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Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
Liberia – Equity & InclusionWhat does it mean to be a
Liberian?
Dennis PainMarch 2012
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
Environment in which a Liberian may live
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
Liberia – Equity & Inclusion
• Annual Income: US$380, about half the level 30-40 years earlier
• Education: 3.7 years in school
• Probability of not surviving first year of life: 7 in 100• Probability of not surviving first 5 years of life: 11 in 100
• Life expectancy: 57
• Probability of having adequate access to a safe functioning water point for every 250-300 people within 1.5 miles - 2 in 5
• Probability of malaria during last year: 1 in 3(in 2010, reduced from 2 in 3 in 2005)
The average Liberian has
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
• Has only 1.6 years of education and is half as likely as a man to have completed Grade 6 primary
• Has a probability of dying from giving birth at 5 in every 100 - worse than it was a decade or two earlier
• Has experienced physical violence from a husband/partner (8 out of 10) and half by a parent
• Is a member of the Sande secret society and experienced female genital cutting
• Suffers multiple control by her husband• Is employed, but likely to be in agriculture or elementary
occupations
The average Liberian woman
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
• Has about 6 siblings:• First had sex just after her 16th birthday, 2
years before her brother;• One in seven of those having sex before age
15 were forced against their will;• Married before 20, two years later than her
mother, but over 4 years younger than her husband
• Had her first child at age 19
Typically a woman:
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
• Depends on whether she lives around Monrovia and other towns or in a rural area
• Depends on the county where she lives• Depends on how wealthy is her household
But there is no such thing as an average Liberian woman! It depends
on where she is born and lives:
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
• Six times as likely to have been born by choice;• Slightly more likely to have a nutritionally healthy mother
and nearly twice as likely to have been protected against neo-natal tetanus;
• BUT more likely to be malnourished (weight for height) in infancy!!
Yet almost half as likely to be stunted (height for age);• Four times as likely to receive all basic vaccines;• Ten times as likely to have completed Primary 6;• Less likely to be employed, but it will be in a skilled job;• Four times as likely to give birth in a health facility;• BUT about 5 times as likely to be HIV +ve;
A wealthier Monrovian woman’s life story:
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
• Being born at home, not a health facility;• Being twice as much at risk of death as an infant;• Two out of eleven not reaching their 5th birthday;• Most likely never having been to school;• Having to leave home to access education above
Grade 3;• Working in agriculture;• Accepting that a husband can be justified in beating
his wife
Another Liberian woman from a poor household in a border county survives despite
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
%9
%9
%9
%9%9
%9
%9
%9
%9
%9
%9
%9
%9
%9
%9
Lofa
Nimba
Sinoe
Bong
Gbarpolu
Grand Gedeh
Grand Bassa
Rivercess
River Gee
Grand Kru
Bomi
Margibi
Grand Cape Mount
Maryland
Montserrado
276,683
83,388
333,481
462,026
125,258
102,391
71,509
221,693
66,789
135,938
57,913
209,923
127,076
84,119
1,118,241
Percentage of population below poverty line
< 50 %50-60 %
61-70 %
> 70 %
Overall Population & Income Poverty Head Count
Source: Liberia PRS 2007
Liberia – Equity and InclusionPopulation Density by Clan Areas
Source: Population Census 2008
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
Average Distance to Health Facility within District
Source: National Health and Social Policy Paper, MOHSW 2011
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Category
Maternal Deliveries for 5 years up to 2007(LDHS 2007 Table 9.5)
Liberia (37)
Urban (63)
Rural (26)
Monrovia (71)
S. East B (21)
Wealthiest* (70)
Poorest* (18)
•Wealthiest/Poorest refers to highest/lowest 20% households. Half of mothers report problems of cost of treatment (wealthiest – 37%; poorest - 74%)and cost of transport (wealthiest – 26%; poorest – 82%).
Above secondaryeducated mother (64)
Uneducated mother (28)
Percentage deliveries in a health facility
2008 Ghana (57)
2008 Sierra Leone (25)
2005 Guinea (31)
1998 Cote d’Ivoire (47)
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion Mosquito Nets & Prevalence of Fever(Liberia Malaria Indicator Survey 2009 Tables 4.1)Percentage under-five children who
slept under a net the previous night
Mon
rovi
a
Mon
tser
rado
( - M
onro
via)
Mar
gibi
Gra
nd B
assa
Bom
i G
rand
Cap
e M
ount
Gba
rpol
u
Rive
r Ces
sSi
noe
Gra
nd G
edeh
Rive
r Gee
Gra
nd K
ruM
aryl
;and
Bong
N
imba
Lo
fa
Wea
lthie
st 2
0%
Poor
est 2
0%
17.2
32.7
35.6
36.4
29.5
25.7
20
30
= Percentage of children under fivewith fever in two weeks preceding
22.0
10
Urb
an
Rura
l
25.6
28.2
2nd P
oore
st
Qui
ntile
34.9
24.5
40
50
§= Percentage under five who tested slide +ve for malaria
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
Liberia (≈92)
Infant Mortality (reporting for previous decade)Probability of dying before first birthday
(LDHS 2007 Table 8.1/2/3)Deaths per 1,000 live births
Rural (99)
Urban (78)
S. Central (142)
Monrovia (69)
Poorest* (100)
Wealthiest* (70)
Uneducated mother (107)
Above secondary educated mother (59)
Category•Poorest/Wealthiest refers to lowest/highest 20% households (quintiles).Note: second lowest quintile shows similar infant mortality at 105.
Mother age <20 (122)
Mother age 20-29 (80)
2008 Sierra Leone (≈126)2005 Guinea (≈126)
1998 Cote d’Ivoire (≈98)
2008 Ghana (≈40)
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion Water AccessCurrent coverage, population per waterpoint and access by county
Waterpoint Atlas 2011
County Current Coverage(population within 1.5 miles
of a point)
Population per functional, in-use waterpoint*
Current Access(assuming point
capacity of max. 250 persons)
Bomi 95% 200 91%
Bong 54% 730 32%
Gbarpolu 55% 379 43%
Grand Bassa 55% 727 33%
Grand Cape Mount 73% 413 48%
Grand Gedeh 59% 684 34%
Grand Kru 64% 331 56%
Lofa 76% 531 43%
Margibi 80% 398 52%
Maryland 87% 446 52%
Montserrado 98% 686 35%
Nimba 68% 672 34%
River Gee 74% 359 53%
Rivercess 47% 504 36%
Sinoe 57% 447 47%
TOTAL 76% 552 40%
•Adjusted for number of taps on high-capacity waterpoints with multiple taps (e.g. kiosks)
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
20
10
Water Access and Prevalence of Diarrhea (LDHS 2007 Table 10.6)
Percentage under-five children who had diarrhea in the two weeks before survey
Mon
rovi
a
Mon
tser
rado
( - M
onro
via)
Mar
gibi
Gra
nd B
assa
Bom
i G
rand
Cap
e M
ount
Gba
rpol
u
Rive
r Ces
sSi
noe
Gra
nd G
edeh
Rive
r Gee
Gra
nd K
ruM
aryl
;and
Bong
N
imba
Lo
fa
Wea
lthie
st 2
0%
Poor
est 2
0%
20.6
9.8
18.0
27.9
22.8
19.0
19.3
50
100= % with Water Access
15
.5
Liberia – Equity and InclusionStunting
(LDHS 2007 Table 11.1)Percentage under-five children who were severely stunted (below – 3 SD height-for-age)
Mon
rovi
a
Mon
tser
rado
( - M
onro
via)
Mar
gibi
Gra
nd B
assa
Bom
i G
rand
Cap
e M
ount
Gba
rpol
u
Rive
r Ces
sSi
noe
Gra
nd G
edeh
Rive
r Gee
Gra
nd K
ruM
aryl
;and
Bong
N
imba
Lo
fa
Wea
lthie
st 2
0%
Poor
est 2
0%
17.3
14.3
23.3
25.9
25.4
11.0
25.9
20
25
% below – 3 SD
13.6
10
Urb
an
Rura
l
14.1
23.2
Und
euca
ted
mot
her
21.2
12.6
Mot
her
post
-prim
ary
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
Distribution of Level 1 schools(primary school only)
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
Distribution of secondary schools
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
Core Textbooks Availableper 100 students in primary schools
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
Bom
i
Bong
Gran
d Ba
ssa
Gran
d Ca
pe M
ount
Gran
d Ge
deh
Gran
d Kr
u
Lofa
Mar
gibi
Mar
ylan
d
Mon
tser
rado
Nim
ba
Rive
rces
s
Sino
e
Rive
r Gee
Gbar
polu
Natio
nal
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200Gross Completion Ratio in Primary School
Ratio of students to trained teachersRatio of students to total teachers
GCR of girlsGCR of boys
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
!!2
!!2
!!2
Grand Bassa
MargibiMontserrado
Bomi
Rivercess
Bong
Bong
5 miles radius from Secondary School
Level 3 schools (primary and secondary)
Level 1 schools (primary only)
Population density (person/mile sq):0 - 5051 - 100101 - 500501 - 1000> 1000
Major roads
County capitals
Clan boundariesCounty boundaries
2
Level 2 schools (secondary only)
. Town/village
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
!!2
!!2
!!2
Gbarpolu
Bong
Lofa
Grand Cape Mount
Bomi
Margibi
Lofa
MontserradoGrand Bassa
5 miles Radius from secondary school
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
Bom
i
Bong
Gran
d Ba
ssa
Gran
d Ca
pe M
ount
Gran
d Ge
deh
Gran
d Kr
u
Lofa
Mar
gibi
Mar
ylan
d
Mon
tser
rado
Nim
ba
Rive
rces
s
Sino
e
Rive
r Gee
Gbar
polu
(8,000)
(4,000)
0
4,000
8,000
12,000
16,000
20,000
Unexpected Additional/missing Girls 10-19 years old (Calculated from Census Population Profile)
Num
ber o
f Girl
s
ALP
Source: The 2008/2009 National School Census Report, Ministry of Education. 2010
20 %
40 %
60 %
80 %
100 %
Out of school girls
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Category
Percentage Aged 15-49 Having Education of Grade 6 or above
(LDHS 2007 Table 3.2.1/2)Percentage
Liberia (43.1)
Liberia Male (55.7)
Liberia Female (30.5)
F – Urban (53)
F – Rural (14)
F – Monrovia (58)
F – N. Central & N. West (16)
F – Wealthiest* (64)
* Wealthiest / Poorest 20% of households
F – Poorest* (8)
M – Urban (75)
M – Rural (43)
M – Monrovia (78)
M – N. West (40)
M – Wealthiest* (81)
M – Poorest* (31)
2008 – Sierra Leone – F (24.5)2005 - Guinea – F (22.5)
2008 – Sierra Leone – M (41.4)
2005 - Guinea – M (48.8)
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
• how well educated your mother was;• whether you are male or female; • whether you live around Monrovia and other
towns or in a rural area;• the county where you live;• how wealthy is your parental household.
So:- there is no such thing as an average Liberian!
It all depends on:
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
So: will things never change in Liberia? YES, they can!
The President has publicly committed to: Putting young people first and lifting the lives of all Liberians; Paying special attention to girls; Reducing inequities, ensuring equal opportunity and
providing guarantees of social justice; Improving quality of life for ALL citizens; Reconciliation that depends on:
empowering youth, creating jobs and opportunity spreading development to all justice in dealing with the past justice in processes of government and law justice in economic development
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
UNICEF is committed to: Protecting girls and boys from anything that harms them; Supporting their ambitions for education and skills; Delaying their age of marriage so they can fulfill their dreams; Enabling young people to be at peace with themselves and their
communities; Young women having relationships and children by choice; Improving maternal health; Ensuring good nutrition & nurture, protected from disease, in infancy; Ensuring that ALL children have ALL rights; Ensuring equity in access to basic services and equal outcomes for all; Supporting a Liberian and a Child Wellbeing Index; Providing girls and boys, men and women with equal opportunities; Increasing participation of women and young people in decision making
UNICEF is supporting Liberia’s new Poverty Reduction Strategy and Transformation Agenda
Liberia – Equity and Inclusion
UNICEF THANKS YOU for your concern for Equity and Inclusion!
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