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Life Cycle Assessment and Ecosystem Services
Bhavik R. Bakshi
William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA
Tools for Measuring Sustainability - Professional Development WorkshopAgricultural, Environmental and Development Economics, The Ohio State University
May 19, 2016
LCA & Ecosystem Services 1 / 24
Outline
Outline
• Life Cycle Assessment• Motivation• Approach• Applications• Shortcomings
• Ecosystem Services in LCA• Techno-Ecological Synergy• Applications
• Challenges and Opportunities
LCA & Ecosystem Services 2 / 24
Motivation
Motivating Questions
• Are paper grocery bags environmentally superior to plastic bags?
• How about electric cars versus gasoline powered ones?
• Are plastics from biomass better?
• Is it better to replace solvent-based reactors with solvent-less andmicrowave based systems?
• How about using supercritical CO2 instead of HCFCs as a blowingagent for insulating foam?
• Are nanocomposites better than traditional materials for automotivebody panels?
• Money is an incomplete measure since externalities are often ignoredin market prices
LCA & Ecosystem Services 3 / 24
Motivation
Indirect Effects
• Consider entire life cycle from “cradle to grave”
• Energy required to travel 1 mile by car =• Fuel burned• plus energy required to extract, refine, transport the fuel• plus energy to manufacture car (mile equivalent)• plus energy to build and maintain roads• plus energy to maintain auto repair shops, govt. regulation,
registration services, traffic police, etc.• plus energy to produce and maintain that portion of health system
used to care for the consequences of auto accidents and auto-relatedhealth problems
• plus ...
• Indirect effects go on forever and can be significant
LCA & Ecosystem Services 4 / 24
Sustainability Assessment
Steps in Sustainability Assessment
1. Goal and scope definition• Functional unit• Analysis boundary
2. Inventory analysis• Obtain data of relevant processes available at multiple scales• Allocation
3. Impact assessment• Assess impact of emissions and resource use
4. Improvement analysis• Explore ways of reducing environmental impact
LCA & Ecosystem Services 5 / 24
Sustainability Assessment Goal and Scope
Step 1: Goal Definition and Scope
• Identify reasons for conducting the LCA
• Define products to be analyzed
• Determine system boundaries• Narrow boundary provides misleading results
• Claims about zero emission vehicles
• Broad boundary requires too much data• All activities are inter-connected
• Select functional unit• Necessary for determining equivalence between choices
• 1 paper bag = 2 plastic bags = 0.0001 cloth bag• 10 incandescent bulbs = 1 fluorescent bulb
LCA & Ecosystem Services 6 / 24
Sustainability Assessment Goal and Scope
Boundary Selection - LCA of Paper Bag
LCA & Ecosystem Services 7 / 24
Sustainability Assessment Goal and Scope
Life Cycle Methods
• Process LCA• Includes “most important”
processes• Relies on average data about
typical processes• Ignores many processes
• Input-output LCA• Uses aggregate data about
economic sectors• Comprehensive but coarse
• Hybrid LCA• Combines process and IO
models
• These models are linear, empirical and aggregated
LCA & Ecosystem Services 8 / 24
Sustainability Assessment Goal and Scope
Life Cycle Methods
• Process LCA• Includes “most important”
processes• Relies on average data about
typical processes• Ignores many processes
• Input-output LCA• Uses aggregate data about
economic sectors• Comprehensive but coarse
• Hybrid LCA• Combines process and IO
models
P1
P3P4
P8
P5
P2P6P7
• These models are linear, empirical and aggregated
LCA & Ecosystem Services 8 / 24
Sustainability Assessment Goal and Scope
Life Cycle Methods
• Process LCA• Includes “most important”
processes• Relies on average data about
typical processes• Ignores many processes
• Input-output LCA• Uses aggregate data about
economic sectors• Comprehensive but coarse
• Hybrid LCA• Combines process and IO
models
P1
P3P4
P8
P5
P2P6P7
• These models are linear, empirical and aggregated
LCA & Ecosystem Services 8 / 24
Sustainability Assessment Goal and Scope
Life Cycle Methods
• Process LCA• Includes “most important”
processes• Relies on average data about
typical processes• Ignores many processes
• Input-output LCA• Uses aggregate data about
economic sectors• Comprehensive but coarse
• Hybrid LCA• Combines process and IO
models
P1
P3P4
P8
P5
P2P6P7
• These models are linear, empirical and aggregated
LCA & Ecosystem Services 8 / 24
Sustainability Assessment Goal and Scope
Life Cycle Methods
• Process LCA• Includes “most important”
processes• Relies on average data about
typical processes• Ignores many processes
• Input-output LCA• Uses aggregate data about
economic sectors• Comprehensive but coarse
• Hybrid LCA• Combines process and IO
models
S1 S2
S3 S4 S5
• These models are linear, empirical and aggregated
LCA & Ecosystem Services 8 / 24
Sustainability Assessment Goal and Scope
Life Cycle Methods
• Process LCA• Includes “most important”
processes• Relies on average data about
typical processes• Ignores many processes
• Input-output LCA• Uses aggregate data about
economic sectors• Comprehensive but coarse
• Hybrid LCA• Combines process and IO
models
S1 S2
S3 S4 S5
• These models are linear, empirical and aggregated
LCA & Ecosystem Services 8 / 24
Sustainability Assessment Goal and Scope
Life Cycle Methods
• Process LCA• Includes “most important”
processes• Relies on average data about
typical processes• Ignores many processes
• Input-output LCA• Uses aggregate data about
economic sectors• Comprehensive but coarse
• Hybrid LCA• Combines process and IO
models
S1 S2'
S3' S4' S5'
P1
P3P4
P8
P5
P2P6P7
• These models are linear, empirical and aggregated
LCA & Ecosystem Services 8 / 24
Sustainability Assessment Goal and Scope
Life Cycle Methods
• Process LCA• Includes “most important”
processes• Relies on average data about
typical processes• Ignores many processes
• Input-output LCA• Uses aggregate data about
economic sectors• Comprehensive but coarse
• Hybrid LCA• Combines process and IO
models
S1 S2'
S3' S4' S5'
P1
P3P4
P8
P5
P2P6P7
• These models are linear, empirical and aggregated
LCA & Ecosystem Services 8 / 24
Sustainability Assessment Inventory
Step 2: Inventory Analysis
• Obtain material and energy data for all flows of processes in life cycle
• Commercial and public domain databases are available• Ecoinvent (paid)• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (free)• GREET (free)• EIOLCA, Eco-LCA (free)
• Need to allocate inventory between multiple products• Partition in proportion to mass, energy, monetary value• Subjective approach
LCA & Ecosystem Services 9 / 24
Sustainability Assessment Impact
Step 3: Impact Assessment
LCA & Ecosystem Services 10 / 24
Sustainability Assessment Improvement
Step 4: Improvement Analysis
• Has not received much attention in LCA
• Relies on use of methods from engineering design
LCA & Ecosystem Services 11 / 24
Sustainability Assessment Tools
Tools for LCA
• Software is essential for managing life cycle inventory data andapplying various methods
• Process LCA• Relatively accurate data, regularly updated• Complicated modeling, expensive• OpenLCA, SimaPro, GaBi
• Input-Output LCA• Easy to use, free, comprehensive• Coarse model, crude, old data• Economic Input-Output LCA (EIOLCA) (www.eiolca.net)• Ecologically-based LCA (Eco-LCA) (resilience.osu.edu/ecolca)
LCA & Ecosystem Services 12 / 24
Sustainability Assessment Applications
Application of LCA - Grocery Bags
• Reusable PET bag looks best, but not in all categories
LCA & Ecosystem Services 13 / 24
Sustainability Assessment Applications
Carbon-Nitrogen Nexus of Transportation Fuels
0.00E+00
5.00E-02
1.00E-01
1.50E-01
2.00E-01
2.50E-01
3.00E-01
3.50E-01
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008
Gasoline
E10 Corn
E10 Yellow Poplar
E10 LIHD
E10 MSW
E10 Newsprint
E85 Corn
E85 Yellow Poplar
E85 Switchgrass
E85 LIHD
E85 MSW
E85 Newsprint as Waste
Diesel
B20 Soybean
B100 Soybean
E10 Stover Mass Allocation
E10 Stover Thermo Mass Allocation
E85 Stover Mass Allocation
E85 Stover Thermo Mass Allocation
Butanol Mass Allocation
B20 Stover Mass Allocation
B100 Stover Mass Allocation
Carbonfootprintkg/km
Nitrogen footprint, kg/km
Mainly Fossil
First Gen.Biofuel
CellulosicBiofuel
From waste,LIHD
Singh, Gibbemeyer, Tam, Urban, Bakshi, 2015LCA & Ecosystem Services 14 / 24
Sustainability Assessment Shortcomings
Shortcomings of LCA
• Focus of LCA is mainly on reducing impacts and the chance ofshifting them along the life cycle - doing “less bad”
• Many requirements of sustainable systems are ignored• Effect of human behavior and economic aspects• Dynamics of coupled socio-ecological-technological systems• Supply of ecosystem services
• On-going research is attempting to address these challenges
LCA & Ecosystem Services 15 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services
LCA and Ecosystem Services
Meta-principle for environmental sustainability
For a system to be sustainable, it should not demand more from naturethan can be supplied
• LCA quantifies the demand of only some ecosystem goods andservices
• It ignores the capacity of ecosystem to supply demanded ecosystemgoods and services
Two shortcomings of ignoring nature’s capacity
• Decisions meant to reduce environmental impact mayunintentionally increase demand for scarce ecosystem services
• Fail to benefit from nature’s ability to satisfy human needs in aneconomically and environmentally superior manner
LCA & Ecosystem Services 16 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services
LCA and Ecosystem Services
Meta-principle for environmental sustainability
For a system to be sustainable, it should not demand more from naturethan can be supplied
• LCA quantifies the demand of only some ecosystem goods andservices
• It ignores the capacity of ecosystem to supply demanded ecosystemgoods and services
Two shortcomings of ignoring nature’s capacity
• Decisions meant to reduce environmental impact mayunintentionally increase demand for scarce ecosystem services
• Fail to benefit from nature’s ability to satisfy human needs in aneconomically and environmentally superior manner
LCA & Ecosystem Services 16 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services
LCA and Ecosystem Services
Meta-principle for environmental sustainability
For a system to be sustainable, it should not demand more from naturethan can be supplied
• LCA quantifies the demand of only some ecosystem goods andservices
• It ignores the capacity of ecosystem to supply demanded ecosystemgoods and services
Two shortcomings of ignoring nature’s capacity
• Decisions meant to reduce environmental impact mayunintentionally increase demand for scarce ecosystem services
• Fail to benefit from nature’s ability to satisfy human needs in aneconomically and environmentally superior manner
LCA & Ecosystem Services 16 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem Services in LCA: Till versus No Till Farming
Corn FarmingWith Till
Corn FarmingNo Till
Demand DemandCO
2 E
mis
sions
and
Sin
ks (
kg
CO
2/k
g C
orn
) 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
• LCA considers only emissions: finds farming with tillage to be better
• Accounting for demand and supply finds no-till to be better
• Both methods are locally sustainable
• Both are globally unsustainable
LCA & Ecosystem Services 17 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem Services in LCA: Till versus No Till Farming
Corn FarmingWith Till
Corn FarmingNo Till
Demand DemandCO
2 E
mis
sions
and
Sin
ks (
kg
CO
2/k
g C
orn
) 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
• LCA considers only emissions: finds farming with tillage to be better
• Accounting for demand and supply finds no-till to be better
• Both methods are locally sustainable
• Both are globally unsustainable
LCA & Ecosystem Services 17 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem Services in LCA: Till versus No Till Farming
Demand
PrivateAllocation Demand
Local Suppply
LocalSuppply
PrivateAllocation
CO
2 E
mis
sions
and
Sin
ks (
kg
CO
2/k
g C
orn
) 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Vi,j,k = 1.51
Vi,j,k = 1.67
Corn FarmingWith Till
Corn FarmingNo Till
• LCA considers only emissions: finds farming with tillage to be better
• Accounting for demand and supply finds no-till to be better• Both methods are locally sustainable• Both are globally unsustainable
LCA & Ecosystem Services 17 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem Services in LCA: Till versus No Till Farming
Demand
PrivateAllocation Demand
Local Suppply
LocalSuppply
PrivateAllocation
CO
2 E
mis
sions
and
Sin
ks (
kg
CO
2/k
g C
orn
) 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Vi,j,k = 1.51
Vi,j,k = 1.67
Corn FarmingWith Till
Corn FarmingNo Till
• LCA considers only emissions: finds farming with tillage to be better• Accounting for demand and supply finds no-till to be better
• Both methods are locally sustainable• Both are globally unsustainable
LCA & Ecosystem Services 17 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem Services in LCA: Till versus No Till Farming
CO
2 E
mis
sions
and
Sin
ks (
kg
CO
2/k
g C
orn
) 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Vi,j,k = 2.14
Vi,j,k = 2.31
Demand Demand
PrivateOwnership
Local Suppply
LocalSupply
PrivateOwnership
GlobalSupply
GlobalSupply
Corn FarmingWith Till
Corn FarmingNo Till
• LCA considers only emissions: finds farming with tillage to be better• Accounting for demand and supply finds no-till to be better
• Both methods are locally sustainable• Both are globally unsustainable
LCA & Ecosystem Services 17 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem Services in LCA: Till versus No Till Farming
CO
2 E
mis
sions
and
Sin
ks (
kg
CO
2/k
g C
orn
) 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Vi,j,k = 2.14
Vi,j,k = 2.31
Demand Demand
PrivateOwnership
Local Suppply
LocalSupply
PrivateOwnership
GlobalSupply
GlobalSupply
Corn FarmingWith Till
Corn FarmingNo Till
• LCA considers only emissions: finds farming with tillage to be better• Accounting for demand and supply finds no-till to be better• Both methods are locally sustainable
• Both are globally unsustainable
LCA & Ecosystem Services 17 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem Services in LCA: Till versus No Till Farming
CO
2 E
mis
sions
and
Sin
ks (
kg
CO
2/k
g C
orn
) 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Vi,j,k = -0.35Demand Demand
PrivateOwnership
Local Suppply
LocalSupply
PrivateOwnership
GlobalSupply
GlobalSupplyVi,j,k = 2.14
Vi,j,k = 2.31
Vi,j,k = -0.35
PublicOwnership
PublicOwnership
Corn FarmingWith Till
Corn FarmingNo Till
• LCA considers only emissions: finds farming with tillage to be better• Accounting for demand and supply finds no-till to be better• Both methods are locally sustainable
• Both are globally unsustainable
LCA & Ecosystem Services 17 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem Services in LCA: Till versus No Till Farming
CO
2 E
mis
sions
and
Sin
ks (
kg
CO
2/k
g C
orn
) 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Vi,j,k = -0.35Demand Demand
PrivateOwnership
Local Suppply
LocalSupply
PrivateOwnership
GlobalSupply
GlobalSupplyVi,j,k = 2.14
Vi,j,k = 2.31
Vi,j,k = -0.35
PublicOwnership
PublicOwnership
Corn FarmingWith Till
Corn FarmingNo Till
• LCA considers only emissions: finds farming with tillage to be better• Accounting for demand and supply finds no-till to be better• Both methods are locally sustainable• Both are globally unsustainable
LCA & Ecosystem Services 17 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services TES
Techno-Ecological Synergy
TechnologicalSystems
Products
Pollutants
Raw Materials
Wastes
• Eco-efficiency, life cycle design
• Circular economy, industrial symbiosis, byproduct synergy
• Techno-ecological synergy
• Sustainable TES
Bakshi, Ziv, Lepech, Env. Sci. Technol., 2015
LCA & Ecosystem Services 18 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services TES
Techno-Ecological Synergy
TechnologicalSystems
Products
Pollutants
Raw Materials
WastesWasteConversion
• Eco-efficiency, life cycle design
• Circular economy, industrial symbiosis, byproduct synergy
• Techno-ecological synergy
• Sustainable TES
Bakshi, Ziv, Lepech, Env. Sci. Technol., 2015
LCA & Ecosystem Services 18 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services TES
Techno-Ecological Synergy
TechnologicalSystems
EcologicalSystems
Products
Pollutants
Raw MaterialsCo-benefits
Capital &Management
Wastes
EcologicalInputs
WasteConversion
NaturalResources
• Eco-efficiency, life cycle design
• Circular economy, industrial symbiosis, byproduct synergy
• Techno-ecological synergy
• Sustainable TES
Bakshi, Ziv, Lepech, Env. Sci. Technol., 2015
LCA & Ecosystem Services 18 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services TES
Techno-Ecological Synergy
TechnologicalSystems
EcologicalSystems
Products
Co-benefits
Capital &Management
Wastes
EcologicalInputs
WasteConversion
NaturalResources
• Eco-efficiency, life cycle design
• Circular economy, industrial symbiosis, byproduct synergy
• Techno-ecological synergy
• Sustainable TES
Bakshi, Ziv, Lepech, Env. Sci. Technol., 2015
LCA & Ecosystem Services 18 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services TES
TES of Biofuel Life Cycle
Corn Farming
Ethanol Plant
N Fert
P Fert
Diesel
Pesticide
Lime SeedK Fert
Regional
National
Global
• Life cycle of corn ethanol is locally and globally unsustainable
LCA & Ecosystem Services 19 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services TES
TES of Biofuel Life Cycle
0
50
100
CO
2 E
mis
sions
and S
inks
(kg C
O2/m
mB
tu B
ioeth
anol C
om
bu
sted)
variable
Process.Activity Emission
Value Chain Activity Emission
Use Phase Emission
Supply from Onsite Ecosysem for Process Activities
Supply from Average Ecosystem for Value Chain Activities
Supply Allocate from Ecosystem st National Scale
Demand PrivateOwnership
PublicOwnership
Demand PrivateOwnership
PublicOwnership
-0.203
-0.094
-0.843 -0.843
• Life cycle of corn ethanol is locally and globally unsustainable
LCA & Ecosystem Services 19 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services TES
TES of Biofuel Life Cycle
0
50
100
CO
2 E
mis
sions
and S
inks
(kg C
O2/m
mB
tu B
ioeth
anol C
om
bu
sted)
variable
Process.Activity Emission
Value Chain Activity Emission
Use Phase Emission
Supply from Onsite Ecosysem for Process Activities
Supply from Average Ecosystem for Value Chain Activities
Supply Allocate from Ecosystem st National Scale
Demand PrivateOwnership
PublicOwnership
Demand PrivateOwnership
PublicOwnership
-0.203
-0.094
-0.843 -0.843
• Life cycle of corn ethanol is locally and globally unsustainable
LCA & Ecosystem Services 19 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services Local TES
Local TES Opportunities Across the U.S. for SO2• Combine data about air emissions, emissions uptake capacity,
revegetation opportunities
• Orange dots: Vk > 0 with existing vegetation within 500 m
• Yellow dots: Vk > 0 with restored native vegetation within 500 m
LCA & Ecosystem Services 20 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services Local TES
Local TES Opportunities Across the U.S. for SO2• Combine data about air emissions, emissions uptake capacity,
revegetation opportunities
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Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS UserCommunity
• Orange dots: Vk > 0 with existing vegetation within 500 m
• Yellow dots: Vk > 0 with restored native vegetation within 500 m
LCA & Ecosystem Services 20 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services Local TES
Local TES Opportunities Across the U.S. for SO2• Combine data about air emissions, emissions uptake capacity,
revegetation opportunities
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Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS UserCommunity
• Orange dots: Vk > 0 with existing vegetation within 500 m
• Yellow dots: Vk > 0 with restored native vegetation within 500 mLCA & Ecosystem Services 20 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services Local TES
Designing Techno-Ecological Synergies at Local Scale
Diverse applications
• Biodiesel manufacturing
• Biosolids management inCentral Ohio
• Single-family home andyard
• Agricultural landscapedesign
Advantages of including nature in design
• Discovers innovative designs by expanding the design space
• New designs can be “win-win”
• Need new tools and methods to realize these benefits
LCA & Ecosystem Services 21 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services Local TES
Designing Techno-Ecological Synergies at Local Scale
Diverse applications
• Biodiesel manufacturing
• Biosolids management inCentral Ohio
• Single-family home andyard
• Agricultural landscapedesign
Space of conventional designs
Cost
Env.Impact
Advantages of including nature in design
• Discovers innovative designs by expanding the design space
• New designs can be “win-win”
• Need new tools and methods to realize these benefits
LCA & Ecosystem Services 21 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services Local TES
Designing Techno-Ecological Synergies at Local Scale
Diverse applications
• Biodiesel manufacturing
• Biosolids management inCentral Ohio
• Single-family home andyard
• Agricultural landscapedesign
Space of conventional designs
Cost
Env.Impact
Advantages of including nature in design
• Discovers innovative designs by expanding the design space
• New designs can be “win-win”
• Need new tools and methods to realize these benefits
LCA & Ecosystem Services 21 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services Local TES
Designing Techno-Ecological Synergies at Local Scale
Diverse applications
• Biodiesel manufacturing
• Biosolids management inCentral Ohio
• Single-family home andyard
• Agricultural landscapedesign
Space of conventional designs
Cost
Env.Impact
Addi-tional design space due to TES
Advantages of including nature in design
• Discovers innovative designs by expanding the design space
• New designs can be “win-win”
• Need new tools and methods to realize these benefits
LCA & Ecosystem Services 21 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services Local TES
Designing Techno-Ecological Synergies at Local Scale
Diverse applications
• Biodiesel manufacturing
• Biosolids management inCentral Ohio
• Single-family home andyard
• Agricultural landscapedesign
Space of conventional designs
Cost
Env.Impact
Addi-tional design space due to TES
Advantages of including nature in design
• Discovers innovative designs by expanding the design space
• New designs can be “win-win”
• Need new tools and methods to realize these benefits
LCA & Ecosystem Services 21 / 24
LCA and Ecosystem Services Challenges
Benefits and Barriers to TES
Benefits
• Toward human activities that respect and account for nature
• Innovative and “win-win” solutions
• Possibility of absolute sustainability
Barriers
• Technical: Design and operation of TES systems
• Economic: Account for the monetary value of ecosystems
• Educational: Ecological literacy has been declining
• Behavioral: From dominating nature to respecting nature
LCA & Ecosystem Services 22 / 24
Summary
Summary
• Life Cycle Assessment is a popular method for preventing shifting ofenvironmental impacts
• Goal Definition and Scope• Inventory Analysis• Impact Assessment• Improvement Analysis
• LCA does not account for the capacity of ecosystems to supplygoods and services
• Techno-Ecological Synergy (TES) accounts for demand and supplyof ecosystem services at multiple spatial scales
• Many opportunities for transdisciplinary research and application
LCA & Ecosystem Services 23 / 24
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
• Students & Post-Docs• Varsha Gopalakrishnan• Rebecca Hanes• Xinyu Liu• Shweta Singh• Bob Urban
• Collaborators• Tim Gutowski, MIT• Satoshi Hirabayashi, USDA
Forest Service• Michael Lepech, Stanford• Dusan Sekulic, U. Kentucky• Guy Ziv, U. Leeds
• Support• National Science Foundation• U.S. Department of
Agriculture• U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency• Dow Chemical• Eastman Chemical• American Electric Power
LCA & Ecosystem Services 24 / 24
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