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Chapter 6Social and Personality Development
in the Preschool Years
© 2006 Pearson Education/Prentice-Hall Publishing
8-2
Self-Understanding and Forming a Sense of Self
Psychosocial Development
8-3
Erikson:
Initiative vs. guilt
~3 to 6: Conflict b/t
independence of action and sometimes negative results of that action.
8-4
Discipline
8-5
Self Concept in the School Years: Thinking About the Self
Children typically overestimate their skills and knowledge
What is self?
8-6
Developing racial, ethnic and gender awareness
Gender is well established
Gender > ethnicity
8-7
What are some possible explanations?
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Theoretical explanations for gender related attitudes
Biological perspectives Psychoanalytic perspectives Social-learning/Cognitive approaches
Includes parental/cutlural influences
8-9
Increased interactions with the world at large.
~ 3 children begin to develop real friendships; individuals with special qualities.
Friendship is focused on the carrying out of shared activities
[as opposed to?]
Friends and Family: The social lives of preschoolers
8-10
Playing by Rules
Parallel play Associative play Cooperative play
Sensorimotor play practice play pretense/symbolic play social play constructive play games
8-11
Fantasy Play
Play becomes increasingly unrealistic during the preschool period
What would Vygotsky say about the increase in pretend play?
8-12
Effective Parenting: Teaching Desired Behaviors Diana Baumrind (1971, 1980); parenting
styles:• Authoritarian• Authoritative• Permissive/Indulgent• Neglectful
Democratic
8-13
8-14
children conform to society’s expectations home atmosphere > authority Inc physical punishment more directive, less conversational As opposed to…
Lower SES parents
8-15
more concerned with developing initiative and delay of gratification
atmosphere in which children are more nearly equal participants
rules are discussed less directive; more conversational
Higher-SES parents
8-16
Child Abuse and Maltreatment
What kinds of abuse?
8-17
Types of Child Abuse
8-18
Child Abuse
Occurs in any home, though most frequent in stressful family environments:
Poverty Single-parent homes Families with high levels of marital discord 70% DO NOT grow up to abuse
8-19
Moral Development and Aggression
Piaget
Social Learning
Kohlberg
Gilligan
8-20
Piaget’s View of Moral Development
Heteronomous Morality: Initial stage, ~4 to 7 years old.
Rules are invariant and unchangeable. Immanent Justice: Immediate punishment.
8-21
Incipient Cooperation ~ 7 to 10. Children are more social and learn the rules. Play is according to a shared conception of
the rules.
Piaget’s View of Moral Development
8-22
~ 10: Autonomous Cooperation aware that game rules can be modified if
players agree. Critics:
He underestimated the age at which children's moral skills develop.
Piaget’s View of Moral Development
8-23
Moral Development in Children:
Social-learning approaches
How environment influences children's moral behavior.
• Children model prosocial (helping) behavior
Reinforcement and modeling.
8-24
Viewing Violence on TV
Conducting a true experiment nearly impossible
Correlational studies difficult
Does television viewing cause violence?
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