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Linked Lists
Geletaw S.
Objective
At the end of the session students should have
basic understanding of
– Linked lists
– Basic operations of linked lists• Insert, find, delete, print, etc.
– Variations of linked lists• Simple Linked Lists
• Circular Linked Lists
• Doubly Linked Lists
Array vs Linked List
node
node nodeArray
Linked List
What’s wrong with Array ?
Disadvantages of arrays as storage data structures
– slow searching in unordered array
– slow insertion in ordered array
– Fixed size
Why lists (Linked lists )?• Solve some of these problems
• General purpose storage data structures and are versatile.
• More complex to code and manage than arrays, but they have some distinct
advantages.
• Dynamic: a linked list can easily grow and shrink in size.
– We don’t need to know how many nodes will be in the list. They are
created in memory as needed.
– In contrast, the size of a C++ array is fixed at compilation time.
• Easy and fast insertions and deletions
– To insert or delete an element in an array, we need to copy to temporary variables
to make room for new elements or close the gap caused by deleted elements.
– With a linked list, no need to move other nodes. Only need to reset some pointers.
Linked Lists
• Each data item is embedded in a link.
• Each Link object contains a reference to the next link in
the list of items.
In an array
– items have a particular position, identified by its index.
In a list
– the only way to access an item is to traverse the list
Linked Lists
• A linked list is a series of connected nodes• Each node contains at least
– A piece of data (any type)– Pointer to the next node in the list
• Head: pointer to the first node• The last node points to NULL
A
Head
B C
A
data pointer
node
A Simple Linked List Class Operations of List
IsEmpty: – determine whether or not the list is empty
InsertNode: – insert a new node at a particular position
FindNode: – find a node with a given value
DeleteNode: – delete a node with a given value
DisplayList: – print all the nodes in the list
A Simple Linked List Class
• We use two classes: Node and List• Declare Node class for the nodes
– data: double-type data in this example– next: a pointer to the next node in the list
class Node {public:
double data; // dataNode* next; // pointer to next
};
A Simple Linked List Class• Declare List, which contains
– head: a pointer to the first node in the list. Since the list is empty initially, head is set to NULL– Operations on List
class List {public:
List(void) { head = NULL; } // constructor~List(void); // destructor
bool IsEmpty() { return head == NULL; }Node* InsertNode(int index, double x);int FindNode(double x);int DeleteNode(double x);void DisplayList(void);
private:Node* head;
};
Inserting a new node
• Node* InsertNode(int index, double x) – Insert a node with data equal to x after the index’th elements.
(i.e., when index = 0, insert the node as the first element; when index = 1, insert the node after the first element, and so on)
– If the insertion is successful,return the inserted node.
– Otherwise, return NULL. (If index is < 0 or > length of the list, the insertion will fail.)
Steps1. Locate index’th element2. Allocate memory for the new node3. Point the new node to its successor4. Point the new node’s predecessor to the new node newNode
index’th element
Inserting a new node
Possible cases of InsertNode1. Insert into an empty list2. Insert in front3. Insert at back4. Insert in middle
But, in fact, only need to handle two cases– Insert as the first node (Case 1 and Case 2)– Insert in the middle or at the end of the list (Case 3 and
Case 4)
Inserting a new nodeNode* List::InsertNode(int index, double x) {
if (index < 0) return NULL;
int currIndex = 1;Node* currNode = head;while (currNode && index > currIndex) {
currNode = currNode->next;currIndex++;
}if (index > 0 && currNode == NULL) return NULL;
Node* newNode = new Node;newNode->data = x;if (index == 0) {
newNode->next = head;head = newNode;
}else {
newNode->next = currNode->next;currNode->next = newNode;
}return newNode;
}
Try to locate index’th node. If it doesn’t exist, return NULL.
Inserting a new nodeNode* List::InsertNode(int index, double x) {
if (index < 0) return NULL;
int currIndex = 1;Node* currNode = head;while (currNode && index > currIndex) {
currNode = currNode->next;currIndex++;
}if (index > 0 && currNode == NULL) return NULL;
Node* newNode = new Node;newNode->data = x;if (index == 0) {
newNode->next = head;head = newNode;
}else {
newNode->next = currNode->next;currNode->next = newNode;
}return newNode;
}
Create a new node
Inserting a new nodeNode* List::InsertNode(int index, double x) {
if (index < 0) return NULL;
int currIndex = 1;Node* currNode = head;while (currNode && index > currIndex) {
currNode = currNode->next;currIndex++;
}if (index > 0 && currNode == NULL) return NULL;
Node* newNode = new Node;newNode->data = x;if (index == 0) {
newNode->next = head;head = newNode;
}else {
newNode->next = currNode->next;currNode->next = newNode;
}return newNode;
}
Insert as first element
head
newNode
Inserting a new nodeNode* List::InsertNode(int index, double x) {
if (index < 0) return NULL;
int currIndex = 1;Node* currNode = head;while (currNode && index > currIndex) {
currNode = currNode->next;currIndex++;
}if (index > 0 && currNode == NULL) return NULL;
Node* newNode = new Node;newNode->data = x;if (index == 0) {
newNode->next = head;head = newNode;
}else {
newNode->next = currNode->next;currNode->next = newNode;
}return newNode;
}
Insert after currNode
newNode
currNode
Finding a node• int FindNode(double x)
– Search for a node with the value equal to x in the list.– If such a node is found, return its position. Otherwise, return 0.
int List::FindNode(double x) {Node* currNode = head;int currIndex = 1;while (currNode && currNode->data != x) {
currNode = currNode->next;currIndex++;
}if (currNode) return currIndex;return 0;
}
Deleting a node• int DeleteNode(double x)
– Delete a node with the value equal to x from the list.– If such a node is found, return its position. Otherwise, return 0.
• Steps– Find the desirable node (similar to FindNode)– Release the memory occupied by the found node– Set the pointer of the predecessor of the found node to the
successor of the found node
• Like InsertNode, there are two special cases– Delete first node– Delete the node in middle or at the end of the list
The Scenario
• Begin with an existing linked list– Could be empty or not– Could be ordered or not
4 17
head
426
The Scenario
• Begin with an existing linked list– Could be empty or not– Could be ordered or not
4 17
head
426
The Scenario
• Begin with an existing linked list– Could be empty or not– Could be ordered or not
4 17
head
42
The Scenario
• Begin with an existing linked list– Could be empty or not– Could be ordered or not
4 17
head
42
Deleting a nodeint List::DeleteNode(double x) {
Node* prevNode = NULL;Node* currNode = head;int currIndex = 1;while (currNode && currNode->data != x) {
prevNode = currNode;currNode = currNode->next;currIndex++;
}if (currNode) {
if (prevNode) {prevNode->next = currNode->next;delete currNode;
}else {
head = currNode->next;delete currNode;
}return currIndex;
}return 0;
}
Try to find the node with its value equal to x
Deleting a nodeint List::DeleteNode(double x) {
Node* prevNode = NULL;Node* currNode = head;int currIndex = 1;while (currNode && currNode->data != x) {
prevNode = currNode;currNode = currNode->next;currIndex++;
}if (currNode) {
if (prevNode) {prevNode->next = currNode->next;delete currNode;
}else {
head = currNode->next;delete currNode;
}return currIndex;
}return 0;
}
currNodeprevNode
Deleting a nodeint List::DeleteNode(double x) {
Node* prevNode = NULL;Node* currNode = head;int currIndex = 1;while (currNode && currNode->data != x) {
prevNode = currNode;currNode = currNode->next;currIndex++;
}if (currNode) {
if (prevNode) {prevNode->next = currNode->next;delete currNode;
}else {
head = currNode->next;delete currNode;
}return currIndex;
}return 0;
}
currNodehead
Printing all the elements
• void DisplayList(void)– Print the data of all the elements – Print the number of the nodes in the list
void List::DisplayList(){ int num = 0; Node* currNode = head; while (currNode != NULL){
cout << currNode->data << endl;currNode = currNode->next;num++;
} cout << "Number of nodes in the list: " << num << endl;}
Destroying the list
• ~List(void)– Use the destructor to release all the memory used by the list.– Step through the list and delete each node one by one.
List::~List(void) { Node* currNode = head, *nextNode = NULL; while (currNode != NULL) {
nextNode = currNode->next;// destroy the current nodedelete currNode;currNode = nextNode;
}}
Using Listint main(void){
List list;list.InsertNode(0, 7.0); // successfullist.InsertNode(1, 5.0); // successfullist.InsertNode(-1, 5.0); // unsuccessfullist.InsertNode(0, 6.0); // successfullist.InsertNode(8, 4.0); // unsuccessful// print all the elementslist.DisplayList();if(list.FindNode(5.0) > 0) cout << "5.0 found" << endl;else cout << "5.0 not found" << endl;if(list.FindNode(4.5) > 0) cout << "4.5 found" << endl;else cout << "4.5 not found" << endl;list.DeleteNode(7.0);list.DisplayList();return 0;
}
675Number of nodes in the list: 35.0 found4.5 not found65Number of nodes in the list: 2
result
Linked List Efficiency• Insertion and deletion at the beginning of the list are very
fast, O(1).• Finding, deleting or inserting in the list requires searching
through half the items in the list on an average, requiring O(n) comparisons.
• Although arrays require same number of comparisons, the advantage lies in the fact that no items need to be moved after insertion or deletion.
• As opposed to fixed size of arrays, linked lists use exactly as much memory as is needed and can expand.
More on Linked Lists
list
is a sequential container optimized for insertion and
erasure at arbitrary points in the sequence
Linked List
Each data item is embedded in a link & Each Link object
contains a reference to the next link in the list of items.
Summary
Each node in a circular linked list has a predecessor (and a successor), provided that the list is nonempty.
insertion and deletion do not require special consideration of the first node.
This is a good implementation for a linked queue or for any problem in which "circular" processing is required
last
9 17 22 26 34
In other applications a circular linked list is used; instead of the last node containing a null pointer, it contains a pointer to the first node in the list.
For such lists,one can use a single pointer to the last node in the list, because then one has direct access to it and "almost-direct" access to the first node.
Circular Linked List
Node* prevNode = NULL;Node* currNode = head;int currIndex = 1;while (currNode && currNode->data != x)
{prevNode = currNode;currNode = currNode->next;currIndex++;
}
Inserting a new nodeNode* List::InsertNode(int index, double x) {
if (index < 0) return NULL;
int currIndex = 1;Node* currNode = head;while (currNode && index > currIndex) {
prevnode=currnodecurrNode = currNode->next;currIndex++;
}if (index > 0 && currNode == NULL) return NULL;
Node* newNode = new Node;newNode->data = x;if (index == 0) {
newNode->next = head;head = newNode;
}else {
newNode->next = currNode->next;currNode->next = newNode;
}return newNode;
}
Try to locate index’th node. If it doesn’t exist, return NULL.
Circularly Linked ListsFor example, item can be inserted as follows:
newptr = new Node(item, 0);
if (Index == 0) // list is empty
{
newptr->next = newptr;
currentIndex = newptr;
}
else // nonempty list
{
newptr->next = predptr->next;
predptr->next = newptr;
}
Note that a one-element circularly linked list points to itself.
Circularly Linked ListsTraversal must be modified: avoid an infinite loop by looking for the
end of list as signalled by a null pointer.
Like other methods, deletion must also be slightly modified.
Deleting the last node is signalled when the node deleted points to itself.
if (Index == 0) // list is empty
// Signal that the list is empty
else
{
ptr = predptr->next; // hold node for deletion
if (ptr == predptr) // one-node list
Index = 0;
else // list with 2 or more nodes
predptr->next = ptr->next;
delete ptr;
}
Summary
In Circular linked lists– The last node points to the first node of the list
– How do we know when we have finished traversing the list? (Tip: check if the pointer of the current node is equal to the head.)
A
Head
B C
Double Linked Lists
All of these lists, however, are uni-directional; we can only move from one node to its successor.
last
prev L
first
mySize 5
9 17 22 26 34
next
In many applications, bidirectional movement is necessary. In this case, each node has two pointers — one to its successor (null if there is none) and one to its predecessor (null if there is none.) Such a list is commonly called a doubly-linked (or symmetrically-linked) list.
Doubly Linked Lists
Con’t….• Similar to an ordinary list with the addition that a link
to the last item is maintained along with that to the first.
• The reference to the last link permits to insert a new link directly at the end of the list as well as at the beginning.
• This could not be done in the ordinary linked list without traversing the whole list.
• This technique is useful in implementing the Queue where insertions are made at end and deletions from the front.
Linked Lists 41
Insertion• We visualize operation insertAfter(p, X), which returns position q
A B X C
A B C
p
A B C
p
X
q
p q
Linked Lists 42
Insertion AlgorithmAlgorithm insertAfter(p,e):
Create a new node v
v.setElement(e)
v.setPrev(p) {link v to its predecessor}
v.setNext(p.getNext()) {link v to its successor}
(p.getNext()).setPrev(v) {link p’s old successor to v}
p.setNext(v) {link p to its new successor, v}
return v {the position for the element e}
Linked Lists 43
Deletion• We visualize remove(p), where p == last()
A B C D
p
A B C
D
p
A B C
Linked Lists 44
Deletion AlgorithmAlgorithm remove(p):
t = p.element {a temporary variable to hold the
return value}
(p.getPrev()).setNext(p.getNext()) {linking out p}
(p.getNext()).setPrev(p.getPrev())
p.setPrev(null){invalidating the position p}
p.setNext(null)
return t
Linked Lists 45
Worst-cast running time
• In a doubly linked list+ insertion at head or tail is in O(1)+ deletion at either end is on O(1)-- element access is still in O(n)
Summary
– Each node points to not only successor but the predecessor
– There are two NULL: at the first and last nodes in the list
– Advantage: given a node, it is easy to visit its predecessor. Convenient to traverse lists backwards
Linked Lists 47
Summary
• A doubly linked list is often more convenient!
• Nodes store:– element– link to the previous node– link to the next node
• Special trailer and header nodes
prev next
elem
trailerheader nodes/positions
elements
node
Con’t….
L
first
mySize 5
last9 17 22 26 34
prev
next
doubly-linked list => bidirectional movement!!
Each node has two pointers — one to its successor (null if there is none) and one to its predecessor (null if there is none.)
Doubly linked lists give one more flexibility (can move in either direction)
BUT at significant cost :
DOUBLE the overhead for links
More complex code
The End !!!
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