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1
Klaus Streubel
Light Emitting Diodesfor Solid State Lighting
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 2
Outline
Osram at a Glance
Motivation
Advances in LED Technology
Solid State Lighting
OLED: next generation LED
2
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 3
OSRAM at a Glance
Employees:More than 43,500
– OSRAM: one of the world's two leading lighting manufacturers (headquarters: Munich)
– Trademark registration: on April 17, 1906 at thethen Imperial Patent Office in Berlin
– Founded on July 1, 1919 by the merger of the incandescent lamp manufacturing activities of AEG, Siemens & Halske AG and Deutsche Gasglühlicht-Anstalt (Auer-Gesellschaft)
Production:46 factories in 17 countries
Turnover:EUR 4.6 billion
Group profit:EUR 401 million
R&D:6 % of sales
The art project SEVEN SCREENS at OSRAM headquartersin Munich – a project developed in cooperation with OSRAMLight Consulting - shows that the OSRAM brand is 102 yearsyoung. 700,000 high-power RGB LEDs (16 mio different colours possible) have been installed on the masts and can be controlled via fiber optic cable from a central computer room.
FY 2008
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 4
OSRAM - Part of the Industry Sector of Siemens
DriveTechnologies
IndustrySolutions
BuildingTechnologies OSRAM MobilityIndustry
Automation
Energy HealthcareFossil Power GenerationRenewable EnergyOil & GasEnergy ServicePower TransmissionPower Distribution
Imaging & ITWorkflow & SolutionsDiagnostics
Drive TechnologiesIndustry AutomationBuilding TechnologiesMobilityLighting (OSRAM)Industry Solutions
Divisions
Siemens is a global powerhouse in electronics and electricalengineering, operating in the industry, energy and healthcare sectors.
Industry
3
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 5
OSRAM Activities
LED Systems
Opto Semi-conductors
Display / Optic(DO)
AutomotiveLighting (AM)
Consumer Lighting
Low PressureDischarge (LPD)
High PressureDischarge (HPD)
Electronics &Controls (EC)
Luminaires
Special Lighting
Professional Lighting
Halogen, CFLLED Retrofit
LEDs, OLEDs,Laser, IR
PL SP CL OS
L E DL E D L E D
L E D
L E DL E D
L E D
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 6
Osram: Driving Innovation
✔
German "President's Prize for Technology and Innovation"
2007
✔red dot design award 2008
Emmy Award 2007
Foto: Mark D
avis/Mathew
Imaging
“Oscar” Academy Award 1983, 1986
✔✔
German Sustainability Prize 2008
✔
4
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 7
LEDs for General Lighting
• Highly efficient
• Long lifetime
• Small & Rugged
• Mercury free
• Instand on, dimmable
• Directional emission
• All colors available
• ….
Many rational arguments:
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 8
LEDs for General Lighting
Emotion
5
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 9
0
5
10
15
20
2005 2010 2015 2020
Billion €
Year
* OSRAM estimation, only general lighting
Conventional light sources:stable, slighty decreasing market
Total market for light sources
9''10''7
12''9
15''9
LED components*:strong market growth
LED is driver for future growth of the lighting market
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 10
…Efficiency
• Lighting accounts for 19% of global electricity consumption
• 2651 TWh were used for lighting in 2005 (=consumption of Japan and China)• It would be technically feasible to save about 50% of this energy• Then, 460 Million Tons of CO2 would not be emitted into the atmosphere
6
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 11
Efficiency of High Brightness LEDs
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Wavelength (nm)
Exte
rnal
Effi
cien
cy
Dat
ensa
mm
ler I
nGaN
u In
GaA
lP E
ffizi
enz.
xls
InxGa1-xN
(AlxGa1-x)0.52In0.48P
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 12
1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 101E-5
1E-3
0.1
10
1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 100.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
optic
al o
utpu
t pow
er [a
.u.]
IQE
[a.u
.]
current density [kA/cm2]
Defects:I∝n1
Radiative:I∝n2
Auger:I∝n3
Auger model withliterature coefficent
Auger Loss in Visible LEDs
Karpov (STR)
• Non-radiative losses proportional to n³ Signature of Auger• Auger model with coefficient from literature fits experimental data
7
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 13
Thin-Film Process Flow
GaAs GaAs GaAs
GaAs
Ge Ge
Ge
Sapphire
Sapphire Sapphire Ge
Sapphire
Ge
Sapphire
AlGaInP
InGaN
Epitaxy dry etching metalization soldering substrate removal
Epitaxy metalization soldering laser lift-off surface roughening
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 14
Thin-Film – A new LED Platform
InGaAlP InGaN AlGaAs
High efficiency
Novel possibilitiesfor chip designs Surface
emission
Ideal for 2D chip arrays
Scalable area
8
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 15Top view
Advanced Thin-Film Chip Designs
Conductive carrier
np
Cross sectional view
Conductive carrier
np
Cross sectional view
Luminance @ 1,4 A
Linearity
n-contactAbsorption vrs.
Series resistance
Luminance
Top viewLuminance @ 2,8 A
Standard ThinGaN ThinGaN UX:3
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 16
R&D 1mm Power ThinGaN blue and green
• 1mm² chip @440 nm, Golden Dragon+ • 1mm² chip @532 nm, Golden Dragon+
Advanced Package: 643 mW
Advanced Package Blue: 643 mW; Vf= 3.24 V, WPE = 57%
J. Baur et al.: IWN08M. Peter et al: IWN08
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5
I [A]
Ie[W
]
601,4 mW@ 350 mA
Driving Current [mA]
Lum
inou
s Fl
ux Φ
v [lm
]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 200 400 600 8000
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Lum
inou
s Ef
ficac
y [lm
/W]
3199 mW@ 3 A
1966 mW@ 1,4 A
90 lm/W
109 lm
9
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 17
R&D 1mm² Power ThinGaN white • 1mm² chip, CLC Ultra White, Golden Dragon+
(CCT = 5000K)• 1mm² chip, CLC, Golden Dragon+
(CCT=3000K, Ra=80)
Advanced Package White: 155 lm; 136 lm/W; 3.24 V; 5000 KJ. Baur et al.: IWN08
M. Peter et al: IWN08
88 lm
74 lm/W
Lum
inou
s Fl
ux Φ
v [lm
]
Lum
inou
s Ef
ficac
y [lm
/W]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Current (mA)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Current [mA]
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Lum
inou
s Fl
ux Φ
v [lm
]
Lum
inou
s Ef
ficac
y [lm
/W]
114 lm/W
129 lm
263 lm
73 lm/W
88 lm
74 lm/W
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 18
Generation of Light and Heat
Chip: 1 x 1 mm²Operation: 1 A @ 3.2 VEfficiency: 40%Total power: 3.2 WEmitted: 1.3 WHeat: 1.9 W
1mm
Power Density: 1.9.106 W/m²
10
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 19
Innovative Package Development
TOPLED®
2 lm 90mW@20mA single chip
white
OSTAR®
100-1000lm 10 - 50W
multi chip30 lm 1,4W
@350mA singlechip white10 lm 250mW
@200mA single chipwhite
Advanced Power TOPLED®
Golden Dragon®
Power TOPLED®
3 lm 140mW@30mA single chip
white
SmartLED®
0,3mm
Chipled0,8mm SmartLED®
0,6mm
MicroSIDELED®
1,0mm Firefly®
0,5mm
MicroSIDELED®
0,6mm
Increasing drive current / output
Improved thermal performance
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 20
787mW
Electrical and Optical Power FlowCurrent Status and Optimization limit
1134mW
El. loss IQE 80% LEC 86%
Heat: 148mW
986mW
199mW 110mW
R&D status
0.35A; 3.2V
R&D status:
Popt =677mW; 60%
chip out
Pheat=457mW; 40%
677mW Popt.: 643mW blue at 350mA
Limit for 1mm chip at about 180-190lm at 350mA
Chip optimization limit:
Heat: 75mW 47mW 45mW
898mW1020mW
El. loss IQE 95% LEC 95%945mW
0.35A; 2.9V
853mW Popt =853mW; 84%
chip out
Pheat=167mW; 16%
Chip limit / Dragon:
≈ 190lm white
Popt.: 810mW blue at 350mA
155lm white
11
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 21
Phosphor concentration
Chip wavelength
Color coordinate
+
400 500 600 700nm
White Light by Phosphor Conversion
Blue emittingLED
Yellowphosphor
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 22
CIE (x,y)-Chromaticity-Diagram
460
480
500
640
620
600
580
560
540
520
683 lm/W
380
780
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
0,0
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
x
y
Blue Pumped Phosphors
Garnet(yellow, green)
blue InGaN-LED
Nitrides(orange, red)
Oxynitrides(yellow, green)
Orthosilicates(green, orange)
• High quality whitelight requires morethan one phosphor
• Each phosphorsystem has specificstrong and weakproperties
• Intensive researchand developmentactivities
12
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 23
spectral emission
spectral absorption
λdom
FWHMCx, cy
λRmin
Rλex
phosphor efficiencyQELE
grain characteristicsd50 (d10, d90)shape
phosphor stability
TQ T-stabilityhν-stabilitychemical stability
The Phosphor System is the Key Parameter…
phosphor property parameter relevant LED property
LED colorLED efficiencyLED color rendering/ color gamutLED stability & maintenanceLED producibility
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 24
400 500 600 700
wavelength (nm)
inte
nsity
(a.u
.)
400 500 600 700
wavelength (nm)
inte
nsity
(a.u
.)
Efficacy and Color Rendering of PC-LEDsSimulations for Various Down Conversion Approaches
400 500 600 700
wavelength (nm)
inte
nsity
(a.u
.)
CRI and Efficiency strongly depend on chosen phosphor solutionEstimation of max. 150 lm/W @ CRI 80 and 180 lm/W @ CRI 60
red & green phosphor 85 %89
CRI Efficiency
Daylight 100
standard phosphor 79 100 %
narrow yellow phosphor 59 119 %
Cx & Cy = 0,33
constant opt. Power of blue chip
13
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 25
Color Rendering and Color Preferences of White LEDs
Many options to tune color impression:
Enhancement of color saturation for more vividness by spiky spectrum
Smoothening of color contrasts for more “natural” appearance
LED light sources show often higher people preference ratings than suggested by their CRI
CRI likely not the most suitable metrics…
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 26
White LEDsColor Quality is Key for Success in General Lighting
Dynamic Daylight Simulation
Our biological clock has a strong influence on• nocturnal sleep quality• body core temperature and heart rate• mood and well being• alertness, cognition and reaction time• performance and vigilance
14
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 27
LEDs Can Play their Benefits Everywhere!USPs per Field of Application
• Design freedom• Infinite color change
possibilities
Hospitality
• Safety feeling (homogeneity, no glare)
• Energy saving• Instant on, dimming
Street, Tunnel, Parking
• Light quality and comfort• Energy saving• Additional features
Light@home
• Energy saving• Direct and indirect light• Variable scene settings
Office lighting
• Light quality• Changeable light (colour)• Energy saving (freezers)
Shop lighting
Architainment
• Design freedom• Infinite color change
possibilities
Energy Savings and TCO is important, but……there is as well emotion, amazing new designs & smart features
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 28
Street- & Tunnel-Lighting
Yantzi River Tunnel
15
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 29
Conventional system LED System
LED = Light where it should be!LEDs need less lumens to reach the brightness target: lower energy consumption and environmental protection by better directionability
• 30% of light is wasted• Light pollution disturbing residents• Birds and animals breeding can be disrupted
with unwanted light
Lamp 1
Lamp 2
• perfect use of the lumen packages• Homogeneous light distribution increased
safety, less fatigue for drivers• Animals and birds can live undisturbed
Light where it should NOT be
Light where it should be
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 30
The Optical Concepts for Technical Street Lighting
PCBLED
Oval lens
1 Oval Optics
2 Tilted focusing optics
3 Combination of wide beam spread optics and reflector
PCB
LED with focusing lenses
PCBLED
Lens with wide beam spread
Reflector OSRAM STREETlight
Advanced
OSRAM Golden DRAGON oval Plus
OSRAM Golden DRAGON Plus
(exclusive secondary optics)
4 CombinationsPCB
LED with lens ReflectorOSRAM
STREETlightProtect (HPML)
16
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 31
LED Module STREETlight Advanced
Special benefits
– Efficient and most uniform illumination of street & pavement with the reflector concept
– Illumination of street according to street lighting standard EN 13201 (glare limitation fulfilled)
– Fast and tool less module swap for easy maintenance
– Small & constant (standardized) module size enables individual luminaire designs
– Long module life time: up to 50 k hoursLED module STREETlight Advanced
•Technical illumination of service and trunk roads, in future main roads, as well as illumination of paths andplaces
Preliminary
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 32
Product Highlights / Benefits
STREETlight Protect Benefits / USP
- No light wastage with oval light distribution focusing light on targeted areas
- Modular concept, stackable,easily configurable
- Uniform heat dissipation(Long life maintenance)
- IP66 rated
- wide operating temperature -25 to 55oC enables wide range of applications
- rotational bracket (optional)
A high power modular light source which can be stacked and configured to meet all types of applications; street lighting, warehouse, freezer, factory, task lighting, etc..
17
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 33
Modular concept advantageOne standard module for all different pole heights
70 lm/W, 3.2V@ 350mA/LED = 1100 lm
8-module lamp
4-module lamp
Flexible Array – scalable to meet different street height application
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 34
HPML Module in Korea
18
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 35
Standardization in Solid State LightingEfforts are Going on all over the Globe
The innovative LED technology is on the way to revolutionize General Illumination.
SSL is leaving its niche to broaden manifold applications in various market segments.
Standardization, driven by Governments and Lighting Industries, is essential to pave the road to a successful market entry.
The key drivers are:- Energy Efficiency - Lifetime - Labeling- Environment Protection - Safety - Retrofits
Worldwide consistent standards will be the success factor for midterm push in SSL.
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 36
The Key Issues to Make LEDs Ready for Prime Time
Play the unique technology advantagesColor & dynamic lightSmall sizeUnique formsLight patterns and intensity distributions
Make SSL easy to control
Provide high quality white light at highest efficiency
Control cost - cut back the payback times go for high maintenance & high energy cost applicationsSecure the investment by getting the “-abilities” in place:
upgrade-abilityreorder-abilitycompatibility
Focus on excellent system reliability
19
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 37
The Next Wave in SSL…The Organic LED© OSRAM OS: released on Oct 20th 2009
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 38
OLED – The Aesthetics of Light
OLED positioning will be centered on the emotional perception:
√ OLED – is just light - not loaded with lot’s of luminaire materials
√ OLED – is ultimately reduced & pure aesthetics
√ OLED – delivers harmony of form and light
20
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 39
Some application examples (I)
Source: PPML design contest 2009, Osram OS
Decorative &Mood lighting
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 40
Some application examples (II)
Source: PPML design contest 2009
21
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 41
Some application examples (III)
Room SeparatorDesktop Illumination
Source: Osram OS
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 42
Outstanding Features• High energy efficiency:
- 62 lm/W on R&D level- >100 lm/W in future
• High quality white light: CRI > 80
• Diffuse non glaring area light source
• Instant on/off
• Mercury-free
• Low voltage DC driven
• Functionality- Various colors- Different color temperatures
• Design & aesthetics- Thin, flat, lightweight- Diffuse – transparent – mirror- Flexibility
Mercury free
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
380 480 580 680 780Wavelength (nm)
Nor
mal
ized
Rad
ianc
e (a
. u.)
White broad band emission
22
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 43
Transparent OLEDs open up completely new opportunities regarding design and applications!
Technology facts:
• 210cm2 active lighting area• 55% transparency• Highly conductive electrodes• No busbars required• 2 contact pads (lighting conform)
R&D Result: Large Area Transparent OLED
145 mm
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 44
OLED market will develop from high end to high volume applications
OLED Lighting - Market Development
III. General Lighting "White Volume Flatlight"
"A key segment in the world's volume lighting portfolio"
Volume Business
II. Functional Designs "Design & Illumination"
"Great value propositions by (e.g.) transparency"
Transition to Volume
I. Luxury Designs "Light Art"
"The birth of a light revolution" Extreme thin - superior CRI
Emotional factors overweigh the price
Amazing features will enable impressive, new applications.
Volume fit per cost, performance & capacity.
Market Entry
23
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 45
The Application Categories Lead to Challenging Requirements…
Luminous Objects General Illumination...to be fulfilled without sacrificing the aesthetic appeal and the lightingessentials: lumen maintenance, sustainability, low cost and efficiency
Note: Automotive applications are currently not in focus due to high required temperatures
General Illumination
- Task light- Integrated ceiling & wall light
Requirements:- High luminance level (up to
4000 Cd/m2) & directional beamshaping
Object Illumination
- Windows- Shop- Specialty
Requirements:- Large area &
transparency and/or aesthetic tiling concepts
Mood Lighting
- Decorative light- Accent light
Requirements:- Diffuse emission at
moderate luminance level (<500 Cd/m2)
- Excellent off-state appearance
for SSL – Romme, Sweden 12.3.2010 | Page 46
OLED Beyond Glass Substrates
• First proof of principle on bendable substrates successful (top emitter on metal substrate).
• Flexible OLEDs on e.g. plastic foils will be available in 3-5 years.
• At OSRAM OS bendable and flexible substrates are part of the activities regarding R&D as well as potential applications.
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