Macromolecules€¦ · Macromolecules • Def: Large organic molecules – Also called POLYMERS...

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Macromolecules

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The Atoms of Life

• The most frequently found atoms in the

body are…

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Nitrogen

• Oxygen

• Phosphorous

• Sulfur (sometimes)

What are other

elements would

you expect to be

on this list?

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Roles of Molecules of Life

• Each macromolecule has one

or more roles in living systems

• Structure

• Transport

• Information

• Production

• Energy

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Organic Compounds

• Organic Compounds = made of

CARBON

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Carbon Review (C)

• Carbon has 4 valence electrons

• Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds

• Usually bonds with C, H, O or N.

• Example: CH4(methane)

C6H

12O

6(glucose)

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Macromolecules

• Def: Large organic molecules

– Also called POLYMERS

• Broken apart by Hydrolysis reactions

• Made from Dehydration reactions

– Made up of smaller “building blocks”

called MONOMERS

• 4 Types in Living things:

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

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Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates = sugar molecule

• Made of C,H,O

• 3 Types:

A. monosaccharide (monomer)

B. disaccharide

C. polysaccharide

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Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide: one sugar unit

Also called “simple sugars”

Examples: fructose

galactose

glucose (C6H

12O

6)

- human fuel supply

- what doesn’t get used = storage

glucose

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CarbohydratesDisaccharide: two sugar units

→ Made from dehydration reaction

Examples:

– Sucrose (glucose + fructose)

– Lactose (glucose + galactose)

– Maltose (glucose + glucose)

glucoseglucose

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CarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many sugar units

Also Called “complex sugars”

Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) - plants

glycogen (beef muscle) -

animals

cellulose (lettuce, corn)

glucoseglucose

glucoseglucose

glucoseglucose

glucoseglucose

cellulose

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CarbohydratesFunctions of carbohydrates:

1. Energy source for plants & animals (glucose)

2. Short term energy storage

3. Structure (membranes, tissues, etc…)

4. Source of Carbon

Example: Cellulose

– Used for structure of stems in plants and vegetables

– Humans can’t digest/Ruminants can (sheep/cow)

– Maintains digestive tract – FIBER (humans)

Carbohydrate Review

Elements

its made of

Monomer Function(s) Example(s)

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Monosa-

ccharide

Provide Energy to

cells (short-term)

Structure of

membranes and

tissues

Sugars (glucose)

Starches

Glycogen

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Lipids• Hydrophobic = hates water

• Structure:

– 3-Carbon backbone (glycerol)

– 3-Fatty Acid chains (hydrocarbon) - MONOMER

• Examples: 1. Triglycerides (polymer)

2. Phospholipids

3. Oils

4. Waxes

5. Steroid hormones

6. Fats

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LipidsSaturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

– Saturated = max # of hydrogen used

– Unsaturated = NOT max # of hydrogen (double

bonds w/carbon)

H

H-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

fatty acids

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH

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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats continued…

• Saturated

• Solid at room temperature

• Butter, animal fats (lard)

• Function: To make cholesterol

– Makes steroids (FSH, LH, testosterone, estrogen,

etc…)

– Membrane structure

– Build up of plaque (NOT GOOD!)

• Unsaturated

– Liquid at room temperature

– Fruits, Veggies, fish, corn oil, olive oil, etc…

– Function: to make membranes

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Lipids

Functions of lipids:

1. Long term energy storage

2. Protection against heat loss

(insulation)

3. Protection against water loss

4. Chemical messengers

(hormones/steroids)

5. Major component of membranes

(cholesterol)

Lipids Review

Elements

its made of

Monomer Function(s) Example(s)

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Fatty Acid

Energy Storage

(long-term)

Structure of

membranes

(triglycerides &

cholesterol)

Prevent Heat Loss

Signaling

(hormones/steroids)

Fats

Oils

Waxes

Steroids

Hormones

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Proteins (Polypeptides)

• Made of Amino acids (monomer)

– 20 different kinds

– bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides)

• Occurs from a dehydration reaction

• Structure of Amino acid:

– Carbon surrounded by

• 1-Hydrogen group

• 1-Carboxyll group (COOH)

• 1-Amino Group (NH2)

• 1-Side group (R-group)

– 20 different R-groups = 20 different amino acids

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Protein Shape = Functional

• Proteins in a simple form (amino acid chain)

do NOT function properly!

– Proteins need to be shaped, twisted,

coiled

– Multiple polypeptides intertwined creates

a functional protein

– Denaturation = protein loses

shape/unraveled

• When denaturation occurs a protein loses

its function

– Example: Cooking an egg

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Proteins (Polypeptides)

6 functions of proteins:

1. Provide Structure (hair, fur, muscles, etc…)

2. Long term nutrient storage

3. Transports oxygen using hemoglobin

4. Providing immunity (antibodies)

5. Conveys messages using hormones

6. Allow for cell metabolism using enzymes

- enzymes speed up chemical reactions

How Enzymes Work

• Enzymes

– Serve as a catalyst (speed up chemical

reactions)

– Lower energy requirements (investments)

– Have specific binding sites for certain

molecules

• Activation Sites

Enzyme Cycle

Protein ReviewElements

its made of

Monomer Function(s) Example(s)

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Sulfur

(sometimes)

Amino

Acid

Structure (hair, fur,

nails, muscle)

Body Defense

(antibodies)

Transport Oxygen

(hemoglobin)

Convey messages

(insulin)

Speed up chemical

reactions (enzymes)

Enzymes

Hormones

Hemoglobin

Antibodies

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Nucleic acids

• Two types (examples):

a. Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA-double helix

b. Ribonucleic acid

RNA-single strand

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Nucleic acids

• Made of Nucleotides (monomer)

• Structure of a nucleotide

– phosphate group

– pentose sugar (5-carbon)

– nitrogen base:

• adenine (A)

• thymine (T) DNA only

• uracil (U) RNA only

• cytosine (C)

• guanine (G)

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Nucleotide

O

O=P-O

O

Phosphate

Group

NNitrogenous base

(A, G, C, or T)

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

5

Sugar

(deoxyribose)

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Nucleic acids

• Structure of a nucleotide continued

– Nucleotides are linked together by

covalent bonds between phosphate

and sugar

• “Sugar-Phosphate Backbone”

• Results in several combinations of

nucleotide chains

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DNA - double helix

P

P

P

O

O

O

1

23

4

5

5

3

3

5

P

P

PO

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

5

3

G C

T A

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Nucleic acids

• 3 Major Functions:

1. Store & Pass on genetic information

from one generation to the next

2. Create proteins

3. Control all cell functions

Nucleic Acid ReviewElements

its made of

Monomer Function(s) Example(s)

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Phosphorous

Nucleotide

Store & Pass

Genetic Traits

Create Proteins

Control all Cell

functions

DNA

RNA

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