Ketamin anesthesia in semi-aseptic conditions. A circular patch of
full thickness of skin measuring 200 mm2 was cut away from a pre-determined area
on the depilated dorsal thoracic region of all the rats in each group. After making the
wounds, the wound margins were traced on thin, transparent sheet which is again
retraced on millimeters scale graph paper on the day of wounding (0 day) and this was
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followed periodically until complete wound healing. The observation of percentage
wound closure was made on 4th, 8th, 12th, 16th and 18th post wounding day and also
the wound was observed for complete Epithelialization.
Wound healing can be assessed by monitoring Physical attributes
Physical Attribute: Physical attributes like contraction, Epithelialization and scar
remolding was monitored by measuring the total wound area.
Table 4.1 showing Physical attributes
Wound Model Attribute Parameter studied Method used
Excision Physicala) Percentage of contraction
b) Period of EpithelializationPlanimetry
Experimental parameters:- The study of excision wound heals by contraction and
Epithelialization. The parameters include wound contraction and period of
Epithelialization.
Percentage of wound contraction – Contraction which mainly contributes wound
closure was studied by tracing the raw wound area on tracing sheet every day, until
wounds were completely covered by epithelium. These wound tracings were retraced
on a millimeter scale graph paper to determine wounded area. The wound closure
was expressed as a percentage original wound size (200 mm2) for a group. And group
mean on a particular day was taken for final analysis of the result.
Period of Epithelialization it was measured in terms of days required for falling of
scar. Falling of scar, leaving no raw area, was taken as an end point of complete
Epithelialization and the time was noted in all of the animals.
Administration of Drugs
As the procedure of the experiment, the trial drugs were administered to six
groups (Group2 to Group7) keeping the first group labeled as control group. The trial
drugs were administered as follows:
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Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 97
Group 1 (Control). No administration of the drug was done in this group for the
assessment of natural healing process. With the values of this group, values of
following six groups were compared.
Group 2 - The external application of trial drug Madhusnuhi was done on Groups 2.
The application of the churna was done daily once in the morning, after cleaning the
wounded area with distilled water using sterile gauze piece. Wounded area was
traced using tracing sheet.
Group 3 - To this group, trail drug Madhusnuhi was given in the form of solution and
administered internally and wounded area was traced.
Group 4 - Area of wound was estimated and the combined internal and external
application of trial drug Madhusnuhi was applied on Groups 4. Wounded area wass
traced using transparent sheet.
Group 5 - To this group the external application of trial drug Sandhyaraga churna
was done and wounded area was traced using tracing sheet.
Group 6 - To this group, trail drug Sandhyaraga Churna was given in the form of
solution and administered internally and wounded area was traced.
Group 7 - Combined internal and external application of trial drug Sandhyaraga
churna was applied on Groups 7. Wounded area was traced using transparent sheet.
To assess the efficacy of wound healing properties of trial drugs, Sandhyaraga
and Madhusnuhi used in the form of powder externally and internaly in wound
models. For statistical analysis, the groups are made into seven i.e. Groups 1 to 7.
Each group contains six animals each.
Image 4.1 Madhusnuhi Churna Image 4.2 Sandhyaraga Churna
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Table 4.2. showing Group, Drug and Mode of Administration.
Group Drug used Dose
Group – 1
(control)No medicine -
Group – 2 (Trial
drug A)
Trial drug A
Madhusnuhi churna
externally
Sufficient quantity to cover the excised area
Group – 3 (Trial
drug A)
Trial drug A
Madhusnuhi churna
internally
108mg/200gm bodyweight internally
Group – 4 (Trial
drug A)
Trial drug A
Madhusnuhi churna
externally & internally
108mg//200gm bodyweight internally and
sufficient quantity to cover the excised area
Group - 5 (Trial
drug B)
Trial drug B
Sandhyaraga churna
externally
Sufficient quantity to cover the excised area
Group – 6 (Trial
drug B)
Trial drug
Sandhyaraga churna
internally
36mg//200gm bodyweight internally
Group - 7 (Trial
drug B)
Trial drug
Sandhyaraga churna
externally &
internally
36mg//200gm bodyweight internally& sufficient
quantity to cover the excised area
.
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Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 99
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
The method selected for conducting the experimental study is Morton andMalone excisional wounding technique with modification in the wound size. Theobservation were made and are subjected for statistical analysis. The results thusobtained can be better understood if interpreted in different steps. Hence, theinterpretation is done as follows:
1. Control with Trial Drug-A groups2. Control with Trial Drug-B groups3. Control with Internal medication groups of both Trial drugs4. Control with External medication groups of both Trial drugs5. Control with combined Internal & External medication groups of both Trial
drugs6. Control with all groups of trial drugs.
PERCENTAGE OF CONTRACTION
Control with Trial Drug-A groups
Table 5.1 showing Percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 4th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)
C IM EM IEMR1 21.98 24.5 62.43 35.86R2 19.79 25.13 61.22 36.02R3 22.34 22.4 66.32 37.5R4 20.63 22.75 67.19 34.24R5 22.16 23.2 64.43 34.57R6 21.05 22.05 61.29 36.73MEAN 21.33 23.33 63.81 35.82SD 1.01 1.22 2.57 1.25SE 0.41 0.49 1.05 0.51
t-value 17.38 49.28 62.62 43.12RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
The mean contraction seen on the 4th post wounding day:Control group - 21.33±1.01%Madhusnuhi Internal -23.33±1.22%Madhusnuhi External -63.81±2.57%Madhusnuhi Internal External -35.82 ±1.25%
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 100
Table-5.2 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug A
(Madhusnuhi) groups on 4th post wounding day
GROUPS COMPARED T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi Internal
3.11 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Internalgroup is better thancontrol group
Highly significant
Control group&MadhusnuhiExternal group
37.71 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thancontrol group
Highly significant
Control group&Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group
22.17 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group is betterthan control group.
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi External group
34.85 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi Internalgroup
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group
17.53 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group is betterthan MadhusnuhiInternal group
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi External groupand Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group
24.05 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group
Highly significant
Table 5.3 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 8th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)
C IM EM IEMR1 39.75 69.39 92.27 67.17R2 36.67 64.71 94.9 68.28R3 41.49 65.63 91.05 66.15R4 38.1 67.72 92.19 66.85R5 36.76 67.53 93.81 67.55R6 44.21 63.59 93.55 68.37MEAN 39.49 66.43 92.96 67.39SD 2.96 2.16 1.38 0.86SE 1.21 0.88 0.56 0.35
t-value 10.09 17.917 63.81 75.24RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
The mean contraction seen on the 8th post wounding dayControl group - 39.49 ±2.96%Madhusnuhi Internal - 66.43±2.16%Madhusnuhi External - 92.96±1.38%Madhusnuhi Internal External - 67.39±0.86%
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 101
Table-5.4 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug A(Madhusnuhi)groupson 8th post wounding day
GROUPS COMPARED T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi Internal
18.01 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Internalgroup is better thancontrol group
Highly significant
Controlgroup&MadhusnuhiExternal group
40.1 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thancontrol group
Highly significant
Control group&Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group
22.2 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group is betterthan control group.
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi Externalgroup
25.35 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi Internal
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group
1.02 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internaland MadhusnuhiInternal External groupprovided the sameresult.
No significance
Madhusnuhi Externalgroup and MadhusnuhiInternal External group
38.56 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group
Highly significant
Table 5.5showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 12th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)
C IM EM IEMR1 90.1 96.43 98.34 95.96R2 91.15 95.72 98.98 93.01R3 89.89 93.75 98.95 95.31R4 86.24 93.65 98.96 92.39R5 87.56 95.36 98.97 95.74R6 87.89 96.41 97.85 94.90MEAN 88.81 95.22 98.67 94.55SD 1.86 1.25 0.48 1.49SE 0.76 0.51 0.19 0.61
t-value 84.28 89.30 74.57 72.28RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
The mean contraction seen on the12th post wounding day:Control group -88.81 ±1.86Madhusnuhi Internal - 95.22±1.25Madhusnuhi External - 98.67±0.48Madhusnuhi Internal External - 94.55±1.49
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 102
Table-5.6 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug A
(Madhusnuhi)groups on 12th post wounding day
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi Internal
7.02 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Internalgroup is better thancontrol group
Highly significant
Controlgroup&MadhusnuhiExternal group
12.59 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thancontrol group
Highly significant
Control group&Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group
5.90 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group is betterthan control group.
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi Externalgroup
6.34 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi Internalgroup.
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group
0.83 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group providedthe same result.
No significance
Madhusnuhi Externalgroup and MadhusnuhiInternal External group
6.45 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group
Highly significant
Table 5.7 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm)
on 16th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)
C IM EM IEMR1 96.7 99.49 100 100R2 96.35 98.93 99.49 98.92R3 95.74 95.31 100 97.40R4 92.06 98.94 100 98.37R5 95.14 99.48 100 100R6 93.68 98.47 100 96.43MEAN 94.95 98.44 99.92 98.52SD 1.77 1.58 0.21 1.43SE 0.72 0.65 0.09 0.58
t-value 111.33 93.37 87.38 79.65RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
The mean contraction seen on the16th post wounding day:
Control group - 94.95 ±1.77%Madhusnuhi Internal - 98.44±1.58%Madhusnuhi External - 99.92±0.21%Madhusnuhi Internal External - 98.52±1.43%
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 103
Table-5.8showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug A(Madhusnuhi)groups on 16th post wounding day.
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi Internal
3.60 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi Internalgroup is better thancontrol group.
Significant
Control group &Madhusnuhi Externalgroup
6.83 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better than controlgroup.
Highly Significant
Control group&Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group
3.84 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group is betterthan control group.
Significant
Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi Externalgroup
2.29 P<0.05 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi InternalIM<EM
Moderatly significant
Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group
0.09 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group providedthe same result.
No significance
Madhusnuhi Externalgroup and MadhusnuhiInternal External group
2.39 P<0.05 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group.
Moderatly significant
Control with Trial Drug-B groups
Table 5.9 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 4th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B ( Sandhyaraga)
C IS ES IESR1 21.98 57.61 59.57 45.92R2 19.79 61.14 60.7 44.68R3 22.34 59.14 55.21 43.55R4 20.63 59.04 60.10 46.91R5 22.16 60.40 56.08 46.32R6 21.05 58.82 56.68 46.56MEAN 21.33 59.36 58.06 45.66SD 1.01 1.25 2.34 1.29SE 0.41 0.51 0.96 0.53t-value 17.38 10.49 42.76 56.16RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
The mean contraction seen on the 4th post wounding day:Control group - 21.33±1.01%Sandhyaraga internal - 59.36±1.25%Sandhyaraga External -58.06±2.34%Sandhyaraga Internal External -45.66±1.29%
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 104
Table-5.10 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug B (Sandhyaraga) groups on 4th post wounding day
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group &Sandhyaraga internalgroup
58.17 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga internalgroup is better thancontrol group.
Highly significant
Control group andSandhyaraga Externalgroup
35.33 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup MadhusnuhiExternal group controlgroup.
Highly significant
Control group andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
36.47 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group is betterthan control group.
Highly significant
Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaExternal group
1.20 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal andSandhyaraga Externalgroup provided the sameresult.
No significance
Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaInternal External group
18.74 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Internal isbetter than SandhyaragaInternal External group
Highly significant
Sandhyaraga Externalgroup and SandhyaragaInternal External group
11.38 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
Highly significant
Table 5.11 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 8th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B ( Sandhyaraga)
C IS ES IESR1 39.75 75.54 84.04 79.08R2 36.67 75.13 85.71 78.19R3 41.49 77.42 84.90 77.42R4 38.10 75 86.87 76.29R5 36.76 76.80 86.24 75.26R6 44.21 77.01 83.42 75.13MEAN 39.49 76.15 85.20 76.90SD 2.96 1.05 1.32 1.61SE 1.21 0.43 0.54 0.66
t-value 10.09 102.15 66.80 75.35RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
The mean contraction seen on the 8th post wounding day:Control group - 39.49 ±2.96%Sandhyaraga internal - 76.15±1.05%Sandhyaraga External - 85.20±1.32%Sandhyaraga Internal External - 76.90±1.61%
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 105
Table-5.12showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug B(Sandhyaraga) groups on 8th post wounding day
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group &Sandhyaraga internalgroup
28.6 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga internal groupis better than control group.
Highly significant
Control group andSandhyaraga Externalgroup
34.6 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup Madhusnuhi Externalgroup control group.
Highly significant
Control group andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
27.22 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group is better thancontrol group.
Highly significant
Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaExternal group-
13.1 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga Internal
group
Highly significant
Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaInternal Externalgroup
0.95 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal groupand Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group provided thesame result.
No significance
Sandhyaraga Externalgroup andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
9.8 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
Highly significant
Table 5.13 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 12th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B (Sandhyaraga)
C IS ES IESR1 90.1 94.57 96.28 87.24R2 91.15 96.89 98.47 87.23R3 89.89 96.77 96.88 91.40R4 86.24 95.21 98.48 93.81R5 87.56 95.88 96.83 87.89R6 87.89 94.65 96.26 94.71MEAN 88.81 95.66 97.20 90.38SD 1.86 1.02 1.025 3.39SE 0.76 0.42 0.42 1.38t-value 84.28 86.87 57.67 57.13RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
The mean contraction seen on the 12th post wounding day.Control group -88.81 ±1.86Sandhyaraga internal - 95.66±1.02Sandhyaraga External - 97.20±1.025Sandhyaraga Internal External -90.38 ±3.39
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 106
Table-5.14 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug B (Sandhyaraga) groups on 12th post wounding day
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group &Sandhyaraga internalgroup
7.91 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga internalgroup is better thancontrol group.
Highly significant
Control group andSandhyaraga Externalgroup
9.68 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thancontrol group.
Highly significant
Control group andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
0.99 P>0.05 Control group andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group providedthe same result.
No significance
Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaExternal group-
2.60 P<0.05 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga Internalgroup.
Moderately significant
Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaInternal External group
3.65 P<0.01 Sandhyaraga Internalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
Significant
Sandhyaraga Externalgroup and SandhyaragaInternal External group
4.71 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga InternalExternal group.
Highly significant
Table 5.15 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on16th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B ( Sandhyaraga)
C IS ES IESR1 96.7 97.83 98.94 100R2 96.35 98.96 98.98 97.87R3 95.74 98.92 98.44 97.31R4 92.06 96.28 99.50 100R5 95.14 98.97 97.88 98.42R6 93.68 98.93 99.46 100MEAN 94.95 98.31 98.86 98.93SD 1.79 1.09 0.62 1.22SE 0.72 0.45 0.25 0.49
t-value 111.33 90.69 94.16 80.26RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
The mean contraction seen on the 16th post wounding dayControl group - 94.95 ±1.77%Sandhyaraga internal - 98.31±1.09%Sandhyaraga External - 98.86±0.62%Sandhyaraga Internal External -98.93 ±1.22%
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 107
Table-5.16 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Trial drug B (Sandhyaraga) groups on 16th post wounding day
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group &Sandhyaraga internalgroup
3.96 P<0.01 Sandhyaraga internalgroup is better than controlgroup.
Significant
Control group andSandhyaraga Externalgroup
5.12 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better than controlgroup.
Highly Significant
Control group andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
4.54 P<0.01 Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group is betterthan control group
Significant
Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaExternal group-
1.07 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal andSandhyaraga Externalgroup provided the sameresult.
No significance
Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaInternal External group
0.93 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group providedthe same result.
No significance
Sandhyaraga Externalgroup and SandhyaragaInternal External group
0.12 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga External andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group providedthe same result.
No significance
Control with Internal medication groups of both Trial drugs
Table 5.17 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 4th post wounding day of Control and Internal administration groupsof both Trial drugs
C IM ISR1 21.98 24.5 57.61R2 19.79 25.13 61.14R3 22.34 22.4 59.14R4 20.63 22.8 59.04R5 22.16 23.19 60.40R6 21.05 22.05 58.82MEAN 21.33 23.33 59.36SD 1.01 1.22 1.25SE 0.41 0.49 0.51t-value 17.38 49.28 10.49RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
The mean contraction seen on the 4th post wounding day:Control group - 21.33±1.01%Madhusnuhi Internal -23.33±1.22%Sandhyaraga internal - 59.36±1.25%
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 108
Table-5.18 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Internaladministration groups of both Trial drugs on 4th post wounding day
GROUPS COMPARED T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi Internal
18.01 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Internalgroup is better thancontrol group
Highly significant
Control group &Sandhyaraga internalgroup
28.6 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga internalgroup is better thancontrol group.
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Internal, andSandhyaraga internal
9.92 P<0.05 IM<IS Moderately significant
Table 5.19 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on8th post wounding day of Control and Internal administration groupsof both Trial drugs
C IM ISR1 39.75 69.39 75.54R2 36.67 64.71 75.13R3 41.49 65.63 77.42R4 38.10 67.72 75R5 36.76 67.53 76.81R6 44.21 63.59 77.01MEAN 39.49 66.43 76.15SD 2.96 2.16 1.05SE 1.21 0.88 0.43
t-value 10.09 17.92 102.15RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
The mean contraction seen on the 8th post wounding day:Control group - 39.49 ±2.96%Madhusnuhi Internal - 66.43±2.16%Sandhyaraga internal - 76.15±1.05%
Table-5.20 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Internaladministration groups of both Trial drugs on 8th post wounding day.
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi Internal
18.01 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Internalgroup is better thancontrol group
Highly significant
Control group &Sandhyaragainternal group
28.6 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga internalgroup is better thancontrol group.
Highly significant
MadhusnuhiInternal, andSandhyaragainternal
9.92 P<0.05 IM<IS Moderately significant
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 109
Table 5.21 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 12th post wounding day of Control and Internal administrationgroups of both Trial drugs:
C IM ISR1 90.1 96.43 94.57R2 91.15 95.72 96.89R3 89.89 93.75 96.77R4 86.24 93.65 95.21R5 87.56 95.36 95.88R6 87.89 96.41 94.65MEAN 88.81 95.22 95.66SD 1.86 1.25 1.02SE 0.76 0.51 0.42t-value 84.28 89.30 86.87RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
The mean contraction seen on the 12th post wounding day:Control group -88.81 ±1.86Madhusnuhi Internal - 95.22±1.25Sandhyaraga internal - 95.66±1.02
Table-5.22 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Internaladministration groups of both Trial drugs on 12th post wounding day
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi Internal
7.02 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Internal groupis better than control group
Highly significant
Control group &Sandhyaraga internalgroup
7.91 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga internalgroup is better than controlgroup.
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Internal,and Sandhyaragainternal
0.67 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga internalgroup and MadhusnuhiInternal group providedthe same result.
No significance
Table 5.23 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 16th post wounding day of Control and Internal administrationgroups of both Trial drugs
C IM ISR1 96.7 99.49 97.83R2 96.35 98.93 98.96R3 95.74 95.31 98.92R4 92.06 98.94 96.28R5 95.14 99.48 98.97R6 93.68 98.47 98.93MEAN 94.95 98.44 98.31SD 1.77 1.58 1.10SE 0.72 0.65 0.45
t-value 111.33 93.37 90.69RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 110
The mean contraction seen on the16th post wounding day:
Control group - 94.95 ±1.77%Madhusnuhi Internal - 98.44±1.58%Sandhyaraga internal - 98.31±1.10%
Table-5.24 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Internaladministration groups of both Trial drugs on 16th post wounding day
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi Internal
3.60 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi Internalgroup is better thancontrol group.
Significant
Control group &Sandhyaraga internalgroup
3.96 P<0.01 Sandhyaraga internalgroup is better thancontrol group.
Significant
Madhusnuhi Internal,and Sandhyaragainternal
0.16 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal, andSandhyaraga internalgroup provided the sameresult.
No significance
Control with External medication groups of both Trial drugs
Table 5.25 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 4th post wounding day of Control and External administrationgroups of both Trial drugs:
C EM ESR1 21.98 62.43 59.57R2 19.79 61.22 60.7R3 22.34 66.32 55.21R4 20.63 67.19 60.10R5 22.16 64.43 56.08R6 21.05 61.29 56.68MEAN 21.33 63.81 58.06SD 1.01 2.57 2.34SE 0.41 1.05 0.96
t-value 17.38 62.62 42.76RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 111
The mean contraction seen on the 4th post wounding day:Control group - 21.33±1.01%Madhusnuhi External -63.81±2.57%Sandhyaraga External -58.06±2.34%
Table-5.26 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Externaladministration groups of both Trial drugs 4th post wounding day
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi Externalgroup
37.71 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi External groupis better than control group
Highly significant
Control group andSandhyaraga Externalgroup
35.33 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup Madhusnuhi Externalgroup control group.
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Externaland SandhyaragaExternal
4.06 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi External isbetter than SandhyaragaExternal group
Significant
Table 5.27 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 8th post wounding day of Control and External administrationgroups of both Trial drugs
C EM ESR1 39.75 92.27 84.04R2 36.67 94.90 85.71R3 41.49 91.05 84.90R4 38.10 92.19 86.87R5 36.76 93.81 86.24R6 44.21 93.55 83.42MEAN 39.49 92.96 85.20SD 2.96 1.38 1.32SE 1.21 0.56 0.54
t-value 10.09 63.81 66.80RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
The mean contraction seen on the 8th post wounding day:Control group - 39.49 ±2.96%Madhusnuhi External - 92.96±1.38%Sandhyaraga External - 85.20±1.32%
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 112
Table-5.28 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Externaladministration groups of both Trial drugs 8th post wounding day
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi Externalgroup
40.1 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi External groupis better than control group
Highly significant
Control group andSandhyaraga Externalgroup
34.6 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup Madhusnuhi Externalgroup control group.
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Externaland SandhyaragaExternal
9.95 P<0.001 EM>ES Highly significant
Table 5.29 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 12th post wounding day of Control and External administrationgroups of both Trial drugs
C EM ESR1 90.1 98.34 96.28R2 91.15 98.98 98.47R3 89.89 98.95 96.88R4 86.24 98.96 98.48R5 87.56 98.97 96.83R6 87.89 97.85 96.26MEAN 88.81 98.67 97.20SD 1.86 0.48 1.03SE 0.76 0.19 0.42
t-value 84.28 74.57 57.67RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
The mean contraction seen on the 12th post wounding day:Control group -88.81 ±1.86Madhusnuhi External - 98.67±0.48Sandhyaraga External - 97.20±1.03
Table-5.30 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Externaladministration groups of both Trial drugs 12th post wounding day:
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi Externalgroup
12.59 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi External groupis better than control group
Highly significant
Control group andSandhyaraga Externalgroup
9.68 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better than controlgroup.
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Externaland SandhyaragaExternal
3.20 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi External groupis better than SandhyaragaExternal group
Significant
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 113
Table 5.31 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 16th post wounding day of Control and External administrationgroups of both Trial drugs:
C EM ESR1 96.7 100 98.94R2 96.35 99.49 98.98R3 95.74 100 98.44R4 92.06 100 99.49R5 95.14 100 97.88R6 93.68 100 99.46MEAN 94.95 99.92 98.86SD 1.77 0.21 0.62SE 0.72 0.09 0.25
t-value 111.33 93.37 87.38RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
The mean contraction seen on the16th post wounding day:Control group - 94.95 ±1.77%Madhusnuhi External - 99.92±0.21%Sandhyaraga External - 98.86±0.62%
Table-5.32 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Externaladministration groups of both Trial drugs 16th post wounding day:
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi Externalgroup
6.83 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better than controlgroup.
Highly Significant
Control group andSandhyaraga Externalgroup
5.12 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better than controlgroup.
Highly Significant
Madhusnuhi Externaland SandhyaragaExternal
3.94 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga External
Significant
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 114
Control with combined Internal & External medication groups ofboth Trial drugs
Table 5.33 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 4th post wounding day of Control and Combined Internal andExternal administration groups of both Trial drugs
C IEM IESR1 21.98 35.86 45.92R2 19.79 36.02 44.68R3 22.34 37.5 43.55R4 20.63 34.24 46.91R5 22.16 34.57 46.32R6 21.05 36.73 46.56MEAN 21.33 35.82 45.66SD 1.01 1.25 1.29SE 0.41 0.51 0.53
t-value 17.38 43.12 56.16RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
The mean contraction seen on the 4th post wounding day:Control group - 21.33±1.01%Madhusnuhi Internal External -35.82 ±1.25%Sandhyaraga Internal External -45.66±1.29%
Table-5.34 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Combined Internaland External administration groups of both Trial drugs 4th post wounding day
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group
22.17 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group is betterthan control group.
Highly significant
Control group andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
36.47 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group is betterthan control group.
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi InternalExternal andSandhyaraga InternalExternal
13.45 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal is better thanSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
Highly significant
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 115
Table 5.35 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 8th post wounding day of Control and Combined Internal andExternal administration groups of both Trial drugs
C IEM IESR1 39.75 67.17 79.08R2 36.67 68.28 78.19R3 41.49 66.15 77.42R4 38.10 66.85 76.29R5 36.76 67.55 75.26R6 44.21 68.37 75.13MEAN 39.49 67.39 76.90SD 2.96 0.86 1.61SE 1.21 0.35 0.66
t-value 10.09 75.24 75.35RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
The mean contraction seen on the 8h post wounding day:Control group - 39.49 ±2.96%Madhusnuhi Internal External - 67.39±0.86%Sandhyaraga Internal External - 76.90±1.61%
Table-5.36 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Combined Internaland External administration groups of both Trial drugs 8th post wounding day
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group
22.2 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group is betterthan control group.
Highly significant
Control group andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
27.22 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group is betterthan control group.
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi InternalExternal andSandhyaraga InternalExternal
12.79 P<0.001 IEM<IES Highly significant
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 116
Table 5.37 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 12th post wounding day of Control and Combined Internal andExternal administration groups of both Trial drugs
C IEM IESR1 90.1 95.96 87.24R2 91.1 5 93.01 87.23R3 89.90 95.31 91.40R4 86.24 92.39 93.81R5 87.56 95.74 87.89R6 87.89 94.90 94.71MEAN 88.81 94.55 90.38SD 1.86 1.49 3.39SE 0.76 0.61 1.38
t-value 84.28 72.28 57.13RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
The mean contraction seen on the 12th post wounding day:Control group -88.81 ±1.86Madhusnuhi Internal External - 94.55±1.49Sandhyaraga Internal External -90.38 ±3.39
Table-5.38 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the percentage ofclosure in excision wound area of Control and Combined Internal and Externaladministration groups of both Trial drugs 12th post wounding day
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group
5.90 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group is betterthan control group.
Highly significant
Control group andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
0.99 P>0.05 Control group andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group providedthe same result.
No significance
Madhusnuhi InternalExternal andSandhyaraga InternalExternal
2.75 P<0.05 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group is betterthan Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group.
Moderately significant
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 117
Table 5.39 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on16th post wounding day of Control and Combined Internal andExternal administration groups of both Trial drugs
C IEM IES
R1 96.7 100 100
R2 96.35 98.92 97.87
R3 95.74 97.40 97.31
R4 92.06 98.37 100
R5 95.14 100 98.42
R6 93.68 96.43 100
MEAN 94.95 98.52 98.93
SD 1.77 1.43 1.22
SE 0.72 0.58 0.50
t-value 111.33 79.65 80.26
RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
The mean contraction seen on the16th post wounding day:Control group - 94.95 ±1.77%Madhusnuhi Internal External - 98.52±1.43%Sandhyaraga Internal External -98.93 ±1.22%
Table-5.40 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and Combined Internaland External administration groups of both Trial drugs 16th post wounding day
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group
3.84 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group is betterthan control group.
Significant
Control group andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
4.54 P<0.01 Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group is betterthan control group
Significant
Madhusnuhi InternalExternal andSandhyaraga InternalExternal
0.54 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal and SandhyaragaInternal External providedthe same result.
No significance
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 118
Control with all groups of trial drugs.
Table 5.41 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 4th post wounding day of Control and all groups of Trial drugs
C IM EM IEM IS ES IESR1 21.98 24.49 62.43 35.86 57.61 59.57 45.92R2 19.79 25.13 61.22 36.02 61.14 60.7 44.68R3 22.34 22.40 66.32 37.5 59.14 55.21 43.55R4 20.63 22.75 67.19 34.24 59.04 60.10 46.91R5 22.16 23.20 64.43 34.57 60.40 56.08 46.31R6 21.05 22.05 61.29 36.73 58.82 56.68 46.56MEAN 21.33 23.33 63.81 35.82 59.36 58.06 45.66SD 1.01 1.22 2.57 1.25 1.25 2.34 1.29SE 0.41 0.50 1.05 0.51 0.51 0.96 0.53
t-value 17.38 49.28 62.62 43.12 10.49 42.76 56.16RESULT
P<0.001P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
The mean contraction seen on the 4th post wounding day:Control group - 21.33±1.01%Madhusnuhi Internal -23.33±1.22%Madhusnuhi External -63.81±2.57%Madhusnuhi Internal External -35.82 ±1.25%Sandhyaraga internal - 59.36±1.25%Sandhyaraga External -58.06±2.34%Sandhyaraga Internal External -45.66±1.29%
Table-5.42 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and all groups of Trialdrugs on 4th post wounding day
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi Internal
3.11 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Internalgroup is better thancontrol group
Highly significant
Control group&Madhusnuhi Externalgroup
37.71 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thancontrol group
Highly significant
Control group&Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group
22.17 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group is betterthan control group.
Highly significant
Control group &Sandhyaraga internalgroup
58.17 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga internalgroup is better thancontrol group.
Highly significant
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 119
Control group andSandhyaraga Externalgroup
35.33 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup MadhusnuhiExternal group controlgroup.
Highly significant
Control group andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
36.47 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group is betterthan control group.
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi Externalgroup
34.85 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi Internalgroup.
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group
17.53 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group is betterthan Madhusnuhi Internalgroup.
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Externalgroup and MadhusnuhiInternal External group
24.05 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group
Highly significant
Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaExternal group
1.20 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal andSandhyaraga Externalgroup provided the sameresult.
No significance
Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaInternal External group
18.74 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Internal isbetter than SandhyaragaInternal External group
Highly significant
Sandhyaraga Externalgroup and SandhyaragaInternal External group
11.38 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Internal,and Sandhyaragainternal
50.58 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Internal isbetter than SandhyaragaInternal group
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Externaland SandhyaragaExternal
4.06 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi External isbetter than SandhyaragaExternal group
Significant
Madhusnuhi InternalExternal andSandhyaraga InternalExternal
13.45 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal is better thanSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
Highly significant
Table 5.43 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on8th post wounding day of Control and all groups of Trial drugs
C IM EM IEM IS ES IESR1 39.75 69.39 92.27 67.17 75.54 84.04 79.08R2 36.67 64.71 94.90 68.28 75.13 85.71 78.19R3 41.49 65.63 91.05 66.15 77.42 84.90 77.42R4 38.10 67.72 92.19 66.85 75 86.87 76.29R5 36.76 67.53 93.81 67.55 76.80 86.24 75.26R6 44.21 63.59 93.55 68.37 77.01 83.42 75.13MEAN 39.49 66.43 92.96 67.39 76.15 85.20 76.90SD 2.96 2.16 1.38 0.86 1.05 1.32 1.61SE 1.21 0.88 0.56 0.35 0.43 0.54 0.66
t-value 10.09 17.92 63.81 75.24 102.15 66.80 75.35RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 120
The mean contraction seen on the 8th post wounding day:
Control group - 39.49 ±2.96%Madhusnuhi Internal - 66.43±2.16%Madhusnuhi External - 92.96±1.38%Madhusnuhi Internal External - 67.39±0.86%Sandhyaraga internal - 76.15±1.05%Sandhyaraga External - 85.20±1.32%Sandhyaraga Internal External - 76.90±1.60%
Table-5.44 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the percentage ofclosure in excision wound area of Control and all groups of Trial drugs on 8th
post wounding day
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi Internal
18.01 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Internal groupis better than control group
Highly significant
Control group&Madhusnuhi Externalgroup
40.1 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better than controlgroup
Highly significant
Control group&Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group
22.2 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group is betterthan control group.
Highly significant
Control group &Sandhyaraga internalgroup
28.6 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga internalgroup is better than controlgroup.
Highly significant
Control group andSandhyaraga Externalgroup
34.6 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup MadhusnuhiExternal group controlgroup.
Highly significant
Control group andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
27.22 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group is betterthan control group.
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Internaland MadhusnuhiExternal group
25.35 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi Internal
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Internaland MadhusnuhiInternal External group
1.02 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group providedthe same result.
No significance
Madhusnuhi Externalgroup and MadhusnuhiInternal External group
38.56 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group
Highly significant
Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaExternal group-
13.1 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga Internalgroup
Highly significant
Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaInternal External group
0.95 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internalgroup and SandhyaragaInternal External groupprovided the same result.
No significance
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 121
Sandhyaraga Externalgroup and SandhyaragaInternal External group
9.8 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Internal,and Sandhyaragainternal
9.92 P<0.05 Sandhyaraga Internalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi Internal
Moderately significant
Madhusnuhi Externaland SandhyaragaExternal
9.95 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi External isbetter than SandhyaragaExternal group
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi InternalExternal andSandhyaraga InternalExternal
12.79 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group is betterthan Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group.
Highly significant
Table 5.45 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on12th post wounding day of Control and all groups of Trial drugs
C IM EM IEM IS ES IESR1 90.1 96.43 98.34 95.96 94.57 96.28 87.244R2 91.15 95.72 98.98 93.01 96.90 98.47 87.234R3 89.89 93.75 98.95 95.31 96.77 96.88 91.397R4 86.24 93.65 98.96 92.39 95.21 98.48 93.814R5 87.56 95.36 98.97 95.74 95.88 96.83 87.894R6 87.89 96.41 97.85 94.90 94.65 96.26 94.708MEAN
88.81 95.22 98.67 94.55 95.66 97.2090.38183
333SD 1.86 1.25 0.47 1.50 1.02 1.03 3.39028SE 0.76 0.51 0.19 0.61 0.42 0.42 1.38407
t-value 84.28 89.30 74.57 72.28 86.87 57.67 57.13RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001The mean contraction seen on the 12th post wounding day:
Control group -88.805 ±1.859Madhusnuhi Internal - 95.219±1.246Madhusnuhi External - 98.674±0.47457Madhusnuhi Internal External - 94.55±1.492Sandhyaraga internal - 95.661±1.0216Sandhyaraga External - 97.1975±1.02470Sandhyaraga Internal External -90.38183333 ±3.39028
Table-5.46 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and all groups of Trialdrugs on 12th post wounding day
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi Internal
7.019 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Internalgroup is better thancontrol group
Highly significant
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 122
Control group&Madhusnuhi Externalgroup
12.59 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thancontrol group
Highly significant
Control group&Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group
5.90 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group is betterthan control group.
Highly significant
Control group &Sandhyaraga internalgroup
7.91 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga internalgroup is better thancontrol group.
Highly significant
Control group andSandhyaraga Externalgroup
9.68 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thancontrol group.
Highly significant
Control group andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
0.998 P>0.05 Control group andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group providedthe same result.
No significance
Madhusnuhi Internaland MadhusnuhiExternal group
6.34 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi Internalgroup.
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Internaland MadhusnuhiInternal External group
0.83 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group providedthe same result.
No significance
Madhusnuhi Externalgroup and MadhusnuhiInternal External group
6.45 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group
Highly significant
Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaExternal group-
2.60 P<0.05 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga Internalgroup.
Moderately significant
Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaInternal External group
3.65 P<0.01 Sandhyaraga Internalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
Significant
Sandhyaraga Externalgroup and SandhyaragaInternal External group
4.71 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga InternalExternal group.
Highly significant
Madhusnuhi Internal,and Sandhyaragainternal
0.67 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga internalgroup and MadhusnuhiInternal group providedthe same result.
No significance
Madhusnuhi Externaland SandhyaragaExternal
3.20 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi Externalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga Externalgroup
Significant
Madhusnuhi InternalExternal andSandhyaraga InternalExternal
2.75 P<0.05 Madhusnuhi InternalExternalgroup is better thanSandhyaraga InternalExternal group.
Moderately significant
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 123
Table 5.47 showing percentage of closure in original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 16th post wounding day of Control and all groups of Trial drugs
C IM EM IEM IS ES IESR1 96.7 99.49 100 100 97.83 98.95 100R2 96.35 98.93 99.49 98.92 98.96 98.97 97.87R3 95.74 95.31 100 97.4 98.92 98.44 97.31R4 92.06 98.94 100 98.37 96.28 99.49 100R5 95.14 99.48 100 100 98.97 97.88 98.42R6 93.68 98.47 100 96.43 98.93 99.46 100MEAN 94.95 98.44 99.92 98.52 98.31 98.86 98.93SD 1.77 1.58 0.21 1.43 1.09 0.619 1.22SE 0.72 0.65 0.09 0.58 0.45 0.25 0.49
t-value 111.33 93.37 87.38 79.65 90.69 94.16 80.255RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
The mean contraction seen on the16th post wounding day:Control group - 94.946 ±1.768%Madhusnuhi Internal - 98.44±1.58%Madhusnuhi External - 99.91±0.21%Madhusnuhi Internal External - 98.52±1.43%Sandhyaraga internal - 98.31±1.09%Sandhyaraga External - 98.86±0.62%Sandhyaraga Internal External -98.93 ±1.22%
Table-5.48 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativepercentage of closure in excision wound area of Control and all groups of Trialdrugs on 16th post wounding day
GROUPS
COMPARED
T-
VALUE
P-
VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&
Madhusnuhi Internal
3.60 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi Internal
group is better than control
group.
Significant
Control group&
Madhusnuhi External
group
6.83 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi External
group is better than control
group.
Highly Significant
Control group&
Madhusnuhi Internal
External group
3.84 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi Internal
External group is better
than control group.
Significant
Control group &
Sandhyaraga internal
group
3.96 P<0.01 Sandhyaraga internal
group is better than control
group.
Significant
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 124
Control group and
Sandhyaraga External
group
5.12 P<0.001 Sandhyaraga External
group is better than control
group.
Highly Significant
Control group and
Sandhyaraga Internal
External group
4.54 P<0.01 Sandhyaraga Internal
External group is better
than control group
Significant
Madhusnuhi Internal
and Madhusnuhi
External group
2.29 P<0.05 Madhusnuhi External
group is better than
Madhusnuhi Internal
Moderately significant
Madhusnuhi Internal
and Madhusnuhi
Internal External group
0.09 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal and
Madhusnuhi Internal
External group provided
the same result.
No significance
Madhusnuhi External
group and Madhusnuhi
Internal External group
2.39 P<0.05 Madhusnuhi External
group is better than
Madhusnuhi Internal
External group.
Moderately significant
Sandhyaraga Internal
and Sandhyaraga
External group-
1.07 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal and
Sandhyaraga External
group provided the same
result.
No significance
Sandhyaraga Internal
and Sandhyaraga
Internal External group
0.93 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal and
Sandhyaraga Internal
External group provided
the same result.
No significance
Sandhyaraga External
group and Sandhyaraga
Internal External group
0.12 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga External and
Sandhyaraga Internal
External group provided
the same result.
No significance
Madhusnuhi Internal,
and Sandhyaraga
internal
0.16 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal, and
Sandhyaraga internal
group provided the same
result.
No significance
Madhusnuhi External
and Sandhyaraga
External
3.94 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi External
group is better than
Sandhyaraga External
Significant
Madhusnuhi Internal
External and
Sandhyaraga Internal
External
0.54 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal
External and Sandhyaraga
Internal External provided
the same result.
No significance
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 125
PERIOD OF EPITHELIALIZATION
Table 5.49 showing comparison of period of epithelialization (in no. of days)between Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi):
C IM EM IEMR1 18 17 15 16R2 21 18 17 18R3 17 19 14 20R4 22 17 14 18R5 19 17 14 16R6 21 18 16 19MEAN 19.66 17.67 15 17.83SD 1.96 0.82 1.26 1.60SE 0.80 0.33 0.52 0.65t-value 24.51 53.05 29.06 27.26RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
Average period of Epithelialization seen was
Control group - 19.66±1.96%Madhusnuhi Internal -17.67±0.82%Madhusnuhi External - 15±1.26%Madhusnuhi Internal External - 17.83±1.60%
Table-5.50 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativeperiod of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and Trial drug A(Madhusnuhi)
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi Internal
2.30 P<0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal groupis showing better result thanControl group by showingleast mean.
Moderately significant
Controlgroup&MadhusnuhiExternal group
4.88 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi external groupis showing better result thanControl group by showingleast mean.
Highly Significant
Control group&Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group
1.77 P>0.05 Control group&Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group provided thesame result statistically.
No significance
Madhusnuhi Internaland MadhusnuhiExternal group
4.33 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi external groupis showing better result thanMadhusnuhi Internal byshowing least mean.
Significant
Madhusnuhi Internaland MadhusnuhiInternal External group
0.23 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group provided thesame result statistically.
No significance
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 126
Madhusnuhi Externalgroup and MadhusnuhiInternal External group
3.4 P<0.01 Madhusnuhiexternal group isshowing betterresult thanMadhusnuhiInternal Externalgroup bypresenting leastmean.
Significant
Table-5.51 showing comparison of period of epithelialization (in no. of days)between o Control and Trial drug B (Sandhyaraga)
C IS ES IESR1 18 18 17 16R2 21 18 17 19R3 17 17 19 19R4 22 20 17 16R5 19 17 20 18R6 21 18 17 15MEAN 19.66 18 17.83 17.17SD 1.96 1.10 1.33 1.72SE 0.80 0.45 0.54 0.70t-value 24.51 40.25 32.80 49.83RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
Average period of Epithelialization seen wasControl group - 19.66±1.96%Sandhyaraga internal -18 ±1.10%Sandhyaraga External -17.83 ±1.33%Sandhyaraga Internal External -17.17 ±1.72%
Table-5.52 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativeperiod of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and Trial drug B(Sandhyaraga)
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group &Sandhyaraga internalgroup
1.81 P>0.05 Control group &Sandhyaraga internal groupprovided the same resultstatistically.
No significance
Control group andSandhyaraga Externalgroup
1.89 P>0.05 Control group andSandhyaraga Externalgroup provided the sameresult statistically.
No significance
Control group andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
2.34 P<0.05 Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group shows betterresult than Control group bypresenting least mean.
Moderately significant
Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaExternal group-
0.24 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal andSandhyaraga Externalgroup- provided the sameresult statistically.
No significance
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 127
Sandhyaraga Internaland SandhyaragaInternal External group
1.00 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group provided thesame result statistically.
No significance
Sandhyaraga Externalgroup andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
0.76 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Externalgroup and SandhyaragaInternal External groupprovided the same resultstatistically.
No significance
Table-5.53 showing comparison of period of epithelialization (in no. of days)between Control and Trial drugs internal administration groups
C IM ISR1 18 17 18R2 21 18 18R3 17 19 17R4 22 17 20R5 19 17 17R6 21 18 18MEAN 19.66 17.67 18SD 1.96 0.82 1.10SE 0.80 0.33 0.45t-value 24.51 53.05 40.25RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
Average period of Epithelialization seen was
Control group - 19.66±1.96%Madhusnuhi Internal -17.67 ±0.82%Sandhyaraga internal -18 ±1.10%
Table-5.54 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativeperiod of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and Trial drugs internaladministration groups :
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi Internal
2.30 P<0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal group isshowing better result thanControl group by showingleast mean.
Moderately significant
Control group &Sandhyaragainternal group
1.81 P>0.05 Control group &Sandhyaraga internal groupprovided the same resultstatistically.
No significance
Madhusnuhi Internal,and Sandhyaragainternal
0.60 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal, andSandhyaraga internalprovided the same resultstatistically.
No significance
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 128
Table 5.55- showing period of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control andTrial drugs external administration groups
C EM ESR1 18 15 17R2 21 17 17R3 17 14 19R4 22 14 17R5 19 14 20R6 21 16 17MEAN 19.66 15 17.83SD 1.96 1.26 1.33SE 0.80 0.52 0.54t-value 24.51 29.06 32.80RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
Average period of Epithelialization seen was
Control group - 19.66±1.96%Madhusnuhi External - 15±1.26%Sandhyaraga External -17.83 ±1.33%
Table-5.56 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativeperiod of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and Trial drugs Externaladministration groups:
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group &MadhusnuhiExternal group
4.88 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi external group isshowing better result thanControl group by showingleast mean.
Highly Significant
Control group andSandhyaragaExternal group
1.89 P>0.05 Control group andSandhyaraga External groupprovided the same resultstatistically.
No significance
MadhusnuhiExternal andSandhyaragaExternal
3.78 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi external group isshowing better result thanSandhyaraga External groupby presenting least mean.
Significant
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 129
Table-5.57 showing comparison of period of epithelialization (in no. of days)between Control and Trial drugs combined internal and external mode ofadministration groups
C IEM IESR1 18 16 16R2 21 18 19R3 17 20 19R4 22 18 16R5 19 16 18R6 21 19 15MEAN 19.66 17.83 17.17SD 1.96 1.60 1.72SE 0.80 0.65 0.70t-value 24.51 27.26 49.83RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
Average period of Epithelialization seen was
Control group - 19.66±1.96%Madhusnuhi Internal External - 17.83±1.60%Sandhyaraga Internal External -17.17 ±1.720%
Table-5.58 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativeperiod of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and Trial drugs combinedinternal and external mode of administration groups:
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group
1.77 P>0.05 Control group&Madhusnuhi InternalExternal group provided thesame result statistically.
No significance
Control group andSandhyaraga InternalExternal group
2.34 P<0.05 Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group shows betterresult than Control group bypresenting least mean.
Moderately significant
Madhusnuhi InternalExternal andSandhyaraga InternalExternal
0.69 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi InternalExternal and SandhyaragaInternal External providedthe same result statistically.
No significance
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 130
Table-5.59 showing comparison of period of epithelialization (in no. of days) between oControl and all groups of both Trial drugs
C IM EM IEM IS ES IESR1 18 17 15 16 18 17 16R2 21 18 17 18 18 17 19R3 17 19 14 20 17 19 19R4 22 17 14 18 20 17 16R5 19 17 14 16 17 20 18R6 21 18 16 19 18 17 15MEAN 19.66 17.67 15 17.83 18 17.83 17.17SD 1.96 0.82 1.26 1.60 10 1.33 1.72SE 0.80 0.33 0.52 0.65 0.45 0.54 0.70t-value 24.51 53.05 29.06 27.26 40.25 32.80 49.83RESULT P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
Average period of Epithelialization seen was
Control group - 19.66±1.96%Madhusnuhi Internal -17.67 ±0.82%Madhusnuhi External - 15±1.26%Madhusnuhi Internal External - 17.83±1.60%Sandhyaraga internal -18 ±1.10%Sandhyaraga External -17.83 ±1.33%Sandhyaraga Internal External -17.17 ±1.720%
Table-5.60 showing interpretation of statistical analysis on the comparativeperiod of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control and all groups of both Trialdrugs
GROUPSCOMPARED
T-VALUE
P-VALUE
RESULT INTERPRETATION
Control group&MadhusnuhiInternal
2.30 P<0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal group isshowing better result thanControl group by showing leastmean.
Moderately significant
Control group&MadhusnuhiExternal group
4.88 P<0.001 Madhusnuhi external group isshowing better result thanControl group by showing leastmean.
Highly Significant
Control group&MadhusnuhiInternal Externalgroup
1.77 P>0.05 Control group& MadhusnuhiInternal External groupprovided the same resultstatistically.
No significance
Control group &Sandhyaragainternal group
1.81 P>0.05 Control group & Sandhyaragainternal group provided thesame result statistically.
No significance
Control group andSandhyaragaExternal group
1.89 P>0.05 Control group andSandhyaraga External groupprovided the same resultstatistically.
No significance
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 131
Control group andSandhyaragaInternal Externalgroup
2.34 P<0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal Externalgroup shows better result thanControl group by presentingleast mean.
Moderately significant
MadhusnuhiInternal andMadhusnuhiExternal group
4.33 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi externalgroup is showingbetter result thanMadhusnuhi Internalby showing leastmean.
Significant
MadhusnuhiInternal andMadhusnuhiInternal Externalgroup
0.23 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal andMadhusnuhi Internal Externalgroup provided the same resultstatistically.
No significance
MadhusnuhiExternal group andMadhusnuhiInternal Externalgroup
3.4 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi externalgroup is showingbetter result thanMadhusnuhi InternalExternal group bypresenting least mean.
Significant
SandhyaragaInternal andSandhyaragaExternal group-
0.24 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal andSandhyaraga External group-provided the same resultstatistically.
No significance
SandhyaragaInternal andSandhyaragaInternal Externalgroup
1.00 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga Internal andSandhyaraga Internal Externalgroup provided the same resultstatistically.
No significance
SandhyaragaExternal group andSandhyaragaInternal Externalgroup
0.76 P>0.05 Sandhyaraga External groupand Sandhyaraga InternalExternal group provided thesame result statistically.
No significance
MadhusnuhiInternal, andSandhyaragainternal
0.60 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal, andSandhyaraga internal providedthe same result statistically.
No significance
MadhusnuhiExternal andSandhyaragaExternal
3.78 P<0.01 Madhusnuhi external group isshowing better result thanSandhyaraga External group bypresenting least mean.
Significant
MadhusnuhiInternal Externaland SandhyaragaInternal External
0.69 P>0.05 Madhusnuhi Internal Externaland Sandhyaraga InternalExternal provided the sameresult statistically.
No significance
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 132
DIAGRAMS SHOWING PERCENTAGE OF CONTRACTION
DIAGRAMS OF COMPARISON OF CONTROL WITH TRIAL DRUG-A(Madhusnuhi)
Diagram 5.1 showing mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 4h post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)
21.33 23.33
63.81
35.82
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Mea
n Pe
rcen
tage
C IM EM IEM
Diagram 5.2 showing percentage of closure of original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 8h post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)
39.49
66.42
92.96
67.39
0
20
40
60
80
100
Mea
n Pe
rcen
tage
C IM EM IEM
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 133
Diagram 5.3 showing mean percentage of closure of original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 12th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)
88.81
95.22
98.67
94.55
828486889092949698
100M
ean
Perc
enta
ge
C IM EM IEM
Diagram 5.4 showing mean percentage of closure of original excision woundarea (sq.mm) on 16h post wounding day of Control and Trial drug A(Madhusnuhi)
94.95
98.44
99.92
98.52
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
Mea
n Pe
rcen
tage
C IM EM IEM
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 134
DIAGRAMS OF COMPARISON OF CONTROL WITH TRIAL DRUG B(Sandhyaraga)
Diagram 5.5 showing mean % of closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 4th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B ( Sandhyaraga)
21.33
59.36 58.06
45.66
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Mea
n Pe
rcen
tage
C IS ES IES
Diagram 5.6 showing mean% closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm) on8th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B ( Sandhyaraga)
39.49
76.1585.2
76.9
0102030405060708090
Mea
n Pe
rcen
tage
C IS ES IES
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 135
Diagram 5.7 showing mean% closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm) on12th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B (Sandhyaraga)
88.81
95.6697.2
90.38
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
Mea
n Pe
rcen
tage
C IS ES IES
Diagram 5.8 showing mean% closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 16th post wounding day of Control and Trial drug B ( Sandhyaraga)
94.95
98.3198.86 98.93
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
Mea
n Pe
rcen
tage
C IS ES IES
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 136
DIAGRAMS OF COMPARISON OF CONTROL WITH BOTH TRIAL DRUGINTERNAL GROUPS
Diagram 5.9 showing mean% closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm) on4th post wounding day of Control and Internal administration groups of bothTrial drugs
21.33 23.33
59.36
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Mea
n Pe
rcen
tage
C IM IS
Diagram 5.10 showing mean% closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 8th post wounding day of Control and Internal administration groups of bothTrial drugs
39.49
66.4376.15
01020304050607080
Mea
n Pe
rcen
tage
C IM IS
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 137
Diagram 5.11 showing mean% of closure of original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 12th post wounding day of Control and Internal administrationgroups of both Trial drugs
88.81
95.22 95.66
84
86
88
90
92
94
96M
ean
Perc
enta
ge
C IM IS
Diagram 5.12showing mean% closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 16th post wounding day of Control and Internal administration groups of bothTrial drugs
94.95
98.44 98.31
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
Mea
n Pe
rcen
tage
C IM IS
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 138
DIAGRAMS OF COMPARISON OF CONTROL WITH BOTH TRIAL DRUGEXTERNAL GROUPS
Diagram 5.13 showing mean% of closure of original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 4th post wounding day of Control and External administrationgroups of both Trial drugs:
21.33
63.8158.06
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70M
ean
Perc
enta
ge
C EM ES
Diagram 5.14 showing mean% of closure of original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 8h post wounding day of Control and External administration groupsof both Trial drugs:
39.49
92.9685.2
0
20
40
60
80
100
Mea
n Pe
rcen
tage
C EM ES
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 139
Diagram 5.15 showing mean % of closure of original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 12h post wounding day of Control and External administrationgroups of both Trial drugs:
88.81
98.6797.2
828486889092949698
100M
ean
Perc
enta
ge
C EM ES
Diagram 5.16 showing % closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm) on 16h
post wounding day of Control and External administration groups of both Trialdrugs:
94.95
99.9298.86
9293949596979899
100
Mea
n Pe
rcen
tage
C EM ES
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 140
DIAGRAMS OF COMPARISON OF CONTROL WITH BOTH TRIAL DRUGINTERNAL-EXTERNAL GROUPS
Diagram 5.17 showing mean% closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 4th post wounding day of Control and Combined Internal and Externaladministration groups of both Trial drugs
21.33
35.82
45.66
0
10
20
30
40
50
Mea
n Pe
rcen
tage
C IEM IES
Diagram 5.18 showing mean % closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 8th post wounding day of Control and Combined Internal and Externaladministration groups of both Trial drugs
39.49
67.3976.9
01020304050607080
Mea
n Pe
rcen
tage
C IEM IES
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 141
Diagram 5.19 showing mean % closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm)on12th post wounding day of Control and Combined Internal and Externaladministration groups of both Trial drugs
88.81
94.55
90.38
8586878889909192939495
Mea
n Pe
rcen
tage
C IEM IES
Diagram 5.20 showing mean% of closure of original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 16th post wounding day of Control and Combined Internal andExternal administration groups of both Trial drugs
94.95
98.5298.93
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
Mea
n Pe
rcen
tage
C IEM IES
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 142
DIAGRAMS OF COMPARISON OF CONTROL WITH ALL GROUPS OFTRIAL DRUGS
Diagram 5.21 showing mean% closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 4th post wounding day of Control and all groups ofTrial drug A and B
21.33 23.33
63.81
35.82
59.36 58.06
45.66
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Mea
n Pe
rcen
tage
C IM EM IEM IS ES IES
Diagram 5.22 showing mean % closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm)on 8th post wounding day of Control and all groups ofTrial drug A and B
39.49
66.43
92.96
67.3976.15
85.276.9
0102030405060708090
100
Mea
n Pe
rcen
tage
C IM EM IEM IS ES IES
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 143
Diagram 5.23 showing mean% of closure of original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 12th post wounding day of Control and all groups ofTrial drug Aand B
88.81
95.22
98.67
94.5595.66
97.2
90.38
828486889092949698
100M
ean
Perc
enta
ge
C IM EM IEM IS ES IES
Diagram 5.24 showing mean% of closure of original excision wound area(sq.mm) on 16th post wounding day of Control and all groups ofTrial drug Aand B
94.95
98.44
99.92
98.52 98.3198.86 98.93
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
Mea
n Pe
rcen
tage
C IM EM IEM IS ES IES
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 144
Diagram 5.25 showing % closure of original excision wound area (sq.mm) onevery fourth day of Control and all groups of Trial drug A and B
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
C IM EM IEM IS ES IES
DIAGRAMS SHOWING PERIOD OF EPITHELIALIZATION
Diagram-5.26 showing mean period of epithelialization (in no. of days) ofControl and Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi)
19.6617.67
15
17.83
0
5
10
15
20
Day
s
C IM EM IEM
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 145
Diagram-5.27 showing mean period of epithelialization (in no. of days) ofControl and Trial drug B (Sandhyaraga)
19.66
18 17.83
17.17
15.516
16.517
17.518
18.519
19.520
Day
s
C IS ES IES
Diagram 5.28 showing meanperiod of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Controland Trial drugs internal administration groups
19.66
17.6718
16.5
17
17.5
18
18.5
19
19.5
20
Day
s
C IM IS
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 146
Diagram 5.29- showing mean period of epithelialization (in no. of days) ofControl and Trial drugs external administration groups
19.66
15
17.83
0
5
10
15
20
Day
s
C EM ES
Diagram-5.30 showing mean period of epithelialization (in no. of days) ofControl and Trial drugs combined internal and external mode of administrationgroups
19.66
17.83
17.17
15.516
16.517
17.518
18.519
19.520
Day
s
C IEM IES
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 147
Diagram-5.31 showing period of epithelialization (in no. of days) of Control andall groups of both Trial drugs
19.66
17.67
15
17.83 18 17.8317.17
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Day
s
C IM EM IEM IS ES IES
Chapter-5 Observation & Results
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 148
Image 5.1Stages of Excision Wound Healing
0th day 4th day 8th day 12th day 16th dayC
EM
IM
IEM
ES
IS
IES
Chapter-6 Discussion
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 149
DISCUSSION
Adulteration in crude drugs includes substitution of the original crude drugs
partially or fully with other substances which is either free from or inferior in
therapeutic and chemical properties. The premise of the study conducted is
adulteration where an adulterant is compared with the genuine drug to analyze the
rationality behind it.
Trial drug selection
There are several drugs though non-classical, which do have high medicinal
value but still bearing the abuse as adulterants. It is the need of the day to explore the
medicinal properties if any, of such drugs and to adopt them into the pharmacopoeia
so that the science of Dravyaguna Vijnana. Ayurveda and human kind are totally
benefited. The present experimental study was carried out in such an out look on two
drugs, Madhusnuhi and Sandhyaraga, the latter being used as adulterant of the
former.
Literary review
Literary analysis revealed that Madhusnuhi was introduced into the
Ayurvedic system of medicine around 15th century AD, by Acharya Bhavamisra
which is widely practiced . Sandhyaraga a non-classical drug with high ethnomedical
importance and used as an adulterant of Madhusnuhi.
As per Ayurvedoktha Paryaya Niruktha Mala by Vaidhya J.L.N.Shasthri,
Madhusnuhi is Madhura Rasa .But as per Bhavaprakasha nighantu the Rasa of -
Chapter-6 Discussion
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 150
-Madhusnuhi is Tikta, Vipaka is Katu. But it is felt that Madhusnuhi is having
Sodhana-Ropana property like Madhu (honey). So it could be on the basis of those
properties China root was named as Madhusnuhi.
Pharmacognostical study :143
An atypical character presented by the root tubers of Sandhyaraga during the
secondary thickening could be appreciated in the microscopy which is its
distinguishing feature. During secondary growth, the primary thickening meristem
differentiates in the pericycle outside the vascular tissue on an arc between the
vascular bundles of outer bundle ring. This feature contributes a lot in the
identification of the tuber from other dicot members. The section contained abundant
starch grains.
Phytochemical analysis:
Preliminary Phytochemical analysis of Sandhyaraga revealed the presence of
saponins, alkaloids, carbohydrates,etc which promote wound healing process. The
drug Sandhyaraga is said to have purgative property along with which it is also found
to be effective in Intestinal parasites .These could be due to presence of saponins.
Analysis of Pharmocological properties:
Pharmocological analysis of Sandhyaraga revealed that it is Kashaya Rasa
Pradhana. It is an established fact that Kashaya Rasa promotes the process of
woundhealing. So the wound healing property of Sandhyaraga can be attributed to
Kashayarasa of the drug.
Chapter-6 Discussion
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 151
Discussion on Animal experimentation:
Disease selection
Both the drugs were found to be practiced in the disease Syphilis where Vrana is a
classical symptom. Hence Vranaropana property was the criteria selected to see
whether both the drugs show any similarity in the action.
Findings of the study
The aim of the present study was to evaluate, Vranaropana (wound healing)
property of the two trial drugs Madhusnuhi and Sandhyaraga in different routes of
administration and to find out effective one among these. Trial drug groups were
compared with the Control group (natural healing) and among themselves. The
grouping was done as follows.
Group 1 Control
Group 2- Trial Drug A - Madhusnuhi Churna Externally
Group 3- Trial Drug A - Madhusnuhi Churna Internally
Group 4- Trial Drug A - Madhusnuhi Churna combined Internal & External
Group 5- Trial Drug B - Sandhyaraga Churna Externally
Group 6- Trial Drug B - Sandhyaraga Churna Internally
Group 7- Trial Drug B - Sandhyaraga Churna combined Internal & External
The result shows that both the trial drugs have wound healing properties when
compared with control group and have shown moderate to high significance.
In this method two parameters were assessed,
1. Percentage contraction of original wound area
2. Period of epithelialization.
Chapter-6 Discussion
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 152
Percentage contraction of original wound area
Whenever a breach occurs in the continuity of tissue, the surrounding
connective tissue and capillaries grows to cover up the area damaged, and achieves
the contraction of wound.
To prove any drug as a wound-healing agent, it should have significant effect
on rate of contraction. In this experiment, the wound was measured once in four days
i.e., 4th, 8th, 12th, 16th day.
All trial drug groups have shown better result than control group.
It was found that from 0thday to 4thday, i.e. in first reading in Group 2 i.e.
external group of Trial drug A (Madhusnuhi), there was a remarkable reduction in
wound area with greater percentage of contraction compared to other groups. It has
shown a mean percentage of 63.81. Both Internal and external administration of Trial
drug B have shown 58.06% and 59.36% with no much significance difference
between them.
From 0thday to 8thday i.e. in 2nd reading, Group 2(external group of Trial drug
A - Madhusnuhi) has shown a greater contraction percentage mean of 92% preceded
by Group 5 (external group of Trial drug B-Sandhyaraga). There is no significant
difference between the internal groups and Internal and external combined groups of
both Trial drugs.
From 0thday to 12thday i.e. in 3rd reading, it is observed that Group 2 (external
group of Trial drug A-Madhusnuhi) has shown 98.67% of wound contraction and
Group 5 (external group of Trial drug B-Sandhyaraga) has shown 97.2% contraction.
Group 3 (Trial drug A-Madhusnuhi Internal) and Group 4 (Trial drug A Madhusnuhi
combined internal and external group) though better than Group 1 (control), have-
Chapter-6 Discussion
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 153
-shown no much significant difference in the percentage of contraction among
themselves. Group 6(Trial drug B-Sandhyaraga Internal) has shown better result than
Group 7 (Trial drug B- Sandhyaraga combined Internal and external group). Group 7
(Trial drug B- Sandhyaraga combined Internal and external group) has shown no
significant difference with Group 1-Control.
From 0th day to16th day i.e., in the 4th reading, Group 2 (Trial drug A-
Madhusnuhi external) has shown complete healing with a mean wound contraction
percentage of 99.91% and has shown better result when compared with all other
groups . All other Trial drug groups, are showing better result when compared with
Group 1-Control group and with no significant difference among themselves. Group 2
and Group 5 the External administration group of both drugs have shown a highly
significant difference when compared with Group 1-Control group.
In a nutshell:
All groups are showing better result than control group in majority of the
observations.
Group 2 where Madhusnuhi is dusted externally has shown better result when
compared to all other groups .
While comparing the different mode of administration of both drugs it is clear
that external mode of administration is showing comparatively better result.
Internal and combined (internal and external) groups are not showing
significant difference among themselves, which suggest a hindering factor
(could be psychological factor) in the process of wound healing in spite of
good results of external application.
Chapter-6 Discussion
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 154
Period of epithelialization.
The second parameter is the period of epithelialization. It is recorded as the
day on which the scar falls off leaving no raw area. Once there is a break in the
epithelium, it will proliferate and grow from the surrounding tissue. Before that, due
to the clotting and other factors, a scar tissue is formed on the wound. Initially the scar
covers the whole area of the wound, and as the new epithelium grows, the scar
reduces in size and will falls off. Earlier falling of the scar, faster is the healing.
In the trial groups complete closure was achieved from 14th to 20th day, but in
the Control group closure was achieved from 18th to 22nd day. Among trial drug
groups, Group 2 (Madhusnuhi externally ) was showing comparatively earlier
epithelialization by producing a result with least mean of complete epithelialization.
Group 2 (Madhusnuhi externally) is showing a result with high significance
when compared with Group1 (control group). The result obtained when Group 2 is
compared with other modes of same drug (Group 3 and Group 4) and same mode of
other drug (Group 5) is of significant difference proving Group 2 is better with lesser
mean.
Group 3 (Madhusnuhi internally ) and Group 7 (Sandhyraga internal and
external combined group ) are showing a result with moderate significance when
compare with the Group1 (control group)
There is no considerable difference in the mean of period of epithelialization
in other groups and show no statistical significance.
Chapter-6 Discussion
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 155
In a nutshell
Even though all trial groups were showing better contraction percentage ,
only Group2 Group3 and Group7 have shown earlier epithelialization in
comparison with control groups.
Madhusnuhi external group can be considered best among the trial drug
groups when period of complete epithelialization is considered.
Considering the raw data regarding mean period of complete epithelialization
all other groups have shown earlier epithelialization compared with Group 1
(control)
The over all assessment shows that all trial drug groups are better than the group
subjected for natural healing. Thus it is seen that both the trial drugs have wound
healing property. Both the drugs were acting in a better manner when administered
externally than internally or in combined form.
Probable mode of action:
I. Probable mode of action of Madhusnuhi
Tiktarasa: The drug is Krumihara and Kleda shoshana by the virtue of its
Rasa and hence it must have promoted Vranaropanakarma. According to
Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics the drug can perform its Karma by its various
properties like Rasa- Guna- Veerya- Vipaka and Prabhava. Here in
Madhusnuhi we can se that it doesnot bear Guna, Veerya or Vipaka which
promotes Vranaropana But it is a very potent Ropana Dravya. There fore the
Vranaropana Karma of Madhusnuhi can certainly be attributed to its Tikta
Rasa.
Chapter-6 Discussion
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 156
Promoting angiogenesis: βsitosterol and Diosgenine (Sapogenine)144,145
present in Madhusnuhi have angiogenic effect and thus hastens the wound
healing process. Angiogenesis called neovascularization, the process of
angiogenesis occurs concurrently with fibroblast proliferation when endothelial
cells migrate to the area of the wound. Because the activity of fibroblasts and
epithelial cells requires oxygen, angiogenesis is imperative for other stages in
wound healing, like epidermal and fibroblast migration..
Quercitin,146,147,148,149,150: It is a biofalvonoid present in Madhusnuhi which
improves circulation, repairs nerve damage and speed up wound healing. It
also has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti viral properties. Wounds
with poor blood supply are found to heal slowly where the Quercitin promotes
circulation and favours the healing processs. A previous study shows that
Quercitin along with collagen has shown faster wound healing. It was also
proved that Quercitin prevents the formation of hypertrophied scars.
Anti microbial property: Wound infecton is considered as the most
important factor that delays healing where Madhusnuhi is a drug which
possess anti microbial property and prevents infection which facilitates wound
healing.
Free radical scavenging property151: Free radicals are the bi-products of
oxygen metabolism. Chemically they are extremely reactive but under
controlled circumstances form part of normal metabolic processes. They are
produced from mitochondrial metabolism, prostaglandin synthesis and a
variety of other enzymatic or auto-oxidation processes. Damage to the
endothelia in the microcirculation attracts neutrophils which adhere to the
Chapter-6 Discussion
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 157
endothelium, block the capillaries and produce more free radicals. Destruction
of the micro-circulation occurs and results in subsequent cell death.
Madhusnuhi is a drug screened for its free radical scavenging property. Beta-
sitosterol present in Madhusnuhi reduces the level of free radical in cells and
increases the level of typical antioxidant enzymes.
II. Probable mode of action of Sandhyaraga
Kashayarasa : Rasa determination and estimation of taste threshold of the
drug revealed that it is Kashaya rasa pradhana. Kashaya rasa is mainly Vrana
Sodhana Ropana and Kleda Visoshana, hence it must have acted as
Vranaropaka.
Anti microbial 152: Sandhyaraga has antifungal, , antiviral and antibacterial
properties which helps in providing a micotic free atmosphere for wound
healing . A group of amino acid-based proteins, called mirabilis antiviral
proteins (MAPs) have shown specific antiviral and antifungal actions.
Saponins153: Immunity booster& anti oxidant.
Plants produce saponins to fight infections by parasites. When ingested,
saponins also seem to help immune system and to protect against virusand
bacteria. The non-sugar part of saponins have also direct antioxidant activity.
These factors facilitate wound healing property.
Trigonelline154: It is an alkaloid with chemical formula C7H7NO2. It is an
inner salt formed by the addition of a methyl group to the nitrogen atom of
niacin. Trigonelline is a product of the metabolism of niacin (vitamin B3)
which is excreted through the urine. Trigonelline is believed to prevent the
bacteria Streptococcus mutans .
Chapter-6 Discussion
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 158
Stigmasterol155is one of a group of phytosterols, that includes beta-sitosterol,
campesterol etc . Sandhyaraga contains stigmaterols. Beta-sitosterol is an
antioxidant, which is able to reduce DNA damage, reduce the level of free
radical in cells and to increase the level of typical antioxidant enzymes. Thus
Sandhyaraga possess free radical scavenging property.
Alanine156: They are building blocks of proteins. Protein is required for all the
phases of wound healing, particularly important for collagen synthesis. Hence,
presence of this constituent in Sandhyaraga favors wound healing.
Carbohydrate157s: Sugar is also considered as another factor for the wound
healing. It is one of the factors for the binding and activation of the fibroblast
growth factor. A study was done on the action of sugarcompound viz; Topical
Sucralfate on ulcers .The study shows that this sugar compound has
regenerative, anti microbial and anti-inflammatory effects.
III. Mode of Administration.
Avachurnana: it is one among Shashtyupakrama-s mentioned in Vrana
Chikitsa. It is specifically told for Ghrishta Vrana, (with only skin loss) in the
context of SadyoVrana Chikitsa in Ashtanga Samgraha. In this experiment the
method selected is excision wound method in which only the skin portion is
removed with out damaging any deep tissues. The result obtained in the
experiment gives a positive stress on Acharya’s advice.
IV. Involvement of Psychological factors
Stress158,159 : Recent studies have proved that stress can affect the process of
wound healing. Individuals subjected to stress are categorized as slow healers i.e
one with stress control exhibits higher cortisol reactivity. This enhanced cortisol -
Chapter-6 Discussion
Dept. of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana, AAMC, Moodbidri. 159
-secretion in turn results in longer healing period. These findings suggest that the
ability to regulate the expression of one's anger has a clinically relevant impact on
wound healing. The rats which have shown lower healing rate in trial drugs had some
common factors like stress resulted forceful internal administration of medicine and
physical handling during wound agony. The act of internal feeding and pain of
wounded area on handling might have increased the stress and temper of the rats and
must have affected their healing rate in a negative manner.
V. Involvement of physical factors
Wound stress: Mechanical Stress affects quantity, aggregation and
orientation of collagen fibers. Hence physical stress caused due to the internal
feeding of medicine might have affected the healing.
Thus both the Trial drugs proved to have wound healing property, hence it can be
suggested that they can be taken for human trials.
Out of the two trial drugs, Madhusnuhi is a classical drug and is being used in
the treatment in various Kalpana-s.
The other test drug Sandhyaraga is not a classical one and not officially used
for medicinal purpose in Ayurveda. But it is used widely as an adulterant of
Madhusnuhi. It is obvious from the results that Sandhyaraga also possess good
wound healing property in experimental animals and can be taken for clinical trials
thereby enriching Ayurvedic Pharmacopeae.
Chapter 7 Conclusion
Dept of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,AAMC,Moodbidri 160
CONCLUSION
The experimental study was conducted to see whether Sandhyaraga possess
similar action of Madhusnuhi. It would be a great contribution to the field of
Ayurvedic Dravyaguna Vijnana if a new drug with similar effect is explored.
The following conclusions could be drawn from the study:
Experimental evaluation, prove that both trial drugs Sandhyaraga and
Madhusnuhi are having significant action on wound healing process.
Both trial drug groups provided better result than control group in
percentage closure of excision wound area.
External application of both trial drugs shown better result than when they
were administered internally and in combined form.
Madhusnuhi external group was best among the trial drug groups when
period of complete epithelialization is considered.
Considering the raw data regarding mean period of complete
epithelialization, all groups of both trial drugs have shown earlier
epithelialization compared with Control group.
Hence Sandhyaraga can be considerd as a drug of choice in
Vranaropana(wound healing) because it is very commonly available, cost
effective for the condition.
Further scope ,Limitations and Recommendations:
The efficacy of these trial drugs needs further exploration to identify the exact
mode of action. As both trial drugs proved to have wound healing property
they can be can be taken for clinical trials.
Chapter 7 Conclusion
Dept of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,AAMC,Moodbidri 161
As Sandhyaraga is found to possess similar action as that of Madhusnuhi, it
can be used as a substitute after conducting clinical trials and advanced
scientific studies.
Dose: The study shall be proceeded with different dosage of the drug so that
the optimum dose can be found out.
Chapter- 8 Summary
Dept of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,AAMC.Moodbidri 162
SUMMARY
The dissertation titled ‘Experimental study of Sandhyaraga (Mirabilis
jalapa.Linn) in comparison with Madhusnuhi (Smilax china.Linn) w.s.r to its
Vranaropana property’ consists of different topics discussed under the following
headings:
Introduction gives a general glimpse on Ayurveda, Dravyaguna vijnana,
importance of herbal drugs and preparations, adulteration, trial drugs selection, and
methodology of wound healing action.
In Review of literature, an exhaustive collection of literature pertaining to
trial drugs and disease Vrana is done. It revealed that Madhusnuhi was introduced to
Ayurvedic system of medicine in 15th century by Bhavamisra. It was used for
Upadamsarogas, Phirangajavrana, and such other clinical condition. The
pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Madhusnuhi have
already been done. Sandhyaraga is not mentioned in any classical texts. It has got
only ethnic background. It is being used by some traditional physicians for wounds,
boils, inflammation, and many other clinical conditions. The pharmacognostical
features, phytochemical and pharmacological investigations are also been verified.
Under, disease review, both Ayurvedic and modern aspects are dealt with.
In the Chapter Drug analysis, pharmacognostical, phytochemical and
pharmacological analysis (regarding Rasa estimation) of Sandhyaraga is done. On
this investigation on, phytochemical and pharmacological analysis of Sandhyaraga, it
has been observed on that the tuber of the plant contains saponins, carbohydrates,
Chapter- 8 Summary
Dept of P.G.Studies in Dravyaguna Vijnana,AAMC.Moodbidri 163
alkaloids, proteins and the study on the nature of rasa of Sandhyaraga Moola(tuber)
revealed that it has Kashaya pradhana rasa and Katu Anurasa.
In the context of Animal experimentation details regarding evaluation of
Vranaropana property of Sandhyaraga in comparison with Madhusnuhi is dealt with.
The powder of tubers of Madhusnuhi and Sandhyaraga were selected as the test drugs
for the experiments. Excision wound method suggested by Morton and Malone (1972)
has been chosen as the procedure for the experiment. Materials and methods,
experimental procedure, grouping of experimental animals, explanation regarding the
execution of wounding technique and drug administration was done under this
heading.
.Group1 among seven groups was kept as Control. Each drug was
administered for 3 groups in remaining animal groups as per the methodology .The
powders of each drugs were administered externally, internally and in combined form.
Result: After 18 days of study, the results were analyzed statistically, considering the
percentage of wound contraction and epithelalization. It revealed that al drug received
groups have shown better result than control group.
Discussion deals with major results obtained and major trends found in results.
This chapter also contains the discussion regarding probable mode of action of the
drugs and factors which must have influenced the study.
It can be concluded that the drug Madhusnuhi and Sandhyaraga are having
statistically significant effects w.s.r to their wound healing property on experimentally
created wounds in albino rats.
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ANNEXURESl no Body wt in
gmsDrug AndDose
Area of wound measured by Graph sheet(No: of Days)
Control 0 4 8 12 16 18R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
Trial drug A (External)R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
Trial drug A (Internal)R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
Trial drug A(External&nternal)
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
Trial drug B (External)R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
Trial drug B(Internal)R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
Trial drugB(External&nternal)R1
R2
R3
R4
R5R6
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41. I.M.P.K&B
42. The Indian Materia Medica nadkarni 803-1996 3rd revised
43. Plants that heal pg.175
44. I.M.P- K&B IIIrdVol 2044&2046
45. http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-
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46. http://www.rain-tree.com/book2.htm
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47. Pharmacographia indica-IIIrd Vol, pg133
48. Medicinal plants of Uttaranchal state
49. Pushpayurveda-Medicinal flowers of India and adjacent region pg 65
50. Pharmacographia indica-3-134-135
51. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants Vol.-I
52. http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-
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53. http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/biology/issues/biy-05-29-1/biy-29-1-7-
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54. http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-
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55. Indian Medicinal Plants
56. Medicinal Plants of Uttaranchal state
57. The Indian Materia Medica
58. Pharmacographia Indica, 3rd Vol-133.
59. http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-
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60. Indian Materia Medica 803
61. Drug Plants of India
62. M.M.P http://www.krpcds.org/publication/downloads/80.pdf
63. C&C
64. Sa.Ka.Dru
65. Su.Su 21/40
66. Su.Chi 1/6
67. Su.Chi.Da.1/6.
68. A.S.
69. Su.Chi 1/7
70. Su Chi 1/109
71. Cha.Chi 25/11-13
72. A.H.U.25/28
73. Su.Su.22/4-5
74. Ch.Chi 25/20-21
75. A.S.U.29
76. Su.Chi.1/3
77. Su Chi 2/9
78. A.S U. 31/3-5
79. A.H.U 26/2
80. Su.Chi.2/9-22
81. M.Ni.43/3-14
82. Ch.Chi25/86
83. Su.Sut.23/18
84. Su.Chi.1/7
85. A.H.Ut.25/11
86. Ma.Ni.42/8
87. Su Su.23/19
88. Su Su 23/20
89. Ch.Su.11/43
90. Ch.Chi.24/7
91. Su.Sut.21/19
92. Su.Chi.1/3,5
93. A.H. 1/19
94. Ch.Ni.1/19-25
95. Ch.Chi.25/10
96. Su.Chi . Da . 1/134.
97. Su.Su.22/ 3
98. Ch.Chi.25/26
99. A.S.U.29/13
100. Su.Su 28/9-17
101. Su.Su 22/8-10
102. Su.Su 22/11
103. Su.Chi 2/5
104. Su.Chi 22/12
105. Ch.Chi 25/24-25,27,28
106. A. H. Su 22/4 Ut.25/13,
107. Su.Su.22/5-6, 23/3-5 &23/110-111
108. A.S.U.29
109. M.Ni.42/12
110. Ch.Chi 25/36)
111. Su.Sut.23/6,7,
112. Ch.Chi.25/35-37
113. Su.Sut.23/9
114. A.S.29/26
115. Su.Sut.23/12-14
116. Su.Sut.22/5-11
117. Ch.Chi.25/37
118. A.H.Ut.25/18
119. M.Ni.42/12-17
120. Su.Chi.1/138-139
121. Ch.Chi.25/28-30
122. Ch.Chi 25/31-34
123. SuSu.23/85,
124. A.H.U.26/13
125. Su.Chi.1/4-80
126. Ch.Chi25/38-43
127. A.S.U.29
128. Su.Chi.2/23
129. A.S.U 31/8,9.
130. A.S.u.31/54
131. Ch.Chi.25/97-99
132. S.R.B’s manual of surgery
133. Monier williams
134. S.R.B manual of surgery
135. Bailey & Love’s Short Practice of SurgeryPg31-36
136. A Concise Text book of Surgery -pg 1 to5
137. Bailey & Love’s Short Practice of Surgery pg 36-39
138. S.R.B’s manual of surgery
139. A.P.I
140. Rasa panchaka pg 66&67,76
141. B.K.Prashanth.et.al
142. Binu Alappat.et al
143. American journel of Botany,vol 63, no 4
144. http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/68/4/1061
145. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entre
146. http://www.phytochemicals.info/phytochemicals/quercetin.php
147. http://www.shvoong.com/tags/determination-of-kaempferol-and-
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148. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercetin
149. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TW
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150. http://www.edoj.org.eg/vol001/00101/05/5.html
151. http://judithbrowncpd.co.uk/index_files/Intrinsic%20and%20Extrinsic
%20Factors%20Affecting%20Wound%20Healing.pdf
152. http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/biology/issues/biy-05-29-1/biy-29-1-7-
0405-4.pdf
153. http://www.phytochemicals.info/phytochemicals/saponins.php
154. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonelline
155. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmasterol
156. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine
157. Manjunath.et.al , Hospital today June-2002.
158. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4499080.stm
159. http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPD
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