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basic of LTE
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Objective
LTE Duplex Modes & Frequency Bands OFDMA Feature, Principles and Challenges SC-FDMA Principle OFDM DATA Processing
• Subcarrier Principle• Time Domain and Frequency Domain
LTE Air Interface Protocol Architecture• RRC Layer and Functionality • PDCP Layer and Functionality• RLC Layer and Functionality• Physical Layer Functionality
LTE Channel Concept• Logical Channel• Transport Channel• Physical Channel
Duplex Modes and Frequency BandsDuplex Modes and Frequency Bands
Duplexing and Multiple Access
ULULULULULULULULULUL
DLDLDLDLDLDLDLDLDLDL
Frequency
Time
Bandwidth
up to 20MHz Bandwidth
up to 20MHz
DLSFULDLDLDLSFULDLUL
Frequency
Time
Bandwidth
up to 20MHz
Harmonization Differences
Both are included in same specification
Same radio interface schemes for both uplink and downlink
Same sub-frame formats
Same network architecture
Same air interface protocols
Same physical channels procedures
FDD developed in the paired 3GPP spectrum
TDD developed in the unpaired 3GPP spectrum
Small differences in the physical channels design
Different frame formats
FDD mode has commonalities with 3G UMTS
TDD mode has commonalities with TD-SCDMA (developed in China)
FDD and TDD
FDD
FDDFDDFDD
FDDFDDFDD
FDDFDDFDDFDDFDD
FDDFDDFDDFDDFDD
FDDFDDFDDFDDFDD
FDDFDDFDDFDDFDD
E-UTRA Operating Band Frequency UL/DL MHz Duplex Mode12
1920-1980/2110-21701850-1910/1930-1990
3456789101112131415161718
20212223
19
2425262728
1710-1785/1805-18801710-1755/2110-2155
824-849/869-894830-840/875-885
2500-2570/2620-2690880-915/925-960
1749.9-1784.9/1844.9-1879.91710-1770/2110-2170
1427.9-1447.9/1475.9-1495.9699-716/729-746777-787/746-756788-798/758-768
ReservedReserved
704-716/734-746815-830/860-875
832-862/791-8211447.9-1462.9/1495.9-1510.9
830-845/875-890
3410-3490/3510-3590
703-748/758-803 FDD
2000-2020/2180/22001626.5-1660.5/1525-1559
1850-1915/1930-1995814-849/859-894807-824/852-869
FDD Bands
TDD Bands
TDDTDDTDD
TDDTDDTDDTDD
TDDTDDTDDTDDTDD
E-UTRA Operating Band Frequency UL/DL MHz Duplex Mode3334
1900-19202010-2025
35363738394041424344
1850-19101930-19901910-19302570-26201880-19202300-24002496-26903400-36003600-3800
703-803
OFDMA and SC-FDMAOFDMA and SC-FDMA
Multiple Access
Time
•
1 2 3 4 5
•2
12345
4 2
1
23
45
31
15
53
3
24
1
Pow
er
Frequency
TDMATime Division
Multiple Access,2G e.g. GSM,
PDC
FDMAFrequency
DivisionMultiple Access1G e.g. AMPS,
NMT, TACS
CDMACode Division
Multiple Access3G e.g. UMTS,
CDMA2000
1 2 3UE 1 UE 2 UE 3 4 UE 4 UE 55
OFDMAOrthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access
e.g. LTE
Multiple Access
Motivation for OFDMA
OFDM Basics
Power
Frequency
Bandwidth
OFDM Signal
The Rectangular Pulse
Advantages:Simple to implement: there is no complex filter system required to detect such pulses and to generate themThe pulse has a clearly defined duration. This is a major advantage in case of multi-path propagation environments as it simplifies handling of inter-symbol interference
Disadvantage: It allocates a quite huge spectrumHowever the spectral power density has null points exactly at multiples of the frequency fs = 1/Ts This will be important in OFDM
time
ampl
itude
Ts
fs 1Ts
Time Domain
frequency f/fs
spec
tral
pow
er d
ensit
y
Frequency Domain
fs
FourierTransform
Inverse FourierTransform
OFDMA Principle
Transmits hundreds or even thousands of separately modulated radio signals using orthogonal subcarriers spread across a wideband channel
Orthogonality:
The peak (centre frequency) of one subcarrier …
…intercepts the ‘nulls’ of the neighbouring subcarriers
15 kHz in LTE: fixed
Total transmission bandwidth
ChallengesChallenges
1. Multi-Path Propagation and Inter-Symbol Interference
Inter Symbol Interference
BTSTime 0 Ts
d1(Direct path)
d3
d2
d1< d2 < d3
Time 0 Tt Ts+Tt
Tt
Multi-Path Propagation and the Guard Period
2
time
TSYMBOL
Time Domain
1
3
time
TSYMBOL
time
TSYMBOL
Tg
1
2
3
Guard Period (GP)
Guard Period (GP)
Guard Period (GP)
(Direct path)
Obviously when the delay spread of the multi-path environment is greater than the guard period duration (Tg), then we encounter inter-symbol interference (ISI)
Propagation Delay Exceeding the Guard Period
12
34
time
TSYMBOLTime Domain
time
time
Tg
1
2
3
time
4
Cyclic Prefix
symbolCP
time
Tsymb
12
3
1
2
3
Tcp
symbolCP symbolCP
symbolCP symbolCP symbolCP
symbolCP symbolCP symbolCP
12
3
1
2
3
Cyclic Prefix
2. Multi-Carrier Modulation
The center frequencies must be spaced so that interference between different carriers, known as Adjacent Carrier Interference ACI, is minimized; but not too much spaced as the total bandwidth will be wasted.
Each carrier uses an upper and lower guard band to protect itself from its adjacent carriers. Nevertheless, there will always be some interference between the adjacent carriers.
frequency
∆fsubcarrier
f0 f1 f2 fN-1fN-2
∆fsub-used
ACI = Adjacent Carrier Interference
Solution: OFDM Multi-Carrier
OFDM allows a tight packing of small carrier called the subcarriers - into a given frequency band
No ACI (Adjacent Carrier Interference) in OFDM due to the orthogonal subcarriers !
Pow
er D
ensit
y
Pow
er D
ensit
y
Frequency (f/fs) Frequency (f/fs)
3.Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI)
f0 f1 f2 f3 f4
∆P
I3I1I4I0
ICI =
Inte
r-Car
rier I
nter
fere
nce
Frequency Drift
Two effects begin to work:Subcarrier has no longer its power density maximum- so loose of signal energy.
The rest of subcarriers have no longer a null point here. So we get some noise from the other subcarrier.
OFDM Key Parameters
2) Subcarrier Spacing (Δf = 15 KHz) Tsymbol = 1/ Δf = 66.7μs
Δf
TSYMBOL
•TCP SYMBOL
TCP
TS
Frequency
Time
Powerdensity
Amplitude
1) Variable Bandwidth options: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz
Frequency
3) The number of Subcarriers Nc
If BW = 20MHz → Transmission BW = 20MHz – 2MHz = 18 MHzthe number of subcarriers Nc = 18MHz/15KHz = 1200 subcarriers
TransmissionBandwidth [RB]
Transmission Bandwidth Configuration [RB]
Channel Bandwidth [MHz]
Resource block
Channel edge
Channel edge
DC carrier (downlink only)Active Resource Blocks
OFDM Key Parameters
4) FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) size Nfft
For a bandwidth BW = 20 MHz Nc = 1200 subcarriers not a power of 2 The next power of 2 is 2048 → the rest 2048 -1200 848 padded with zeros
5. Sampling rate fs
This parameter indicates what is the sampling frequency:fs = Nfft x ΔfExample: for a bandwidth BW = 5 MHz (with 10% guard band)The number of subcarriers Nc = 4.5 MHz/ 15 KHz = 300 300 is not a power of 2 → next power of 2 is 512 → Nfft = 512Fs = 512 x 15 KHz = 7,68 MHz → fs = 2 x 3,84 MHz which is the chip rate in UMTS
The sampling rate is a multiple of the chip rate from UMTS/ HSPA. This was acomplished because the subcarriers spacing is 15 KHz. This means UMTS and LTE have the same clock timing!
OFDM Key Parameters
FFT Size and Sampling Rate
SC FDMASC FDMA
OFDM Benefits and Challenges
OFDM benefits:• Good performance in frequency selective fading channels.• Low complexity of base-band receiver.• Good spectral properties and handling of multiple bandwidths.• Link adaptation and frequency domain scheduling.• Compatibility with advanced receiver and antenna technologies.
OFDM Challenges:• Tolerance to frequency offset.• The high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the transmitter signal. It requires transmitter with
linear response in a large range. Those “high linear response” amplifier have a low power conversion efficiency and therefore they are not ideal for Mobile Stations. In LTE the problem was solved by adopting SC-FDMA for Uplink, which has better power amplifier efficiency.
The transmitted power is the sum of the powers of all the subcarriers
– Due to large number of subcarriers, the peak to average power ratio (PAPR) tends to have a large range
– The higher the peaks, the greater the range of power levels over which the transmitter is required to work.
– Not best suited for use with mobile ( battery-powered) devices
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDM
SC-FDMA
• Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access is another variant of OFDMA used to reduce the PAPR for lower RF hardware requirements.
• SC-FDMA is a new hybrid modulation scheme that cleverly combines the low PAR of single-carrier systems with the multipath resistance and flexible subcarrier frequency allocation offered by OFDM.
• This mechanism can reduce the PAPR of 6..9 dB compared to normal OFDMA.
• SC-FDMA is one option in WiMAX (802.16d) and it is the method selected for EUTRAN in the uplink direction.
•SC-FDMA
•OFDMA
SC-FDMA Principles
This could be achieved by transmitting N modulation symbols in series at N times the rate.
One can see that the SC-FDMA symbol which is having 66.66µs is containing N “sub-symbols”
N = 6 in the example shown In Time domain only one modulation symbol is
transmitted at a time.
This limitation is imposed by the input of the FFT block which is before the IFFT. This enables efficient implementation of the FFT.
Note that also the number of Resource Blocks should be multiple of 2,3 or/and 5
Adjusting the data rate in SC-FDMA
Halved SC-FDMA “sub-symbol”
duration
Initial bandwidth
SC-FDMA “sub-
symbol” duration
Doubled bandwidth
If the data rate increases more bandwidth is needed to transmit more modulation symbols (when data rate is doubled the resource allocation in the frequency domain is also doubled). The individual transmission is now shorter in time but wider in the frequency domain.
For double data rate the amount of inputs in transmitter doubles and the “sub-symbol” duration (Time) is halved. Note that the SC-FDMA is still 67 µs
Double the data rate
SC-FDMA symbol 67µs
SC-FDMA symbol 67µs
SC-FDMA Principles
•In the example 6 modulation symbols are sent initially and 12 modulations for double data rate
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
OFDMA transmits data in parallel across multiple subcarriers SC-FDMA transmits data in series employing multiple subcarriers In the example: OFDMA: 6 modulation symbols ( 01,10,11,01,10 and 10) are transmitted per
OFDMA symbol, one on each subcarrier SC-FDMA: 6 modulation symbols are transmitted per SC-FDMA symbol using
all subcarriers. The duration of each modulation symbol is 1/6th of the modulation symbol in OFDMA
OFDMA SC-FDMA
OFDMA SC-FDMA
Difference in transmission: for SC-FDMA there is an extra block on the transmission chain: the FFT block
which should “spread” the input modulation symbols over all the allocated subcarriers
SC-FDMA and OFDMA
OFDMA vs SC-FDMA: QPSK
OFDMA Data ProcessingOFDMA Data Processing
Resource Block and Resource Element
12 subcarriers in frequency domain x 1 slot period in time domain.
Physical Resource Block or Resource Block (PRB or RB)
FDD -Frame Structure
FDD Frame structure ( also called Type 1 Frame) is common to both uplink and downlink.
Divided into 20 x 0.5ms slots
10 ms frame
0.5 ms slot
s0 s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 s7s18 s19
1 ms sub-frame
SF0 SF1 SF2 SF9
•sy4
•sy0
•sy1
•sy2
•sy3
•sy5
•sy6
0.5 ms slot
SF3
•Frame length =10 ms•FDD: 10 ms sub-frame for UL 10 ms sub-frame for DL•1 Frame = 20 slots of 0.5ms each•1 slot = 7 ( NCP) or 6 (ECP)
SF: SubFrame
s: slot
Sy: symbol
There are 7 frame configurations, according to different DL/UL partition
1 frame = 10ms1 subframe = 1ms
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DLDL
DL DLDL
DL DL DL DL DL
DL
DLDL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DL
DLDL
UL
UL
UL
UL
UL
UL
UL UL UL UL UL
ULUL
UL
UL
UL
UL
UL
UL
UL
UL
UL
UL
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
SS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
DL – Downlink subframeUL – Uplink subframeSS – Special Switching subframe
TDD -Frame Structure
SS
SS
SS
SS
TDD has a single frame structure: same as FDD but with some specific fields to enable also TD-SCDMA co-existence (China):
DwPTS, GP, UpPTS Subframe 0 and DwPTS are reserved for downlink; subframe2 and UpPTS are reserved for UL. Remaining fields are dynamically assigned between UL and DL
SF#0
. . .f
time
UL/DL carrier
•subframe 0
DwPT
SGP
UpPT
S SF#2
SF#4
•subframe 2 •subframe 4
SF#0
. . .
DwPT
SGP
UpPT
S SF#2
SF#4
•subframe 0 •subframe 2 •Subframe 4•half frame
DwPTS: Downlink Pilot time Slot
UpPSS: Uplink Pilot Time Slot
GP: Guard Period to separate UL/DL
Downlink SubframeUplink Subframe
TDD -Frame Structure
UE always needs a guard period in order to switch from receiver to transmitter. The guard period includes RTD (Round Trip Delay).
eNodeB
UE
PT PTSP
Downlink
Downlink Uplink
Uplink
eNodeB ends transmitting
End of DL subframe has reached at the UE
UE has switched to transmission and has begun UL subframe
Start of UL subframe reaches at eNodeB
PT = Propagation TimeSP = Switching PeriodRTD = Round Trip DelayGP = Guard PeriodGP
RTD = 2 x PTGP = RTD + SP
Special Subframe
LTE Air Interface ProtocolLTE Air Interface Protocol
Radio Interface
RRC Layer
PDCP Sublayer
RLC Sublayer
RLC Sublayer
MAC Sublayer
LTE ChannelsLTE Channels
Downlink Channels Mapping
DL Logical Channels
DL Logical Channels
DL Transport Channels
DL Transport Channels
DL Physical Channels
DL Physical Channels
Uplink Channels Mapping
UL Logical Channels
UL Transport Channels
Physical Channels
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